Module PS5 Rev 1

J.D.
PARMAR
NIHAR RAJ
24th & 25th August 2007
jagatkishore.d.parmar@in.abb.com
nihar.raj@in.abb.com
Substation
Engineering
ABB Power Technologies

BA PTPS - 2 -
Substations
Content
Introduction
Various Switching Configuration
Interlocking & Protection

philosophy
Basics of layout engineering
Substation design calculation
Equipment & accessories
Interface requirement of control,

protection & SCADA
Statutory requirements & Safety

in substation

BA PTPS - 3 -
Substations
Introduction
Substations
Introduction
What is Substation ?

BA PTPS - 4 -
Substation is an Electrical installation

where power is controlled for
transmission & distribution purpose.
Substations can be categorized

as:
Power evacuation substation
Substation part of Transmission system
Substation part of Distribution system
Substations
Introduction : The Electric Utility
Power Evacuation Substation

Transmission Substation
Switching Substation

BA PTPS - 5 -
Distribution Substation
Substations
Introduction : Power Evacuation substation

BA PTPS - 6 -
Located adjacent to the Power Plant

Preferred voltage level
420 kV
245 kV
123,145 kV
72.5, 66 kV
Evacuation voltage level depends on
Quantum of power to be evacuated (size of

power plant)
Distance of Transmission
Gird network voltage of surrounding

transmission system
Normally built by
Utilities (e.g. NTPC, NHPC, Captive Power

Plant by industries)
Independent Power Producer (IPP)
Substations
Introduction : Transmission substation
Location is decided based on Transmission

Grid Network

BA PTPS - 7 -
420kV
245kV
145kV
Transmission voltage depends on
Quantum of power to be received / transmitted
Length of transmission line
Normally built by
Utilities (e.g. Power Grid, State Electricity

Boards)
Substations
Introduction : Distribution substation
Location is near the load

BA PTPS - 8 -
245kV
145kV
72.5/36 kV
Station voltage level depends on
Demand of power
Utility norms of distribution
Normally built by
Utilities (e.g. State Electricity Broads)
Industries

BA PTPS - 9 -
Substations
Switching
Configuration
Substations
Switching Configuration
What is Busbar configuration ?

BA PTPS - 10 -
Busbar configuration or Bus switching scheme

is the circuit adopted for substation based on
following:
System reliability
Operational flexibility
Ease of maintenance
Limitation of fault level
Simplicity of protection system
Ease of extension
Avaibility of land
Cost
Substations
Switching Configuration : Single Bus Scheme

BA PTPS - 11 -
With Sectionaliser
Substations
Switching Configuration : Single Bus Scheme

With Sectionaliser

BA PTPS - 12 -
Without Sectionaliser

BA PTPS - 13 -
Substations
Switching Configuration: Single Bus Scheme

BA PTPS - 14 -
Substations

BA PTPS - 15 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : Bus Sectionalizer
Substations
Application
Industrial stations with voltage level

generally up to 145kV
Also used for 245kV station with 2/3 bays
Features

BA PTPS - 16 -
Simple system
Ease of Operation & maintenance
Single level bus layout
Easily expandable
Very simple Control & Protection philosophy
Large saving in space
No redundancy

BA PTPS - 17 -
Substations
Switching Configuration: Double Bus Scheme
Double Bus with two

Main & without
Transfer
Double Bus with one Main

& one Transfer
Double Bus with one Main

& one Main cum Transfer

BA PTPS - 18 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : One Main & Transfer

BA PTPS - 19 -
Substations

BA PTPS - 20 -
Substations

BA PTPS - 21 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : Main & Main cum transfer

BA PTPS - 22 -
Substations

BA PTPS - 23 -
Substations

BA PTPS - 24 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : Double Main

BA PTPS - 25 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : Double Main

BA PTPS - 26 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : Double Main with bypass

BA PTPS - 27 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : Double Main with bypass
Substations
Switching Configuration:Application of Transfer Bus

BA PTPS - 28 -
Bus Coupler Bay
Substations
Application

BA PTPS - 29 -
Normally this is used for most industrial

stations and some time small power
evacuation system
Features
Simpler system
Better availability as additional bus is

provided
Breaker can be taken out for maintenance

where transfer bus feature is provided
Substations
Switching Configuration: Three Bus Scheme

Transfer
Main-2

BA PTPS - 30 -
Main-1
Three Bus with Main I & II

and separate Transfer Bus
Substations
Transfer
Main-2

BA PTPS - 31 -
Main-1
Substations
Switching Configuration : Three Bus

BA PTPS - 32 -
Main Bus#1
Main Bus#2
Transfer Bus

BA PTPS - 33 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : Three Bus

BA PTPS - 34 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : Three Bus (Bus Coupler)

BA PTPS - 35 -
Substations
Switching Configuration : Three Bus (Bus Transfer)
Substations

BA PTPS - 36 -
Application
Power evacuation station
Interconnecting substation for transmission lines
Heavy Industrial stations viz. Steel, Aluminium,

Petro-chemicals
Features
Independent two buses sharing the feeder
Better load management
Better reliability
One transfer bay is in-built for redundancy of

one bay
Complex Control & Protection system

BA PTPS - 37 -
Substations
Switching Configuration: One & Half CB Scheme
Main-1
Main-2

BA PTPS - 38 -
Substations
Main-1
Main-2

BA PTPS - 39 -
Substations
Various Busbar Configuration : One & Half CB Scheme
Substations

BA PTPS - 40 -
Application
Mostly this configuration is adopted where high

reliability is required
Power evacuation station for big power plant
Interconnecting transmission substations with

420/245kV level
Features
Very high reliability
Costly because of increase no. of Circuit Breaker
Complex Control & Protection philosophy
Substations
Switching Configuration : Application
Power Generating Stations
Double Bus Scheme
Three Bus scheme
One & Half CB Scheme
Transmission Stations
Double Bus scheme

BA PTPS - 41 -
Main & Main cum transfer
Three Bus scheme
Two main & one transfer
Two main & one transfer
One & Half CB Scheme
Substations
Switching Configuration : Application
Distribution Stations
Single Bus scheme
Single Bus with sectionalizer
Double Bus scheme

BA PTPS - 42 -
Main & transfer
Double Main & Transfer (Industrial customer)

BA PTPS - 43 -
Substations
Engineering
Calculations
Substations
Engineering Calculations
Purpose of doing engineering calculation
To establish & validate design
To Optimize
To give complete error free solution to

customer.
To ensure safety

BA PTPS - 44 -
Of Persons
Of Animals
Of equipments
To ensure correct Power system operation
Substations

BA PTPS - 45 -
Reference Used by ABB for doing

Calculations
IEC Standards
IEEE Standards
IS Standards
CBIP
International papers
Substations

BA PTPS - 46 -
Different types of calculations done in switchyard engineering

1.
Short Circuit Force Calculation for Flexible conductor
2.
Short Circuit force calculations for Rigid conductor
3.
Cantilever strength check for bus support insulators
4.
Wind Pressure calculation
5.
Temperature rise calculation for Flexible conductor
6.
Temperature rise calculation for Rigid conductor
7.
Earthing Calculation
8.
Shielding Calculation
9.
Sag Tension Calculation
10.
Battery sizing calculation
Substations
Engineering Calculations : EDF

ELECTRICAL CONNECTION

BA PTPS - 47 -
FLEXIBLE
RIGID
TENSILE FORCE ( Ft)
FORCE AT RIGID END

(Fda)
DROP FORCE ( Fs)
FORCE AT FLEXIBLE END

(Fdb)
PINCH FORCE ( Fpi)
Substations

BA PTPS - 48 -
Inputs for Calculation
Short Circuit Force for Flexible conductor
Substations
Engineering Calculations : EDF

BA PTPS - 49 -
PURPOSE :
TO FIND OUT THE MAXIMUM SHORT CIRCUIT

FORCE COMING ON THE EQUIPMENT TERMINAL.
TO FIND OUT THE CANTELIVER STRENGTH OF THE

BUS POST INSULATOR.
TO EVALUATE THE FORCES FOR DESIGN OF CIVIL

AND STRUCTURE.
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH EDF DEPENDS:
TYPE OF CONDUCTOR ( FLEXIBLE OR RIGID

CONDUCTOR)
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT.
FAULT CLEARANCE TIME.
SPAN LENGTH.
PHASE DISTANCE.
NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR PER PHASE.
STATIC TENSION.
Substations
Engineering Calculations : Earthing

BA PTPS - 50 -
PURPOSE :
TO FIND OUT THE MAXIMUM STEP AND

TOUCH POTENTIAL COMING IN A
SUBSTATION.
TO ACHIEVE SAFE VALUES OF STEP AND

TOUCH POTENTIAL WRT TO THE
CALCULATED VALUES.
TO ACHIEVE SAFE VALUES OF GPR BY

RESTRICTING THE REDUCING THE VALUE OF
GROUND RESISTANCE.
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH EARTHING

DEPENDS:
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT.
FAULT CLEARANCE TIME.
SOIL RESISTIVITY.
Substations
Engineering Calculations : DSLP
PURPOSE :

BA PTPS - 51 -
TO PROTECT SUBSTATION FROM

LIGHTNING STROKE BY PROBABLISTIC
METHOD.
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH DSLP

DEPENDS:
HEIGHT OF LIGHTNING MAST/SHIELD WIRE.
HEIGHT OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE

PROTECTED.
Substations

Protective Zone
by LM
Typical DSLP Layout
Shield wire
Lightning Mast

BA PTPS - 52 -
What are the methods for D.S.L.P. design?
As per "High Voltage Engineering" by Razevig with help of LM
As per IS:2309 which is also using LM and spikes
As per electro-geometry method by using combination of LM and shield wire.
Substations

BA PTPS - 53 -
Shielding Calculation
Substations

BA PTPS - 54 -
Substation Engineering Calculation
Substations
Engineering Calculations : Sag Tension

BA PTPS - 55 -
PURPOSE :
TO STRING THE CONDUCTOR AT MAIN BUS LEVEL

AND JACK BUS LEVEL.
TO MAINTAIN NECESSARY ELECTRICAL

CLEARANCES.
FOR PANTOGRAPH ISOLATORS TO ACHIEVE A

PROPER CONTACT AREA BETWEEN THE HANGER
AND THE PANTOGRAPH ARM.
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH SAG TENSION

DEPENDS:
STATIC TENSION
SPAN OF CONDUCTOR, TYPE & NUMBER OF

CONDUCTOR.
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE.
WIND PRESSURE.
WEIGHT OF STRING HARDWARE, INSULATOR

STRING, SPACERS.
Substations

BA PTPS - 56 -
Sag Tension Calculation
Substations
Engineering Calculations : Wind Pressure

BA PTPS - 57 -
PURPOSE :
TO EVALUATE THE WIND PRESSURE AT VARIOUS

LEVELS.
WIND PRESSURE FORMS INPUT FOR STRUCTURE

AND CIVIL DESIGN.
WIND PRESSURE CALCULATION IS ALSO USED

FOR DETERMINING CANTELIVER STRENGTH OF
ALL INSULATORS (ALONG WITH EDF FORCES)
STANDARDS USED ARE IS:802 AND IS:875
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH WIND PRESSURE

CAL DEPENDS:
WIND ZONE IN WHICH A SUBSTATION IS

SITUATED.
TOPOGRAPHY NEAR THE SUBSTATION.
LOCATION OF CLIFF, VALLEY OR MOUNTAIN NEAR

A SUBSTATION.
Substations
Engineering Calculations : Temperature Rise
PURPOSE :

BA PTPS - 58 -
To determine thermal sizing of conductors

( Flexible Conductor / AL.Tube)
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH TEMPERATURE

RISE CAL DEPENDS:
Continuous current.
Short Circuit Current.
SOLAR HEAT GAIN.
RADIATION LOSS.
CONVECTION HEAT LOSS.
FAULT DURATION TIME.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE.
Substations

BA PTPS - 59 -
Temperature rise calculation for Flexible Conductor
Substations

BA PTPS - 60 -
Temperature rise calculation for Rigid Conductor
Substations
Engineering Calculations : Temperature Rise
PERMISSIBLE VALUES OF OPERATING

TEMPERATURE :

BA PTPS - 61 -
Maximum allowed temperature rise under

normal condition.
ACSR Conductor = 75deg C (As per CBIP

Manual)
Al. Tube
= 85 deg C ( BS:159)
Maximum allowed temperature under short

circuit condition.
ACSR Conductor = 650 deg C ( As per CBIP

paper)
Al tube
= 200 deg C ( As per IEEE:605)

BA PTPS - 62 -
Substations
Layout
Engineering
Substations
Layout Engineering
What is Substation Layout ?

Substation Layout is the conception which
transforms to reality through engineering,
execution & commissioning.

BA PTPS - 63 -
Layout Engineering . . . .
is the basic document to be sent to Customer /

Consultants for approval
forms the basis of entire project scope
forms basis for engineering estimates
form input for civil & structure design
basic document for statutory approval
Substations
Layout Engineering : Plan View
TYPICAL SUBSTATION PLAN LAYOUT

BA PTPS - 64 -
Incoming Line
Bay
Single
Bus Bar
Outgoing
Transformer Bay
Substations
Layout Engineering

BA PTPS - 66 -
Following details form the input for layout

engineering:
Bay & Busbar configuration
Bay width & depth, Height of busbar, Distance to

fence, Building and total dimensions.
Statutory clearances (Phase to Phase, Phase to

Earth, Sectional clearance)
Lightning Mast, Gantries (Column & Beam), String

Insulators, Busbar, Equipment etc.
Position of various drive box, junction box,

Marshalling box.
Maintenance aspect for Transformer, Reactor,

CB.
Illumination requirement.
Calculations like EDF ( deciding max safe span

length& location of BPI) , DSLP (locating LM).
Substations
Layout Engineering

BA PTPS - 67 -
Bay Width will depend on .
Phase to Phase & Phase to Earth clearances
Sectional Clearances
Tower width
Swing of conductor
Bird clearances
Cable trench routing
Maintainability of equipment
Tandem Isolator arrangement
Distances in between equipment will depend

on..
Phase to Phase & Phase to Earth clearances
Sectional Clearances
Position of switch cubicle, junction box, drive box

etc.
Maintainability of equipment

BA PTPS - 68 -
Substations
Layout Engineering
Substations
Layout Engineering
Standard bay width & clearances

BA PTPS - 69 -
System
Voltage
Phase to Phase Phase to Earth

Distance
Distance
Bay width
Sectional
Clearance
kV
66
132
mm
2000
2700
mm
2000
2500
mm
8000
9400
mm
3000
3500
132
(Standard)
3000
3000
12000
3500
220
(standard)
220
(Industry)
4500
4000
17000
4500
4500
4500
18000
4500
220 (IPP)
5000
4000
18000
4500
400
7000
6500
27000
6000

BA PTPS - 70 -
Substations
Layout Engineering

BA PTPS - 71 -
Substations
Equipment &
Accessories
Substations
Equipment & Accessories
Substation

BA PTPS - 72 -
Main
Equipment
Engineered
items
Civil
Auxiliary
Equipment
Structure
Auxiliary
System

BA PTPS - 73 -
Substations

Main Equipment
Circuit Breaker
Instrument Transformer (CT/CVT)
Surge Arrester
Isolator
Transformer & Reactor
Bus Support Insulator
Line Traps
Control & Protection system
Power Line Carrier Communication system
Substations
420kV, 50kA type ELF SP 6-2
245kV, 40kA type ELF SP 4-1
245 kV, 40 kA type LTB E1
145kV, 40kA type LTBD1
72.5kV, 31.5kA type ED

420 kV ELF SP Breaker

BA PTPS - 74 -
245 kV ELF SP Breaker
245 kV LTB E1 Breaker

72.5 kV EDI Breaker
72.5 kV EDF Breaker

BA PTPS - 75 -
Substations
Single
pole vacuum circuit

breakers and interrupters with
magnetic actuators for 25kV AC
railway traction applications
Outdoor
live tank vacuum & SF6

circuit breakers 3.3kV to 40.5kV
Spring and magnetic actuator
mechanism (12/15kV)

BA PTPS - 76 -
Substations
PRODUCT
RANGE
Dead Tank Current Transformers
66-420 kV
Capacitor Voltage Transformers
72.5-420 kV
Coupling Capacitors
72.5-420 kV
Grading Capacitors
Up to 280 kV
Substations

BA PTPS - 78 -
Types of Isolator
Center
Break
Double
Break
Vertical
Break-knee type
Voltage
11kV - 800kV
Op. Mech.
Motor / Manual
Current
100-3150A
STC
40kA
Earth Switch
1, 2, Independent
Orientation
Series / Parallel / Tandem
Substations

BA PTPS - 79 -
Power transformers / Converter

Transformer/ Traction Transformer
Used of conversion of energy from one

voltage to another voltage level
Costliest equipment in substation
Single phase & three phase installation
For major substations tertiary being

loaded for feeding auxiliary power to
substation
Oil & paper as insulating material prevails
Use of High Temperature

Superconducting (HTS) material
FEM based tools for design analysis

BA PTPS - 80 -
Substations
Bus Support Insulators are used for

supporting the busbars
Important selection parameters
Voltage level
Canteliver strength
Creepage distance
Top & Bottom PCD
Compressive strength
Torsional strength

BA PTPS - 81 -
Substations
Line traps are used for Power system

communication
It blocks high frequency carrier signals
Important selection parameters
Voltage level
mH rating
Continuous current rating
Short Circuit current rating
Type of mounting
Pedestal
Suspension

BA PTPS - 82 -
Substations
Control & Protection System
Used for controlling flow of power
Advent of 61850 based relays
Mounting of panels in outdoor AC

Kiosk
New trend started by PGCIL
First Kiosk drawing conceptualised by

ABB DESIGN
Substations
Substation

BA PTPS - 83 -
Main
Equipment
Engineered
items
Civil
Auxiliary
Equipment
Structure
Auxiliary
System
Substations

Engineered Items

BA PTPS - 84 -
Busbar Materials
Strung bus conductor (ACSR)
Rigid bus conductor (AL Tube)
Clamps & Connectors
String Insulator & Hardware
Earthing Materials
Main earthing materials (Rod or Flat)
Earth Pits
Cables & accessories
LT Power & Control cable
HT Power Cable
Cable terminations, gland, lugs, ties, marker

etc.
Cable supporting materials
Substations
Component & Accessories

Types of Busbar
Rigid bus comprising of AL tube
Strung bus comprising of A C S R / A A A

conductor

BA PTPS - 85 -
Types of Support
Bus post insulator for rigid bus
String Insulator for strung bus
Substations
Expansion type terminal Connector

BA PTPS - 86 -
Tee - Connector
Terminal Connector
Substations
Bus Support Insulator Clamp

BA PTPS - 87 -
Tee Connector
PG Clamp
Substations
Hardware Material

BA PTPS - 88 -
Double Tension String Hardware
Tension Clamp & Arcing Horn
Substations
Drop Clamp & Through Clamp
Single Suspension String Hardware

BA PTPS - 89 -
(Drop type & Through type)
Substations
Substation

BA PTPS - 90 -
Main
Equipment
Engineered
items
Civil
Auxiliary
Equipment
Structure
Auxiliary
System

BA PTPS - 91 -
Substations

Auxiliary Equipment
LTAC Switchgear Panel
DC Distribution Board
Battery & Batter Charger
DC Distribution Board
Auxiliary LT Transformer
Lighting Transformer
Main Lighting distribution transformer
Emergency lighting distribution transformer
Diesel Generator
UPS
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : LT AC Distribution

11KV FROM
S.E.B.
250KVA DG 630KVA AUX.
TRAFO.
SET
415V AC
AUXILIARY
SYSTEM
33KV FORM TERTIARY OF

315MVA TARNSFORMER
1000KVA AUX.
TRAFO.
415V MAIN SWDB-1A
FIRE
FIGHTING
SYSTEM
100KVA
LIGHTING
TRAFO.
415V ACDB-2A
EMERGENCY
LIGHTING DB4A

BA PTPS - 92 -
VENTILATIO
N DB-5A
220V
BATTERY
CHARGER
50V BATTERY
CHARGER
LIGHTING
DB-3A
Typical AC System SLD

BA PTPS - 93 -
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : AC & DC Board
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : DC System

DC Auxiliary System
Auxiliary system which provides reliable DC source for

control & protection circuit of substation equipment. DC
system backed up by Battery ensures higher level of
security over AC auxiliary system

BA PTPS - 94 -
Typical DC Load in substation
Protection & interlocks
Switchgear control
Remote control & Indication
Annunciation system
Control & instrumentation
Power line carrier ( PLCC )
Emergency DC Lighting
Electric clocks
Communication systems
Data acquisition & logging system

BA PTPS - 95 -
Substations
Tubular Battery
Battery is simple construction
Life is 10 years.
Most Economical
Plante Battery
40% better performance
Longer Life (20 years)
Almost 2.5-3 times Costlier than
Tubular battery
Maintenance Free
Does not require any topping up of
water
Less hazardous and no special room
required
Needs control environment at 270C
Cost is 2 times of Tubular battery
Ni-Cd Battery
Longer life span (25 years)
More stable & reliable performance
Less hazardous and corrosion free
Cost is 4 times of tubular battery
Substations

Inputs for Battery Sizing
Instantaneous or Momentary Load
Circuit Breaker Trip / Close, Protective Relays
Continuous Load
Annunciation system, DC supervision, Indication

Lamps, Auxiliary Relays, Semaphores
Emergency Loads

BA PTPS - 96 -
Emergency lighting
Substations
No of cells selected =

BA PTPS - 97 -
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
200
0-1min.
175
1-179min.
150
179-180min.
110.56
111
Minimum Battery voltage at end of discharge= 111*1.8V=

Maximum Battery voltage = 111*2.28V=
Nominal battery Voltage = 111*2.0V=
Electrolyte temperature =
BATTERY LOADING DIAGRAM
LOAD IN AMPS
BATTERY SIZING
Maximum allowable battery voltage(V) =
254
Minimum allowable battery voltage(V) =
199
Float voltage (minimum)(V) =
2
Float voltage (maximum)(V) =
2.28
Minimum allowable cell voltage(V) =
1.80
No. of cells = min.allowable battery voltage/end of discharge cell voltage = 199/1.8=
199.8
253.08
222
125
100
75
50
25
19 Deg. Celsius
System/Loads
0-1min.
1-179min.
179-180min.
Sub Total for 400kV Swgr. System (sheet 4 of 13)

Sub Total for 33kV swgr system (sheet 6 of 13)
Sub Total for 415V main system (sheet 8 of 13)
Sub total for 415V valve cooling (sheet 11 of 13)
Sub total for 415V DG swgr (sheet 11 of 13)
Sub total for 415V fire fighting system (sheet 11 of 13)
Sub total for 415V water system (sheet 11 of 13)
Sub total for 415V AC/vent. system (sheet 11 of 13)
61.995
6.205
8.102
5.041
1.511
0.155
0.123
2.743
1.995
0.295
1.157
2.586
0.193
0.155
0.123
0.107
1.995
1.205
1.157
2.586
0.193
0.155
0.123
0.107
Em. Lighting Load (sheet 13 of 13)

Sub Total for MACH2 system (sheet 12 of 13)
Sub Total for Key interlock system(sheet 12 of 13)
Sub total for emergency swgr (sheet 9 of 13)
Total (=1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13) =
18.182
14.545
18.182
14.545
18.182
14.545
1.511
120.114
0.193
39.532
0.193
40.441
0-1min.
TIME
1-179min.
179-180min.
LOAD CYCLE :
PERIOD
LOAD (AMP.)
0-1min.
1-179min.
179-180min.
120.114
39.532
40.441
Substations
Period
Load (Amperes)
Change in load (Amperes)
(CA)
Section 1 - First period only - If A2 is greater than A1, go to section 2
1
A1=
120.11
A1-0=
120.11
Duration of Period
(minutes)
Time to End of Section

(minutes)
K
Factor
Required section size
(Curve) Pos. Value Neg. Value

(IF CA>0,
(IF CA<0,
(K)
POS=CA*K) NEG=CA*K)
M1=
T=M1=
SEC 1 Sub-Total =
SEC 1 Total =
1.100
132.125
132.125
132.125
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
492.466
0.000
1.000
493.466
163.080
0.000
-330.385
0.000
-330.385
Section 2 - First two periods only - If A3 is greater than A2, go to section 3

SEC 2 Sub-Total =
SEC 2 Total =

BA PTPS - 98 -
Section 3 - First three periods only - If A4 is greater than A3, go to section 4

1
A1=
120.11
A1-0=
120.11
2
A2=
39.53
A2-A1=
-80.58
3
A3=
40.44
A3-A2=
0.91
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
M1=
M2=
M3=
Max. Uncorrected Section size (Maximum of Sec1 Total, Sec2 Total, Sec3 Total)
Temperature Correction Factor :
Adding temperature correction compensation :
Adding 25% ageing compensation (per DCD) :
With 10% design margin
Standard battery rating selected = 300AH
1
178
1
T=M1+M2+M3=
T=M2+M3=
T=M3=
SEC 3 Sub-Total =
SEC 3 Total =
163.08
1.070
174.50
218.12
239.93
180
179
1
AH
4.100
4.100
1.100

BA PTPS - 99 -
Substations
Substations
Substation

BA PTPS - 100 -
Main
Equipment
Engineered
items
Civil
Auxiliary
Equipment
Structure
Auxiliary
System
Substations

Auxiliary System

BA PTPS - 101 -
Illumination system
Indoor (Control Room, FFPH, Kiosk)
Outdoor
Fire fighting system
HVWS system
Nitrogen injection
Air conditioning system
Substations

Fire Fighting System

BA PTPS - 102 -
Fire fighting
Fire Water Storage Tank
Fire Water Pumping System
Hydrant System
High Velocity Water Spray System
Portable Fire Extinguishers
CO2 Gas Extinguishers
Fire detection
Thermal Heat Detectors
Ionization Smoke Detectors
Photoelectric Smoke Detectors
Response Indicators
Manual Call Points
Hooters
Fire Alarm Panel

BA PTPS - 103 -
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : P & I Diagram

BA PTPS - 104 -
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : Fire Fighting Building

BA PTPS - 105 -
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : Fire Fighting Building

BA PTPS - 106 -
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : Hydrant System

BA PTPS - 107 -
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : HVWS System

BA PTPS - 108 -
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : HVWS System

BA PTPS - 109 -
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : N2 Injection

BA PTPS - 110 -
Substations
Equipment & Accessories: Air Conditioning System
Separate AC System for Control room /

Other areas
Ventilation System Other Areas, Valve

Hall
AC System 100% Standby
AC - Chilled Water System / Split Units
Ventilation with Humidity Control
Substations
Equipment & Accessories : Illumination System

BA PTPS - 111 -
Lighting system for substation are considered as:
Normal AC to cater lighting requirement

during normal operating condition
Emergency lighting on failure of normal AC

lighting source
DC emergency for illuminating strategic locations
Lighting from DG system for bigger substations
Outdoor Lighting
Building Lighting
Fire fighting building
Control room building
Kiosk Lighting
Street Lighting
Substations
Illumination level required for substation is.

BA PTPS - 112 -

Lighting shall provide enough light depending on nature of work
to be carried out. Operational lighting as per IS:3646 part-III.
Substations

BA PTPS - 113 -
Outdoor Illumination System
High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) luminaries

with various combination of rating with high beam
& narrow beam used to achieve desired
illumination
Ratings usually considered
2X400W HPSV, 1X400W HPSV for switchyard and

outdoor equipment
2X250W HPSV, 1X250W HPSV for switchyard and

outdoor equipment
1X150W HPSV for street lighting
High Pressure Mercury Vapour / Halogen

luminaries are also taken if they specifically
required by customer
Substations

BA PTPS - 114 -
Indoor Illumination System
Indoor illumination is achieved by various types of

luminaries according to the requirement and utility of
various rooms.
Room with CP/RP, office, conference room with air

conditioning and false ceiling are provided with
recessed mounted 2X36W fluorescent lamp with mirror
optic reflector.
For LT room, DG, Store etc. where no false ceiling or

AC provided, industrial type 2x36W fluorescent lamp is
used.
For cable cellar bulk head or industrial type 2x36W

fluorescent lamp is used as per specification.
Battery room is provided with corrosion proof industrial

type 2X36W fluorescent lamp.
For DC emergency bulk head incandescent lamps are

used.
Substations

BA PTPS - 115 -
Interlocking &
Protection
Philosophy
Substations
Fundamental Concepts
CIRCUIT BREAKER
Normally kept interlock free
European practice is to prevent opening or

closing of circuit breaker when isolator is in
intermediate position
CB is operated only when isolator is fully open

or close
Isolator

BA PTPS - 116 -
Isolator is allowed to operate (open offload)

when associate
Circuit breaker is open
Earth switch is closed
Isolator permitted to operate for bus transfer

when voltage on both the sides are same
Substations
Fundamental Concepts

BA PTPS - 117 -
EARTH SWITCH
Earth switch is allowed to operate when

adjacent isolators are open
Earth switch is used to earth the trap charges
Nowadays, customer ask for same short

circuit rating of main blade & earth blade

BA PTPS - 118 -
Substations
Interlocking : Single Bus scheme

BA PTPS - 119 -
Substations
Interlocking : Double Bus scheme

BA PTPS - 120 -
Substations
Interlocking : Three Bus scheme

BA PTPS - 121 -
Substations
Interlocking : One & Half Breaker Scheme

BA PTPS - 122 -
Substations
Protection Philosophy
Introduction to Protection
General protection requirements

applicable to
Transmission/distribution substations
Distribution plants/ MV switchgear
Brief on various type of protection
Application guide
Substations
Electric Power Systems

BA PTPS - 123 -
Generation
Transmission
Consumption
Generation
Distribution
Transmission
Distribution
Load

BA PTPS - 124 -
Substations
Substations
The main task for Relay Protection

U
C
E
Protect people and property

around the power system
Protect equipment, lines etc..
in the power system

BA PTPS - 125 -
Separate the faulty part from

the rest of the power system
Substations
Requirements on Protection System

Speed
Thermal damage
Electro dynamic forces
Sensitivity

BA PTPS - 126 -
High resistance faults
Reliability
Dependability
Security
Substations

BA PTPS - 127 -
Factors influencing reliability

Choice of the protection system
Principle of measuring
Environment
The maintenance
Flexibility under different service conditions and

extension of the network
Substations

BA PTPS - 128 -
Single failure criteria

Fault clearance must be executed even in case
of a single fault in the clearance chain
In the fault clearance system no part of the

clearance should have lower reliability
Back-up clearance function must be there
Remote back up
Local back up
Substations

BA PTPS - 129 -
Primary and backup protection zones
Remote back-up with time selectivity is most common at

Medium and low voltage functions
Substations

BA PTPS - 130 -
Remote back-up protection with time grading
Substations

BA PTPS - 131 -
Redundant protection system
Separate measuring cores
Duplicate trip coils
Separate dc distribution/ double battery system
Physical separation of protection system
Separate cable ways
Substations

BA PTPS - 132 -
DC supply
The protection system that gives back up for other

protection should not be fed from the same DC supply
For example if line and transformer protections are

from same DC the backup function of the transformer
will not be able to operate for a failure to clear the fault
on the line by the primary protection
Substations

BA PTPS - 133 -
Principle of breaker failure protection
Substations

BA PTPS - 134 -
Duplication of breaker fail protection

Often 2 out of 2 connection of current and time
is used to obtain high security
For numerical relays this is not necessary
Duplication of breaker fail protection gives high

reliability but lower security.
Considering probability of failures only one

breaker failure relay is used
Substations
Disturbance Registration and Fault Signaling

Alarm system

BA PTPS - 135 -
Supervision of alarm voltage
Disturbance recorder & Event logger
DC system for alarm independent of distribution
Analysis of print out will help discover inoperative

relays , incorrect settings and badly chosen measuring
principle
Substations

BA PTPS - 136 -
General protection requirements applicable

to
Distribution plants/ MV switchgear
Substations
General protection requirements

applicable to

BA PTPS - 137 -
This depends on following

1.
Voltage level
2.
Type of feeders
3.
Application specific criticality
Substations
Protection Philosophy normally followed at EHV level
EHV/HV : 800KV ,400KV,220KV,132KV

Common protection
Busbar protection:

BA PTPS - 139 -
It is mandatory to provide bus bar protection up to

220KV level. Depending on criticality of
installation and philosophy of each industry, it is
optional to provide bus bar protection at 132KV
level
Generally Low impedance type up to 400KV and

high impedance /low impedance type for 220KV
and 132KV
Duplicate protection (without Check zone) for

each of the main buses for 800KV and 400KV
stations
For 220KV/132KV ,one protection for each bus.
Substations
Common protection contd

BA PTPS - 140 -
Local breaker back up protection.
This protection is primarily provided to isolate

the system in case the circuit breaker fails to
operate.
This protection isolates all the feeders which

can feed the fault.
Mandatory from 220KV substation and above.

BA PTPS - 141 -
Substations

BA PTPS - 142 -
Substations
Substations
Feeder wise Protection
EHV : 800kv ,400kv ,220KV

BA PTPS - 143 -
Line Protection
Main-1,Main-2 protection connected to

separate CT cores
Both protections should have different

make/operating principle.
Normally up to 400 KV, distance

protection is provided.
For 220KV,distance for main-1 protection

and either distance or directional earth
fault for main -2 protection is provided
Substations
General protection requirements contd

BA PTPS - 144 -
Transformer Protection
Main-1,Main-2 protection connected to

separate CT cores
Differential protection is provided for main-1
Restricted e/f is provided as main-2
Over fluxing protection
Gas detector relay ( Buchholz)
Over current protection
Pressure relay for tap changer
Oil level monitor
Substations

BA PTPS - 145 -
Transformer Protection Contd
Gas detector relay ( Buchholz)
Over load protection
Thermal relays
Temperature monitoring relays
Ground fault protection
Differential protection
Inter turn faults
Substations

BA PTPS - 146 -
Capacitor Bank faults
Terminal shunt faults
Capacitor unit failures
Capacitor unit over voltages
Capacitor rack arc-over
Substations

BA PTPS - 147 -
Capacitor Bank Protection Contd
Short -circuit protection (3I >>)
Ground-fault protection (I )
Overload protection (3I/U >)
Under current protection (I/U <)
Unbalance protection (IN-N)
Substations

BA PTPS - 148 -
Conditions as per IEC 60871-1
Capacitors should be able to withstand 10%

over voltage
The capacitors should tolerate 30% over

current ( r.m.s. value) arising from over voltage
and harmonics. Depending on the capacitance
deviations, which may be not more than 1.15
Cn, the maximum current may be up to 1.15 x
1.3 = 1.5 In
Capacitors may not be reconnected until they

have discharged to 10% of their rated voltage.
Substations
Unbalance relay detects :-

BA PTPS - 149 -
Detects asymmetry due to
Blown internal fuses
Short circuits across bushings
Short circuits between capacitor units /racks
If capacitor value decrease below 5/6 of

nominal value bank must be taken out of
service
Faulty elements taken out by fuses cause

increase in voltage level
Capacitors can withstand 110% of rated

voltage
Substations

BA PTPS - 150 -
Unbalance Protection Schemes :
Provide early unbalance alarm signal to

indicate the operation of fuses (internally or
externally fused capacitors) or failure of
capacitor elements (fuse less capacitors)
Trip the bank for unbalances that are large

enough to indicate that continuing operation
may result in damage to remaining good
capacitors or elements from over voltage
Many schemes available for detecting

unbalances
Most installations will require an individual

engineering analysis to determine the most
appropriate detection scheme

BA PTPS - 151 -
Substations
General Safety
Criteria
Substations
General Safety Requirement

BA PTPS - 152 -
Rule No. 34 Accessibility of Bare

conductors in buildings
Ensure they are inaccessibile
Provide necessary switches in accessible

position for rendering them dead whenever
required.
Take safety measures as recommended

necessary by inspector.
Substations

BA PTPS - 153 -
Rule No. 35 Danger Notices
Applicable for Medium, high and extra-high

voltage installations.
Insists on danger sign depicted by skull and

bones as per IS:2551
To be installed on every
Motor, generator, transformer & other electrical

plant and equipment together with apparatus
used for controlling or regulating the same.
All supports of extra high voltage, O/H lines

which can be easily climbed upon w/o aid of
ladder of special appliance
If installation not possible, then Dangerword

should be affixed as near as possible, voltage
printed on equipment.
For enclosed equipment, it should be affixed

to said enclosure
Substations

BA PTPS - 154 -
Rule No. 36 Handling of electric supply-lines

and apparatus
Before handling any conductor adequate

precaution to be taken to see that conductor is
de-energized.
Accidental induction from adjacent live

conductors to impose no danger to work
person.
Before working on any live electric supply-line

or apparatus, proper authorization from
Inspector to be taken.
Every telecommunication line on high voltage

supports are deemed to be considered as high
voltage lines.
Substations

BA PTPS - 155 -
Rule No. 41 Distinction of different circuits
Different circuits shall be distinguished by

means of permanent nature.
Applicable for every generating station, substation, junction box or pillar in which there
are any circuits or apparatus (whether
intended for opeartion at different / same
voltage.
Rule No. 41-A Distinction of the installations

having more than one feed
Applicable for every installation including

substation, double-pole structure, four pole
structure of any other structure having more
than one feed.
Indication should be of permanent nature.
Substations
Rule No. 64 (2- e) Provision of Baffle Walls
A substation or switchstation with apparatus

having more than 2000 liters of oil whether
indoor / outdoor

BA PTPS - 156 -
Baffle walls of 4 hours fire rating shall be

provided
Between Single phase banks
On the consumer premises
Where adequate clearances between units

are not met.
Substations

BA PTPS - 157 -
Rule No. 64 (2- e) Provision of Soak Pit
Oil soak pit to be provided > 9000 litres of oil
Suitable Oil tank, chamber, receptacle to be

provided.
Special precaution to be taken to prevent

ignition of oil from any cause & provision shall
be made for extinguishing any fire that may
occur.
Spare oil shall not be stored in any such sub

station or switch station.
Dry type transformers to be provided for

basement & residential areas
All transformers & switchgear to be

maintained as per manufacturers instructions
proper record to be maintained
Substations

BA PTPS - 158 -
Rule No. 64 (3) Over voltage Protection
All EHV apparatus shall be protected against

switching and lightning overvoltages
Proper insulation co-ordination should be

ensured to protect and maintain the stability
of interconnected units of the power system
Substations

BA PTPS - 159 -
Rule No. 64 A Additional Provision

Interlocks
Isolator should not be operated until adjacent

CBs are in open condition.
Earth switches should not be closed until

Isolators are in Open condition
When two supplies are not intended to be

operated in parallel, CBs shall be interlocked
to prevent inadvertent paralleling
When parallel operation of transformer takes

place, primary CB will trip incase of tripping of
secondary CB
All gates & doors to be interlocked to avoid

any person coming in proximity of live parts
Neutral switching to be adopted for two or

more generators operating in parallel
Substations

BA PTPS - 160 -
Rule No. 64 A Additional Provision

Protection
Over-current, Earth fault & Earth leakage

protection to be provided where ever required
Gas Pressure type, winding & Oil temperature

protection to give alarm & tripping for all
transformers 1000kVA & above
Differential protection to be provided for

10MVA & above.
All generators 1MVA & above shall be

protected by REF, protection should also be
given for earth fault & leakage
Busbar protection with LBB MUST for all

substations with voltage of 220kV & above
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ABB Power Technologies

Various Switching Configuration

Interlocking & Protection

Basics of layout engineering

Substation design calculation

Equipment & accessories

Interface requirement of control,

Statutory requirements & Safety

ABB Power Technologies

ABB Power Technologies

Substation is an Electrical installation

Substations can be categorized

Power evacuation substation

Substation part of Transmission system

Substation part of Distribution system

Introduction : The Electric Utility

Power Evacuation Substation

ABB Power Technologies

Introduction : Power Evacuation substation

ABB Power Technologies

Located adjacent to the Power Plant

Evacuation voltage level depends on

Quantum of power to be evacuated (size of

Gird network voltage of surrounding

Utilities (e.g. NTPC, NHPC, Captive Power

Independent Power Producer (IPP)

Introduction : Transmission substation

Location is decided based on Transmission

Preferred voltage level

ABB Power Technologies

Transmission voltage depends on

Quantum of power to be received / transmitted

Length of transmission line

Utilities (e.g. Power Grid, State Electricity

Introduction : Distribution substation

Location is near the load

Preferred voltage level

ABB Power Technologies

Station voltage level depends on

Utility norms of distribution

Utilities (e.g. State Electricity Broads)

ABB Power Technologies

What is Busbar configuration ?

ABB Power Technologies

Busbar configuration or Bus switching scheme

Limitation of fault level

Simplicity of protection system

Switching Configuration : Single Bus Scheme

ABB Power Technologies

Switching Configuration : Single Bus Scheme

ABB Power Technologies

ABB Power Technologies

Switching Configuration: Single Bus Scheme

ABB Power Technologies

Switching Configuration: Single Bus Scheme

ABB Power Technologies

Switching Configuration : Bus Sectionalizer

Switching Configuration: Single Bus Scheme

Industrial stations with voltage level

Also used for 245kV station with 2/3 bays

ABB Power Technologies

Ease of Operation & maintenance

Single level bus layout