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349
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during the year 2011. The
objective was to select some heritable characters of existing wheat genotypes
for their inclusion in future breeding programme to improve genetic potential.
The results depicted that mean standard deviation, variance, coefficient of
heritability and genetic advance for various plant characters like plant height,
flag leaf area, tillers per plant, peduncle length, spike length, spikelets per
spike, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight as well as grain yield per plant of
different wheat cultivars were affected significantly in F2 through various cross
combinations. Maximum heritability estimates (92.39%) for 1000-grain weight
were recorded in cross MH-97Iqbal-2000. The heritability estimates were
maximum (86.76%) for number of grains per spike in cross MH-97Uqab-2000.
The highest values for genetic advance regarding 1000-grain weight (12.29),
number of grains per spike (11.39), spike length (2.70) and flag leaf area (6.69)
were recorded in crosses MH-97Iqbal-2000, MH-97Uqab-2000, MH97Punjab-96 and MH-97Punjab-96, respectively. Similarly heritability
percentage was higher for 1000-grain weight (92.39), number of grains per
spike (86.76), spike length (78.55), flag leaf area (92.52) and grain yield per plant
(93.93) recorded in crosses MH-97Iqbal-2000, MH-97Uqab-2000, MH97Punjab-96, Iqbal-2000 Uqab-2000 and MH-97Punjab-96, respectively. The
study clearly indicated that varieties Iqbal-2000 and MH-97 may be used for
transmission of desirable genetic characteristics to any high yielding wheat
genotype for maximization of grain yield in wheat.
KEYWORDS: Triticum aestivum; genotypes; cross breeding; F2 population;
heritability; agronomic characters; Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a major food grain crop of Pakistan, is grown
on an area of 8.67 million hectares with annual production of 23.52 million
*Oilseeds Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, **Department of Plant Breeding &
Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
350
F. Hussain et al.
tons and average yield of 2.7 tons per hecare (1). The previous research
work of various researchers is testament to this statement. Khan and
Chowdhry (15) reported high heritability estimates for plant height (91.45%),
number of spikelets per spike (90.0%) and 1000-grain weight (88.96%) in
spring wheat. Borojevic (5) and Tahir et al. (32) computed broad sense
heritability for plant height ranging from 73.45 to 91.87 percent, grains per
spike 59.34 to 75.72 percent, 1000-kernel weight 73.89 to 92.32 percent,
tillers per plant 57.97 to 79.14 percent, spike length 51.64 to 77.51 percent,
spikelets per spike 51.64 to 75.73 percent and grain yield per plant ranging
from 77.29 to 89.88 percent in various wheat crosses. Chowdhry et al. (7)
reported heritability estimates (96.27%) for plant height with genetic advance
from 2.69 to 7.12. Some workers (16, 20, 25, 31, 32) reported high heritability
and genetic advance for plant height, number of spikes per plant, number of
spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant. Chowdhry et
al. (8) recorded average heritability (49.20%) and genetic advance (4.29)
alongwith very high transmissibility index in five wheat crosses. Chowdhry et
al. (9) found heritability estimates for grain yield per plant (96.61%) and 1000grain weight (91.68%). Mann and Sharma (18) reported moderate to high
magnitude for genetic variance and heritability for various wheat plant
characteristics as were reported by Eissa et al. (10) and Bhutta et al. (4).
Narwal et al. (22) reported high heritability estimates for grain yield per plant,
number of tillers per plant and 1000-grain weight.
Thakur et al. (33) suggested that selection of number of tillers per plant and
ear length would be useful for improving wheat grain yield. Bergale et al. (3)
reported high variability for number of spikes per plant but low heritability and
genetic advance. Firouzian et al. (11) and Katiyar (13) reported high
heritability and genetic advance for number of tillers per plant, number of
grains per spike and flag leaf area in F2 of bread wheat. Khan et al. (14)
reported broad sense heritability values for plant height (49.83-88.83%),
number of tillers per plant (52.25-88.82%), flag leaf area (66.31 to 85.01%),
peduncle length (47.72 to 84.59%) and grain yield (65.58 to 90.01%) in F2 of
six cross combinations of six wheat lines. Some other scientists (19, 26, 27,
29, 34) also reported high heritability and genetic advance for plant height,
number of tillers per plant, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains
per spike, flag leaf area, leaf venation, stomata frequency, stomata size,
epidermal cell size, 1000- kernel weight and grain yield per plant. Asif et al.
(2) evaluated ten bread wheat lines under rainfed conditions and reported
higher heritability for plant height and grain yield. Chandra et al. (6) and
Gupta et al.(12) concluded very high heritability and moderate to high genetic
advance for number of spikes per plant, number of grains per plant, plant
J. Agric. Res., 2013, 51(4)
351
height and yield per plant. They also recorded low to medium genetic
advance for plant height, main ear length, number of grains per spike and
number of spikelets per spike in bread wheat. However, high genetic
advance was observed for number of spikes per plant, number of tillers per
plant and yield per plant. Mondal and Kaur (20) recorded high percentage of
heritability estimates and genetic advance in 10 bread wheat cultivars under
rainfed conditions. Novoselovic et al. (23) reported the estimated value of
heritability for plant height (54 to 81%), number of grains per spike (11 to
99.8%) and grain yield per plant (21 to 78%). Pramod and Mishra (25)
reported high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of
mean for wheat plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of spikelets
per spike and 1000-grain weight.
The present research work was necessitated to study some heritable
characters of existing wheat genotypes to use them for future breeding
programme for improvement of genetic potential.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seeds of F2 populations of seven crosses of bread wheat namely MH-97 x
Uqab-2000, MH-97 x PBW-222, MH-97 x Punjab-96, MH-97 x Iqbal-2000,
Iqbal-2000 xUqab-2000, Iqbal-2000 x PBW-222 and Iqbal-2000 x MH-97,
were planted with dibbler in experimental area of Department of Plant
Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan on
th
13 November 2010. Crop was harvested on May 11, 2011. The experiment
was laid out in randomized complete design and repeated thrice. The crop
was sown using single row hand drill in 23cm apart rows. All the standard
agronomic requirements were fulfilled as and when required. Two hundred
competitive plants from F2 population for each cross and 20 plants from each
parent at maturity were selected and data were recorded on plant height, flag
leaf area, number of tillers per plant, peduncle length; spike length, number
of spikelets per spike, spike density, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain
weight and grain yield using standard procedures. At maturity, height (cm) of
main tiller of 20 selected plants of F2 and parents was measured from base
of stem upto apex of spike excluding awns. Before maturity flag leaf widths
and lengths of mother shoot of 200 selected F2 plants and 20 plants of each
parent were measured when leaves were fully expanded in the morning
2
hours before 10 am. Flag leaf area (cm ) was computed by using the method
of Muller (21) as given below:Flag leaf area = Flag leaf width x Flag leaf length x 0.74
J. Agric. Res., 2013, 51(4)
352
F. Hussain et al.
Total number of fertile tillers was counted from 20 selected plants at maturity
to determine tillering capacity. However, peduncle length of mother shoot
was measured from the last node to the base of spike at maturity. The
length of main spike of 20 selected plants excluding awns was measured at
maturity from the base to the tip of spike with a meter rod. Number of
spikelets per spike from main tiller was counted at harvest from the same
tillers that were used for plant height, peduncle length and spike length.
Thereafter, spike density of these spikes was calculated using following
formula:
Spike density= Number of spikelets per spike
Spike length
These spikes were threshed separately and number of grains per spike was
counted. 1000-grain weight (g) was recorded from 30 random samples drawn
from each F2 population and 5 samples from their respective parents using
an electronic balance. All selected F2 and 20 parental plants were threshed
separately for recording grain yield per plant. Finally, observations for each
character were tabulated and mean, standard deviation, variances and
coefficients of variability for parents and F2 populations were computed. The
2
heritability estimates (%) in broad sense (h ) were computed using the
formula described by Mahmud and Kramer (17).
_________
2
h =VF2 VP1 VP2 100
VF2
Here VF2 is variance of F2 population while VP1 and VP2 are the variance of
2
parent 1 and 2, respectively while h is the estimate of broad sense
heritability. Genetic advance was calculated using the formula given below:2
Parents/
crosses
MH-97
353
Estimates of different parameters for plant height and flag leaf area in F2 population of
different wheat genotypes.
Flag leaf area (cm2)
SD
CV
(%)
103.25
6.98
48.72
6.76
h (%)
GA
SD
CV
(%)
h2(%)
G.A.
32.38
0.95
0.91
2.95
Uqab-2000
104.2
4.77
22.8
4.58
37.94
0.75
0.56
1.97
MH-97 x
108.32
8.53
72.75
8.14
54.18
8.11
35.93
2.85
8.13
7.94
91.21
4.6
Uqab-2000
MH-97
103.25
6.98
48.72
6.76
32.38
0.95
0.91
2.95
PBW-222
86.6
5.29
27.94
6.1
35.14
1.15
1.32
3.38
MH-97 x
101.24
10.17
103.5
10.05
64.34
11.5
35.64
3.47
12
9.72
90.84
5.52
PBW-222
MH-97
103.25
6.98
48.72
6.76
32.38
0.95
0.91
2.95
Punjab-96
105.75
5.29
32.41
5.38
36.95
1.64
2.7
4.44
MH-97 x
104.4
10.18
103.6
9.75
61.64
11
34.34
4.2
17.6
12.2
91.06
6.7
Punjab-96
MH-97
103.25
6.98
48.72
6.76
32.38
0.95
0.91
2.95
Iqbal-2000
105.75
5.39
29.1
5.11
4.57
1.65
2.73
4.07
MH-97 x
81.92
12.58
158.4
15.36
76.22
16.8
36.04
3.6
12.9
9.97
87.79
5.5
Iqbal-2000
Iqbal-2000
105.55
5.39
29.1
5.11
4.57
1.65
2.73
4.07
Uqab-2000
104.2
4.77
22.8
4.58
37.94
0.75
0.56
1.97
Iqbal-2000 x
108.1
10.23
104.7
9.46
75.39
13.5
35.1
4.1
16.5
11.57
92.52
6.6
Uqab-2000
Iqbal-2000
105.55
5.39
29.1
5.11
4.57
1.65
2.73
4.07
PBW-222
86.6
5.29
27.94
6.1
35.14
1.15
1.32
3.38
Iqbal-2000 x
99.72
9.48
89.92
9.51
68.29
11.3
31.18
4.1
16.6
13.1
88.53
6.3
PBW-222
Iqbal-2000
105.55
5.39
29.1
5.11
4.57
1.65
2.73
4.07
MH-97
103.25
6.98
48.72
6.76
32.38
0.95
0.91
2.95
Iqbal-2000 X
108.87
9.23
85.15
8.48
55.78
9.0
35.72
3.72
13.9
10.43
88.62
5.8
MH-97
2
X = Estimation of mean, SD = Standard deviation, V = Variance, CV = Coefficient of variability, h = Heritability-Broad sense,
GA = Genetic advance.
354
F. Hussain et al.
4.56 to 6.69. The highest value of heritability (92.52%) was recorded in cross
Iqbal-2000 x Uqab-2000 followed by MH-97 x Uqab-2000 (91.21%), MH-97 x
Punjab-96 (91.06%) and MH-97 x PBW-222 (90.84%). Higher genetic
advance was noted in cross MH-97 x Punjab-96 (6.7). The CV ranged from
7.94 (MH-97 x Uqab-2000) to 13.10 percent (Iqbal-2000 x PBW-222). The
data indicated that genetic effects are pronounced offering good chances of
selection for flag leaf area as there is a lot of variation in F2 population due to
high heritability and genetic advance. Bergale et al. (3), Firouzian et al. (11),
Katiyar (13) and Riaz and Chowdhry (26) have also reported similar findings.
Number of tillers per plant
The data (Table 2) further revealed that heritability estimates in broad sense
ranged from 75.8 to 86.1 percent for tillers per plant while GA ranged from
1.93 to 2.78. The highest value of heritability (86.1%) was recorded for cross
MH-97 x Uqab-2000 having genetic advance value of 2.72. The highest value
of CV (17.1%) was observed for cross Iqbal-2000 x Uqab-2000 followed by
cross Iqbal-2000 x MH-97 (15.4%) against minimum (11.8%) in cross MH-97
x Punjab-96. Overall it varied from 11.79 to 17.1 percent among crosses.
Other researchers (7, 11, 12, 13, 19, 22, 24, 25, 33) have also reported
similar findings for number of tillers per plant.
Table 2.
Estimates of different parameters for tillers per plant and peduncle length in F2
population of different wheat genotypes.
Parents/crosses
MH-97
Uqab-2000
MH-97 x Uqab-2000
MH-97
PBW-222
MH-97 x PBW-222
MH-97
Punjab-96
MH-97 x Punjab-96
MH-97
Iqbal-2000
MH-97 x Iqbal-2000
Iqbal-2000
Uqab-2000
Iqbal-2000 x Uqab-2000
Iqbal-2000
PBW-222
Iqbal-2000 x PBW-222
Iqbal-2000
MH-97
Iqbal-2000 x MH-97
X
11.65
12.15
13.94
11.65
14.95
13.5
11.65
13.1
13.6
11.65
13.45
15.1
13.45
12.15
13.44
13.45
14.95
14.44
13.45
11.65
12.86
SD
0.67
0.67
1.8
0.67
0.76
0.71
0.67
0.65
1.6
0.67
0.76
1.94
0.76
0.67
2.29
0.76
0.76
2.11
0.76
0.67
1.98
Tillers/plant
V
CV%
0.45
5.76
0.45
5.52
3.24
12.9
0.45
5.76
0.58
5.08
2.95
12.7
0.45
5.76
0.41
4.89
2.57
11.8
0.45
5.76
0.58
5.64
3.77
12.9
0.58
5.64
0.45
5.52
5.27
17.1
0.58
5.64
0.58
5.08
4.46
14.6
0.58
5.64
0.45
5.76
3.91
15.4
GA
86.1
2.72
82.7
2.5
83.3
2.34
80.1
2.24
78.8
2.15
83.9
2.78
75.8
1.93
X
39.5
39.4
40.3
39.5
35.1
40
39.5
42.1
41.5
39.5
40.8
34.6
40.8
39.4
39.9
40.8
35.1
39.7
40.8
39.5
39.8
SD
1.6
1.4
3.4
1.6
0.9
3.6
1.6
1.7
3.7
1.6
1.5
3.7
1.5
1.4
3.8
1.5
0.9
4
1.5
1.6
4.8
GA
4.72
5.57
5.2
5.41
5.62
6.43
7.47
355
X
14.2
13.9
13.5
14.2
12.8
12.8
14.2
14.6
15.3
14.2
14.5
13
13.9
14.5
14.3
14.5
12.8
12.6
14.5
14.2
13.8
SD
0.9
0.9
1.4
0.9
0.9
1.6
0.9
1
2
0.9
0.9
1.7
0.9
0.9
1.6
0.9
0.9
1.5
0.9
0.9
1.5
Spike length
V
CV%
0.8
6.15
0.9
6.74
2
10.6
0.8
6.15
0.7
6.67
2.5
12.4
0.8
6.15
0.9
6.53
3.9
12.8
0.8
6.15
0.9
6.52
2.9
13.0
0.9
6.74
0.9
6.52
2.7
11.5
0.9
6.52
0.7
6.67
2.4
12.2
0.9
6.52
0.8
6.15
2.1
10.6
h2
GA
60.3
1.51
70.5
1.96
78.6
2.7
71.5
2.12
67.1
1.93
65.9
1.78
61.7
1.59
X
15.6
17.9
18.7
15.6
17.5
16.2
15.6
19
18.2
15.6
18.5
16.6
18.5
17.9
18.5
18.5
17.5
16.5
18.5
15.6
17.9
SD
0.8
0.8
1.7
0.8
1.1
1.9
0.8
1.1
2.2
0.8
1.2
2.3
1.2
0.8
2
1.2
1.1
1.9
1.2
0.8
2.2
Spikelets/spike
V
CV%
0.7
5.26
0.6
4.4
3
9.25
0.7
5.26
1.1
6.01
3.8
12
0.7
5.26
1.2
5.66
4.8
12
0.7
5.26
1.4
6.46
5.2
13.7
1.4
6.46
0.6
4.4
3.9
10.7
1.4
6.46
1.1
6.01
3.7
11.7
1.4
6.46
0.7
5.26
4.7
12.1
h2
GA
78.4
2.38
77.1
2.62
81.6
3.13
81.1
3.23
75.9
2.62
66.4
2.25
79.3
3.01
356
F. Hussain et al.
crosses ranged from 66.73 to 79.25 percent with genetic advance from 2.25
to 3.01. These results agree to those of Masood and Chowdhry (19) and
Tahir et al. (32).
Spike density
The results (Table 4) for spike density showed that coefficient of variability
was greater in F2 population. Heritability estimates were observed as
moderate to high. High heritability (84.64%) was noted in cross MH-97 x Iqbal
2000, followed by crosses MH-97 x PBW-222(75.55%) and MH-97 x Uqab2000 (74.97%) having the genetic advance values of 0.39, 0.28 and 0.25,
respectively. Firouzian et al. (11) have reported similar results.
Table 4. Estimates of different parameters for spike density and grains/spike in F2 population of
different wheat genotypes.
Parents/
crosses
Spike density
X
SD
CV(%)
MH-97
1.11
0.08
0.01
7.44
Uqab-2000
1.29
0.11
0.01
8.25
1.4
0.18
0.04
13.44
1.11
1.38
0.08
0.13
0.01
0.02
7.44
9.46
MH-97 x
Uqab-2000
MH-97
PBW-222
MH-97 x
PBW-222
MH-97
Punjab-96
MH-97 x
Punjab-96
MH-97
Iqbal-2000
MH-97 x
Iqbal-2000
Iqbal-2000
Uqab-2000
Iqbal-2000 x
Uqab-2000
Iqbal-2000
PBW-222
Iqbal-2000 x
PBW-222
Iqbal-2000
MH-97
Iqbal-2000 x
MH-97
1.3
0.21
0.04
16.28
1.11
1.31
0.08
0.12
0.01
0.01
7.44
8.81
1.21
0.18
0.03
14.06
1.11
1.28
0.08
0.13
0.01
0.02
7.44
9.95
1.3
0.26
0.07
20.14
1.28
1.29
0.13
0.11
0.02
0.01
9.95
8.25
1.31
0.19
0.03
14.52
1.28
1.38
0.13
0.13
0.02
0.02
9.95
9.46
1.32
0.21
0.04
16
1.28
1.11
0.13
0.08
0.02
0.01
9.95
7.44
1.31
0.21
0.04
16
74.97
75.55
66.79
84.64
62.33
62.73
72.69
GA
0.25
0.28
0.2
0.39
0.21
0.23
0.25
SD
CV(%)
43.20
2.55
6.48
5.89
49.85
2.91
8.45
5.83
46.48
7.48
55.93
16.09
43.20
44.80
2.55
1.64
6.48
2.69
5.89
3.66
42.22
5.51
30.42
13.06
43.20
49.20
2.55
3.2
6.48
10.27
5.89
6.51
47.74
5.56
30.93
11.65
43.20
50.60
2.55
2.56
6.48
6.57
5.89
5.07
42.28
6.91
47.8
16.35
50.60
49.85
2.56
2.91
6.57
8.45
5.07
5.83
43.20
4.78
22.86
11.07
50.60
44.80
2.56
1.64
6.57
2.69
5.07
3.66
42.92
4.43
19.67
10.33
50.60
43.20
2.56
2.55
6.57
6.48
5.07
5.89
46.82
4.55
20.72
9.72
h2(%)
GA
86.76
11.39
86.26
8.35
73.61
7.18
86.35
10.48
67.48
5.65
78.61
6.12
68.51
5.47
357
results were reported by Mondal and Kaur (20) for number of grains per spike
in wheat.
1000-grain weight (g)
Cross MH-97 x PBW-222 depicted the highest value of heritability (92.39%)
with higher value of genetic advance (12.29). CV ranged from 11.23 to 17.08
percent for the crosses MH-97 x Punjab-96 and MH-97 x Iqbal-2000,
respectively. These results showed that there was a chance of plant selection
for greater 1000-grain weight as observed by Khan and Chowdhry (15) and
Riaz and Chowdhry (26).
Grain yield per plant (g)
Grain yield is a complex character influenced by many traits. So high
estimates of variability, heritability and genetic advance for this trait would be
helpful for the breeders to select the best combination for desirable level of
yield potential. The data (Table 5) indicated that standard deviation value was
Table 5. Estimates of different parameters for 1000-grain weight (g) and grain yield per plant (g) in
F2 population of different wheat genotypes.
Parents/
crosses
1000-grain weight
x
SD
CV(%)
MH-97
Uqab-2000
MH-97 x
Uqab-2000
MH-97
PBW-222
MH-97 x
PBW-222
MH-97
Punjab-96
MH-97 x
Punjab-96
MH-97
Iqbal-2000
MH-97 x
Iqbal-2000
Iqbal-2000
Uqab-2000
Iqbal-2000 x
Uqab-2000
Iqbal-2000
PBW-222
Iqbal-2000 x
PBW-222
Iqbal-2000
37.52
38.97
1.72
1.68
4.58
4.31
39.97
4.78
37.52
38.02
1.72
1.55
40.65
5.38
37.52
37.52
1.72
2.05
39.69
4.46
37.52
39.42
1.72
2.54
44.36
7.58
39.42
37.97
2.54
1.68
41.14
5.45
39.42
38.02
2.54
1.55
42.08
5.69
39.42
2.54
2.96
2.83
22.8
6
2.96
2.41
28.9
1
2.96
4.2
19.8
7
2.96
6.45
57.4
2
6.45
2.83
29.7
1
6.45
2.41
32.3
6
6.45
MH-97
37.52
1.72
5.24
Iqbal-2000 x
MH-97
41.24
11.96
Grain yield/plant
h2
87.34
GA
7.33
4.58
4.08
13.23
90.77
8.56
4.58
5.46
11.23
82.26
6.43
4.58
6.44
17.08
92.39
12.29
6.44
4.31
13.25
85.62
8.19
6.44
4.08
13.52
87.82
SD
CV(%)
102.15
120.45
3.64
2.96
13.29
8.79
3.57
2.46
141.64
13.1
171.7
9.25
102.15
66.5
3.64
2.4
13.29
4.15
3.57
3.07
128.14
9.91
98.24
7.74
102.15
119.25
3.64
3.07
13.29
9.46
3.57
2.58
119.36
13.59
184.9
11.39
102.15
120.7
3.64
4.22
13.29
17.8
3.57
3.5
130.02
15.76
248.6
12.13
120.7
120.45
4.22
2.96
17.8
8.79
3.5
2.46
126.36
8.74
76.44
6.92
120.7
66.5
4.22
2.4
17.8
4.15
3.5
3.07
148.74
10.25
105.2
6.89
6.44
120.7
4.22
17.8
3.5
2.96
4.58
102.15
3.64
13.29
3.57
27.4
5
12.7
144.06
10.75
115.5
7.46
84.08
8.77
7.73
H2
(%)
GA
93.71
21.6
92.43
16.1
93.93
22.4
93.81
26
83.64
12.8
91.82
16.5
86.69
16.4
358
F. Hussain et al.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
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