Chemistry Lesson 1 2015-2016

Chemistry
Politecnico di Torino
A.A.2015-2016
Introduction
Guido Saracco
Department of Applied Science and Technology
Tel.: 011-0904618
E-mail: guido.saracco@polito.it
G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction
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Chemistry
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8 credits
Course organisation
80 h of ex cathedra teaching
60 h theory
17 h
exercise
2 sub-classes
3h
practical
exercise at
the lab
Several sub-classes
of 3-4 students
each at the DISAT
premises
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Reference books
ESERCISES
THOERY
Title: "Chemistry: the molecular nature

of matter and change".
Author: Martin Silberberg
Editor: McGraw Hill
Available on E-bay, Amazon,
S. Bodoardo, E. Turcato, N. Penazzi

LABORATORIO DIDATTICO DI CHIMICA
Levrotto & Bella Ed., Torino
S. Ronchetti & A. Delmastro Quesiti di
Chimica, Risolti e commentati, Ed.
Esculapio, Bologna.
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WRITTEN
15 questions in 30 min related to theory
ORAL
Final assessment
2 questions if the written exam got

passed
3 written esercise in 1 h for those who

got the pass in the above questions
(10/15)
CONSULTANCIES: take an appointement with me or the practice

session responsibile (Dott.ssa C. Pagliano)
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Chemistry
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Course contents
Introduction
the atom
the mole
atomic and molecular orbitals
the periodic table of elements
the chemical bond
gas, liquid and solid state
the solutions
the chemical equilibrium
acids and bases
chemical kinetics
thermochemistry
electrochemistry
organic chemistry
bonus seminar
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How to get copies of the slides
www.polito.it
Didactics portal
Course code
Chemistry
Download pdfs of lessons

and exercises
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Definitions
CHEMISTRY
The science that studies the
matter, its properties and
transformations, as well as
the energy associated to
these transformations (e.g.
combustion).
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Definitions
MATTER
Everything having a given mass and volume (water, air,

sun, students,). In the chemistry perspective, matter
is composed of atoms, equal or different, linked together
by bonding forces strictly related to their electronic
structure (see next lesson).
ENERGY
In classical physics energy is defined as the potential of

a body or a system to perform a work. From a
thermodynamic viewpoint energy is whatever can be
transformed in low temperature heat.
EINSTEIN (1905): E = m. c2
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Where does chemistry come from?
Pre-history: the discovery of fire (combustion).

Neolithic (12000-7000 B.C.): metallurgy, beyond the stone period.
6000 years ago (mesopotamia): ceramics, tissues, glass.
Since 3000 B.C.: wine and beer.
Greeks and arabs: philosophical approach to matter and energy (the
four elements: water, air, fire, stone).
From the II -III century B.C. on: greek and oriental approaches merge:
chemistry becomes magic.
Along 15 centuries, until the end of the Middle Age: alchemia
(philosophers stone).
Since 1500 with Paracelsus, chemistry becomes a mean to relief
mankind from pains and diseases.
Since 1600 chemistry becomes a science: Boyle defines chemistry as the
science that studies the matter.
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Why do we study chemistry (1/2)?
General culture (the world is made of chemistry)

Knowledge on isolated atoms is important, though
they seldom exist alone!
Chemistry is basically a reductionist science
(the properties of the whole are inferred from those of
the constituent parts)
Example: the molecule H-Cl can be described by
knowing the properties of the atoms H and Cl when
isolated
NB: not always so!
Example: aromaticity in organic molecules is a collective
phenomenon
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Why do we study chemistry (2/2)?
It stands at the basis of many applied sciences and

technologies (medicines, biology, food, materials,
environment, electrochemistry, pharma, energy, ).
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What makes Earth something nicer?
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Photosynthesis
Organic
molecules
of life
2H2O
Sunlight
O2 + 4H+ + 4eG. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction
+CO2
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Sunlight makes CO2 conversion possible
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The 5 billion year clock
Oxygenic atmosphere
& Ozone layer
Water splitting
starts
1 year of fossil fuel consumption = 1 million years of photosynthesis

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oil may indeed be used in a

cleverer way!
Chemistry
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ethylene glycol
ethylene
propilene
poliethylene
polipropylene
acrylo-nitrile
21 t-shirts
276 m of greenhouse sheet or
146 m of gas pipes
4 bottle boxes or
30 string rolls
21 pullovers or
5 blankets
1 oil barrel
buthadiene
buthenes
elastomers
1 tyre or
13 bycicle tyres
72 litres
of fuel
(1000 km travel)
aromatics
caprolactame
500 collant pairs
Source: BP Chemicals
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Upper Paleolithic
Neolithic
Bronze Age and Iron Age
Classical Greece
Classical Rome
Pre-Columbian North America
Medieval Islamic Caliphate
Medieval Britain
Early Modern Britain
Early 20th Century
2010 world average
Chemistry is useful
Life Expectancy at
Birth (years)
33
20
26
28
2030
2530
35+
30
2540
31
67.2
Discovery
Ammonia (Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch)
Penicillin (Sir. Alexander Fleming)
Shulphonamides (Gerhard Domagk)
Year
1909
1928
1932
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Seveso (Italy), 1976
dioxine
Chemistry is dangerous
Bophal (India), 1984
MIC
Tolouse (France), 2001
ammonium
nitrate
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Environmental laws
push&pull chemistry
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Greenhouse gas emission guidelines

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/roadmap2050/
confirmed
by EU Leaders
on 24 Oct. 2014
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Combustion and
anti-combustion
Heat
Renewable
Power
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A good mix makes life worth living
Green fuels and chemicals will not change our life-style

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Green chemistry
Ronald Hoffmann
Nobel in Chemistry 1981
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the way to get back to a

glorious past!
Chemistry
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Solvay Council
11 Nobel Laureates
Bruxelles, November 1911
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Properties of the matter (1/2)
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
These are properties exhibited by a substance when
changing nature into another one/ other ones:
flammability; resistance to corrosion; reactivity with
acids, etc.
To determine them, the chemical identity of the
substances must be changed.
temperature
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
These properties are intrinsic of a body and do not depend on its interactions with
others: mass; colour; temperature, melting or boiling point; hardness; density;
electric conductivity; aggregation state.
To determine them, the chemical identity of the substances may not be changed
(i.e. they do not need to be transformed).
INTENSIVE properties: do not depend on the sample

amount (P, T, =m/V)
EXTENSIVE properties: depend on the sample
amount (m, V)
mass
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Properties of the matter (2/2)
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Matter transformations
PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION
A substance undergoes a physical transformation its shape or
location is changed (e.g. aggregation state) but not its composition.
As a consequence of a physical transformaiton physical properties
change: when ice melts into liquid water, its density or hardness
change, but its chemical nature is always the same: water. A physical
transformation caused by an increase of temperature, can generally
be reverted by a decrease of temperature, as opposed to a chemical
tranformation.
CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION
A chemical transformation (also called chemical reaction) takes place
when a substance (or more) gets transformed into a different one
(ones).
Various types of reactions may occur (oxidation, reduction,
exchange, ) but all of them can be represented with a CHEMICAL
EQUATION, in which REACTANTS and PRODUCTS are listed in proper
STOICHIOMETRIC amounts.
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Aggregation states
The aggregation state of a substance depends on

the physical parameters (pressure, temperature)
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
SOLIDS
HAVE OWN SHAPE AND VOLUME
LIQUIDS
HAVE OWN VOLUME BUT TAKE THE SHAPE OF THEIR VESSEL.
GASES
DO NOT HAVE NEITHER OWN SHAPE NOR VOLUME.
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Aggregation state transitions
bromine
S L fusion
S G sublimation
L G evaporation
L S solidification
G L condensaiton
G S inverse subl.
Phase transitions are accompanied by a

sharp and pronounced change of one or
more physical properties (e.g. thermal
capacity) occurring for a slight change of
a
thermodynamic
variable
(e.g.
temperature)
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Example of a chemical reaction (1/3)
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The reaction of Pb(NO3)2 and NaI
2Na+(aq) + 2I-(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

PbI2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
2NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)
PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
A double displacement reaction (metathesis)

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Hydrogen and oxygen react
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Classification of the matter
Elements
PURE SUBSTANCES
Fixed chemical
composition
Compounds
MATTER
(System)
MIXTURES
Variable chemical
composition
Homogeneous systems
Heterogeneous systems
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oxygen
The elements
hydrogen
mercury
sulphur
copper
iron
aluminum
water
IT IS A SUBSTANCE MADE OF A SINGLE ATOMIC SPECIES. EACH ELEMENT HAS A

NAME: E.G. SILICON, CARBON, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, HYDROGEN, AND A
SYMBOL (Si, C, O, N, H,...). EACH ELEMENT HAS DIFFERENT MACROSCOPIC
PROPERTIES SINCE IT HAS DIFFERENT AND UNIQUE MICROSCOPIC (ATOMIC)
PROPERTIES.
Most gaseous elements exist as single atoms (e.g. Ne), but some o them are in
the form of molecules at room temperature (e.g. H2, O2, N2).
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The elements
Each element has an own symbol.

Only 92 elements are available in Nature, the others are artificial
Italiano
Afnio
Alluminio
Americio
Antimonio
Argento
Argo
Arsenico
Astato
Attinio
Azoto
Bario
Berillio
Berkelio
Bismuto
Bohrio
Boro
Bromo
Cadmio
Calcio
Californio
Carbonio
Cerio
Cesio
Cloro
Cobalto
Copernicio
Cripto
Cromo
Curio
English
Hafnium
Aluminium
Americium
Antimony
Silver
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Actinium
Nitrogen
Barium
Beryllium
Berkelium
Bismuth
Bohrium
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Caesium
Chlorine
Cobalt
Copernicium
Krypton
Chromium
Curium
Simbolo
Hf
Al
Am
Sb
Ag
Ar
As
At
Ac
N
Ba
Be
Bk
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Co
Cn
Kr
Cr
Cm
Italiano
Darmstadtio
Disprosio
Dubnio
Einsteinio
Elio
Erbio
Europio
Fermio
Ferro
Fluoro
Fosforo
Francio
Gadolinio
Gallio
Germanio
Hassio
Idrogeno
Indio
Iodio
Iridio
Itterbio
Ittrio
Lantanio
Lawrentio
Litio
Lutezio
Magnesio
Manganese
Meitnerio
English
Darmstadtium
Dysprosium
Dubnium
Einsteinium
Helium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Iron
Fluorine
Phosphorus
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Hassium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Meitnerium
Simbolo
Ds
Dy
Db
Es
He
Er
Eu
Fm
Fe
F
P
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Hs
H
In
I
Ir
Yb
Y
La
Lr
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mt
Italiano
English
Simbolo
Mendelevio Mendelevium Md
Mercurio
Mercury
Hg
Molibdeno Molybdenum Mo
Neo
Neon
Ne
Neodimio
Neodymium
Nd
Nettunio
Neptunium
Np
Nichel
Nickel
Ni
Niobio
Niobium
Nb
Nobelio
Nobelium
No
Olmio
Holmium
Ho
Oro
Gold
Au
Osmio
Osmium
Os
Ossigeno
Oxygen
O
Palladio
Palladium
Pd
Piombo
Lead
Pb
Platino
Platinum
Pt
Plutonio
Plutonium
Pu
Polonio
Polonium
Po
Potassio
Potassium
K
Praseodimio Praseodymium Pr
Prometio
Promethium
Pm
Protoattinio Protactinium Pa
Radio
Radium
Ra
Radon
Radon
Rn
Rame
Copper
Cu
Renio
Rhenium
Re
Rodio
Rhodium
Rh
Roentgenio Roentgenium Rg
Rubidio
Rubidium
Rb
Italiano
English
Rutenio
Ruthenium
Rutherfordio Rutherfordium
Samario
Samarium
Scandio
Scandium
Seaborgio Seaborgium
Selenio
Selenium
Silicio
Silicon
Sodio
Sodium
Stagno
Tin
Stronzio
Strontium
Tallio
Thallium
Tantalio
Tantalum
Tecneto
Technetium
Tellurio
Tellurium
Terbio
Terbium
Titanio
Titanium
Torio
Thorium
Tulio
Thulium
Uranio
Uranium
Vanadio
Vanadium
Wolframio Tungsten
Xeno
Xenon
Zinco
Zinc
Zirconio
Zirconium
Zolfo
Sulfur
Simbolo
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Na
Sn
Sr
Tl
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Ti
Th
Tm
U
V
W
Xe
Zn
Zr
S
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Origin of element names
Sodium is Na (Latin Natrium),

Potassium is K (Latin Kalium)
Iron is Fe (Latin Ferrum, Italian Ferro)
Nitrogen is N (Italian Azoto)
Copper is Cu (Latin Cuprum, Italian Rame)
Tin is Sn (Latin Stannum, Italian Stagno)
Lead is Pb (Latin Plumbum, Italian Piombo)
Mercury is Hg (Latin Hydrargyrium)
Antimony is Sb (Latin Stibium)
Pay attention to false friends:
Carbon is C and not Ca (Calcium)
Silicon is Si (Italian Silicio, not silicone, a family of polymers)
Phosphor is P (Italian Fosforo)
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The Earth crust
After analyzing 1.672 types of rocks and their diffusion over the world, F. W. Clarke
measured the percentages below for the Earth crust. All other elements do not reach 1 %
as a whole.
Oxide
Percent
SiO2
59,71
Al2O3
15,41
CaO
4,90
MgO
4,36
Na2O
3,55
FeO
3,52
K2O
2,80
Fe2O3
2,63
H2O
1,52
TiO2
0,60
P2O5
0,22
Totale
99,22
Map of earth plates (Wikipedia)

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Chemistry
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We are chemistry
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Compounds
Solid sodium
(Na)
chemical
reaction
Gaseous
Chlorine (Cl)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Visit
http://vimeo.com/11607103
for some funny experiments
A MOLECULE is an indipendent structural unit composed of two or more atoms

bonded together. Atoms may belong to the same element (H2) or diifferent ones
(H2O). In this last case a COMPOUND is made.
In a compound, the various elements are present in fixed relative amounts.
In general a compound shows properites different from those of its constituting
elements.
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Mixtures
A MIXTURE IS A GROUP OF TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES (ELEMENTS OR

COMPOUNDS) MIXED TOGETHER. AS OPPOSED TO COMPOUNDS:
a) THE COMPOUNDS OF A MIXTURE MAY HAVE VARIABLE MASS RATIOS. SINCE
A MIXTURE HAS NO FIXED COMPOSITION IT CANNOT BE REGARDED AS A
SUBSTANCE.
b) A MIXTURE HAS PROPERTIES SIMILAR TO ITS CONSTITUTING SUBSTANCES.
c) MIXTURES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THEIR COMPONENTS VIA PHYSICAL
SEPARATION METHODS (EXPLOITING DIFFERENCES IN THE PHYSYCAL
PROPERTIES OF SUCH COMPONENTS)
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Heterogeneous systems
SYSTEM: fraction of space including matter and energy.

Heterogeneous system: a system whose constituting parts do not
hold tequal chemical or physical properties at every location above 10-6
cm.
Some examples:
Cast iron, foams, smoke,
fog, milk,
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Homogeneous system (phase)
Phase or homogeneous system: it is a system in which chemical

and physical properties are the same at every location above 10-6 cm.
A homogeneous system is also called PHASE. It may be a substance, a
compound, an element or a solution.
One phase: brass
(Cu-Zn alloy)
More phases: Granite rock

(feldspate, mica, quartz)
Ice is lighter than liquid

water but has the same
chemical composition
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Unit measures
Length: meter (1cm=10-2m; 1mm=10-3m; 1km=103m; 1nm=10-9m)

Mass:
kg, but often we will use g (1g=10-3kg; 1mg=10-6kg)
Temperature: Celsius, Kelvin0 C is the freezing point of pure water

100 C is the boiling point of water
The SI unit is K (kelvin)
0 K is the lowest temperature possible.
TK = tC+273.15
Volume: m3. We will mostly use the litre (1l=10-3m3 =103cm3)
Force:
Newton N = kg m s-2
Pressure: Pascal Pa. We will mostly use the atm. 1 atm = 1.01325 105 Pa = 1.01325 bar
Energy:
Joule J = kg m2 s-2 = N m
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Orders of magnitude
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Orders of magnitude (SI Units)
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Chemistry

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

Title: "Chemistry: the molecular nature

S. Bodoardo, E. Turcato, N. Penazzi

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

15 questions in 30 min related to theory

2 questions if the written exam got

3 written esercise in 1 h for those who

CONSULTANCIES: take an appointement with me or the practice

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

How to get copies of the slides

Download pdfs of lessons

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

Everything having a given mass and volume (water, air,

In classical physics energy is defined as the potential of

Where does chemistry come from?

Pre-history: the discovery of fire (combustion).

Why do we study chemistry (1/2)?

General culture (the world is made of chemistry)

Why do we study chemistry (2/2)?

It stands at the basis of many applied sciences and

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

What makes Earth something nicer?

Sunlight makes CO2 conversion possible

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

The 5 billion year clock

1 year of fossil fuel consumption = 1 million years of photosynthesis

oil may indeed be used in a

500 collant pairs

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

Seveso (Italy), 1976

Bophal (India), 1984

Tolouse (France), 2001

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

Greenhouse gas emission guidelines

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

A good mix makes life worth living

Green fuels and chemicals will not change our life-style

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

the way to get back to a

Bruxelles, November 1911

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

Properties of the matter (1/2)

INTENSIVE properties: do not depend on the sample

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

Properties of the matter (2/2)

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

The aggregation state of a substance depends on

HAVE OWN SHAPE AND VOLUME

HAVE OWN VOLUME BUT TAKE THE SHAPE OF THEIR VESSEL.

DO NOT HAVE NEITHER OWN SHAPE NOR VOLUME.

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

Aggregation state transitions

Phase transitions are accompanied by a

Example of a chemical reaction (1/3)

G. Saracco, Lesson 1 Introduction

Example of a chemical reaction (2/3)

2Na+(aq) + 2I-(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

A double displacement reaction (metathesis)

Example of a chemical reaction (3/3)