CSH project

According to many renewable energy experts, a small "hybrid" electric system that
combines wind and solar (photovoltaic) technologies offers several advantages over either
single system.
In much of the places, wind speeds are low in the summer when the sun shines
brightest and longest. The wind is strong in the winter when less sunlight is available.
Because the peak operating times for wind and solar systems occur at different times of the
day and year, hybrid systems are more likely to produce power when you need it.

System Components description

1.Wind turbine
General Aspects
Small wind turbines are wind turbines which have lower energy output than large
commercial wind turbines, such as those found in wind farms. These turbines may be as small
as a fifty watt generator for boat, caravan, or miniature refrigeration unit. Small units often
have direct drive generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings and
use a vane to point into the wind. Larger, more costly turbines generally have geared power
trains, alternating current output, flaps and are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive
generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched.
Smaller scale turbines for residential scale use are available, they are usually
approximately 2.17.6 m in diameter and produce electricity at a rate of 300 to 10,000 watts
at their tested wind speed. Some units have been designed to be very lightweight in their
construction, e.g. 16 kilograms, allowing sensitivity to minor wind movements and a rapid
response to wind gusts typically found in urban settings and easy mounting much like a
television antenna. It is claimed, and a few are certified, as being inaudible even a few feet
(about a metre) under the turbine.
The majority of small wind turbines are traditional horizontal axis wind
turbines, but Vertical axis wind turbines are a growing type of wind turbine in the small-wind
market. These turbines, by being able to take wind from multiple dimensions, are more
applicable for use at low heights, on rooftops, and in generally urbanized areas. Their ability
to function well at low heights is particularly important when considering the cost of a high
tower necessary for traditional turbines.
Dynamic braking regulates the speed by dumping excess energy, so that the turbine
continues to produce electricity even in high winds. The dynamic braking resistor may be
installed inside the building to provide heat (during high winds when more heat is lost by the
building, while more heat is also produced by the braking resistor). The location makes low
voltage (around 12 volt) distribution practical.

Wind turbine implementation

The following wind turbine is used: (alta poza)

Figure : WES 5 Tulipo 2.5 kW AC Wind Turbine

Technical specification:

1. PV
General Aspects
Photovoltaic energy is the energy produced by photovoltaic cells that convert solar
energy directly into electricity, based on the photoelectric effect. These cells are made of
semiconductor materials similar to those used in electronic circuits in semiconductor chips
and electronic devices composition.
Today, solar energy is considered as an alternative to conventional fuels, used for
power
generation. However, because this energy depends
on many factors such
as
weather, season, day-night alternation or positioning on the globe, the use of this resource is
more
restricted.
In
order to
optimize and obtain a good efficiency as special
methods have been developed, such as MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), which aims
to extract maximum power at any point of time.
Whether we speak of power watts or order of tens of kilowatts, solar panels are always
accompanied
by a voltage and frequency converter (inverter power) which
allows its
connection to the grid (or another application) and transfer control power. At the same time,
these power converters include some algorithms to
improve the overall efficiency of the
entire equipment. However, any constructive solution would choose, high efficiency can not

exceed a few percent. Because of this, and the relatively high price per kW installed, the
spreading of this type of energy is made in a reduced rhythm.
Even so, solar panels are starting to be used increasingly often in residential
applications, to provide part of the electricity consumed in homes.
Solar PV generation involves the generation of electricity from free and inexhaustible
solar energy.
The major advantages of a PV system are:
Sustainable nature of solar energy as fuel;
Minimum environmental impact;
Drastic reduction in customers electricity bills due to free availability of sunlight;
Long functional lifetime of over 30 years with minimum maintenance;
Silent operation no sound pollution (no moving parts).
The major disadvantages of PV system are:
Initial cost;
Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC when used in curently
existing distribution grids;
The PV energy conversion efficiency is up to 22%, but usually under 15%;
Limited power density: approximately 1000W/m2 depends of the location;
Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in cloudy weather
conditions;
Solar electricity is almost always more expensive than electricity generated by
other sources;
A PV system consists mainly of:
PV panels that convert the solar power into DC electrical power;
Power converter that transforms the DC power into AC power.
Basics of PV energy conversion:
PV cell converts sunlight directly into electricity;
It is made of semi-conducting material in two layer: P and N;
When radiation from the sun hits the photovoltaic cell, the boundary between P
and N acts as a diode: electrons can move from N to P, but not the other way
around;
Photons with sufficient energy hitting the cell cause electrons to move from the P
layer into the N layer;
An excess of electrons builds up in the N layer while the P layer builds up a
deficit;
The difference in the amount of electrons is the voltage difference, which can be
used as a power source.

PV Module Characteristics:

3.Battery

General Aspects

The following battery is used:

Trojan L16P(poza)

Characteristics:

4.Diesel Generator

General Aspects

The following diesel generator is used:

(poza)

Characteristics:

5.Convertor

General Aspects

The following convertor is used:

(poza)

Characteristics:

6. Consumers (Loads)

There are considered two types of loads:

AC consumers (big consumers) represented by the majority of the summing a
of total power consumed.
DC consumers represented by the iluminate, frigider, cuptor cu micounde...

kW

kW.

For a complex analysis Homer software is used.

Fig. Designed Hybrid System in Homer software

Figure : Solar resource for PV

Figure: Output active power of the PV power

Figure: Site specific wind resource

Date lunare vant:

Ianuarie

Februarie

Martie

Aprilie

Mai

Iunie

Iulie

August

Septembrie

Octombrie

Noiembrie

Decembrie

Figure 22: Wind turbine output active power

Figure 23: WT inverter and rectifier output active power

Figure : Diesel generator output active power

Figure Battery Characteristics

Figure: Monthly average active power production

Figure: Cash Flow by components

Figure: Cash Flow by cost type

The best price of the system simulated in Homer is:

1. PV + battery+WT+Diesel Generator
We use :

32 PV modules were chosen, 8 strings connected in parallel with 4 PV

modules connected in series on each string, so that we have a 48 V DC
Bus;
8 battery Trojan L16P with this specification:

Because one Trojan T105 Plus battery has 6 V nominal voltage, 8 batteries
connected in series must be used in one or more strings connected in parallel so
that the total nominal voltage of the batteries to be the same as the DC Bus
voltage.

A Tulipo wind turbine:

Diesel Generator(foaia de catalog)

Maximum power of one module calculated in the month with the lowest daily
solar radiation :
Pmax ' Pmax Pmax t coef d temp 245 245 0.0045 23 219.65 220 (W)

where:
Pmax - maximum power at a cell temperature of 25 C;
t coef - temperature coefficient;

d temp - difference between 25 C and 2 C (temperature in december)

Total power obtained from solar panels:

P 32 * 220 7040 [W]

Total price for the solar panels:

PV _ price 32 * 400 12800 ($)

Fixed system: inclination=35,
orientation=0(optimum)
Month

Ed

Em

Hd

Hm

Jan

1.54 47.8 1.82

56.4

Feb

2.39 67.0 2.88

80.6

Mar

3.27 101 4.10

127

Apr

3.59 108 4.71

141

May

4.26 132 5.78

179

Jun

4.23 127 5.83

175

Jul

4.30 133 5.96

185

Aug

4.31 133 5.93

184

Sep

3.78 113 5.01

150

Oct

2.94 91.1 3.75

116

Nov

1.68 50.3 2.05

61.5

Dec

1.27 39.3 1.50

46.5

Yearly average

3.13 95.3 4.12

125

Total for year

1140

1500

Ed:

Average daily electricity production from the given system (kWh)

Average monthly electricity production from the given system (kWh)
Hd: Average daily sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the
given system (kWh/m2)
Hm: Average sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of the given
system (kWh/m2)
Em:

Design energy content of one battery:

E 40% 1.5 0.6 (kWh)

Days of energy use without sunshine for one string of 8 batteries:

Autonomy 8 0.6 / 4.33 1.108 (days)

So for at least 2 days of energy use without sunshine, 2 strings connected in

parallel must be used.

Total price for the batteries:

Battery _ price 2 * 8 *155 2480 ($)

Diesel Generator:
Fuel consumption: 85.9 l/year
Fuel price:

1.7$/l

Price for Diesel generator = 685 $

Total price for Diesel generator and fuel for a 23 years project:
DG _ price 685 85.9 1.7 23 4043 ($)

Price for WT =130000($)

Total price of the

system=PVprice+Batteryprice+DGprice+WTprice=12800+2480+4043+130000=149323$
This is the price without the replacement cost.
Finaly, the price of the entire system is: 201.122$