Chapter 2: The Nature of Cancer

of tumors are of epithelial origin.

- These types of tumors are called
.
List the 5 functions of epithelial cells:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The
that
The

, also called the basement membrane, is a specialized ECM meshwork

sit on top of and anchor to.
exists beneath the

and provides the bulk of tissues and organs.

Epithelial cells derive from which of the 3 embryonic germ layers? (Check all that apply)
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
The term polarized explains that the apical side and basal side of epithelial cells have different
functions.
- The apical side faces the
.
- The basal side is in contact with
.
Tight junctions, adherens and desmosomes join epithelial cells to

True/False: Tight junctions between epithelial cells completely seal off one compartment from
another.
The proteins used to form tight junctions are

and

Compare and contrast adherens junctions to desmosomes:

Cadherins provide a positive/negative regulation of growth and allow for communication

between cells.
Hemidesmosomes anchor epithelial cells to the basal lamina.
Cells dont attach directly to collagen, they attach to
also to collagen.

which attaches to cells and

Integrins are
that allow cells to communicate between
and
of the cell
by signal transduction. They also interact with the
.
- If the ability of a normal cells integrins to bind with its ligands was blocked, the cell
would
proliferating because it no longer has contact with the
.
Match the following term with its definition:
Hyperplastic
Metaplastic
Metastatic
Neoplastic
Dysplastic

a) normal phenotype but increased number of cells

b) normal phenotype but in wrong location
c) less differentiated and more proliferative
d) dedifferentiated, proliferative and invasive
e) capable of forming a new tumor

Fill in the progression of cancer development:

Fill in the missing terms:

Neoplastic =

= Cancer

*Intraepithelial neoplasia=dysplasiameaning, the cells are decreasingly differentiated and

increasingly more proliferative, however, they havent broken through the basal lamina and into
the stroma, remaining in the epithelial space and thus, dysplastic.
Tumors derive from
cell(s), making them
.
-Observations support this theory, however, definitive proof has not been found because
cancers develop gradually over time and cancer cells are genetically unstable.
All of cancer cells descend from the
occurred.

cell in which the

Put the following words under the correct term:

Anchorage-dependent, contact-inhibited, immortal, mitogen-dependent, refractile, round,
tumorigenic
Normal Cells

Transformed Cells

Which factor has a greater influence on cancer ratesgenetics or environment? (What study
supports this?)

The
was developed to determine mutagenic a substance was. The scientist that
developed this is
.
- A more sophisticated version of the Ames test was developed to determine how
mutagenic these substances are in our body after being broken down by the
. Thus,
this test used substances that have been worked on by liver
.
* Prior to Ames work, Yamagiwa recognized that certain compounds were capable of
inducing cancer in rabbits when applied repeatedly.

Chapter 3: Tumor Viruses

Describe the protocol that Peyton Rous used for inducing sarcomas in chickens:

A focus formed in tissue culture is the equivalent of a

List 4 characteristics of transformed cells:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Nude mice essentially have no
different species.

system. This allows them to

For a virus to transform cells, it must

- An RNA virus does this by
A retrovirus contains
DNA.

cells from

its own DNA into the host cells genome.

, which converts their

genomes into double stranded

True/False: The src proto-oncogene is apparently found in all multicellular eukaryotes.

Explain how src became part of the viral genome.

Why/how does this lead to tumorigenesis?

While src is over expressed in chicken carcinomas, src is/is not commonly deregulated in human
cancers.

What are the 2 changes that can occur that make a proto-oncogene become an oncogene?
1.
2.

A proto-oncogene is a

eukaryotic cell, that when deregulated, becomes an

What process does the following describe?

- DNA from a transformed cell is inserted into a normal cell by gene transfer
(transfection)
Insertional mutagenesis explains how infection may first present with a typical viral phenotype
and later, over time, become
.
The integration of a virus upstream of myc will result in the up regulation of that gene and lead to
.