Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
HHH
HHT
HTH
THH
HTT
THT
TTH
TTT
S=
S
A
AC
Example 1 (cont). A coin is tossed three times. Find the probability of:
1. Exactly two H in three tosses OR H in the first toss using the Additive Rule
2. At least two H in three tosses
3. At most one H in three tosses using the Rule of Complements
SOLUTION
1. P(exactly two H in three tosses OR H in the first toss) =
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) = 3/8 + 4/8 2/8 = 5/8
Let D = at least two H = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH}
HHH HHT
HTH
THH
HTT
TTH
TTT
P( A)
n( A) # of outcomes in A
n( S ) # of outcomes in S
Combination Rule assumes that sample is taken without replacement and without
regarding the order (order in which elements are selected does not matter).
Example 1. A poker hand consists of 5 cards selected from a standard deck of 52 cards , order
does not matter. The number of different poker hands is
2. Two fair dice are tossed, and the face on each die is observed.
a. Assign probabilities to each sample point
b. Find the probability of each of the following events:
A = {3 showing on each die}
B = {sum of two numbers showing is 7}
C = {sum of two numbers showing is even}
3. [3.30 p. 151] A pair of fair dice is tossed. Define the following events:
A = {You will roll a 7} (i.e., the sum of the dots on the two dice is equal to 7)
B = {At least one of the two dice shows a 4}
a. Identify the sample points in the events
A, B, A B, A B, Ac
Find P(A) = .., P(B) = ., P(Ac ) = ..
P(A B) = , and P(A B) = ..,
by summing the probabilities of sample points
b. Find P(A B) using the additive rule
P(A B) =
c. Are A and B mutually exclusive? Why
4. Two marbles are drawn at random and without replacement from a box containing four blue marbles
and two red marbles.
a. List the sample points for this experiment.
b. Assign probabilities to the sample points (make the probability tree).
c. Determine the probability of observing each of the following events:
A: {Two blue marbles are drawn.}
B: {A red and a blue marble are drawn.}
5. Consider the Venn diagram below, where P(E1) = .10, P(E2) = .05, P(E3) = P(E4) = .2, P(E5) = .06,
P(E6) = .3, P(E7) = .06, and P(E8) = .03. Find the following probabilities:
a. P(Ac) = ..
b. P(Bc) = ..
e. P(Ac B) = ..
d. P(A B) = ..
e. P(AB) = ..
f. P(AcBc) = ..
g. Are events A and B mutually exclusive? Why?
6. (Ex. 3.11, p. 147) Consider the experiment of tossing fair coins. Define the following event:
A: {Observing at least one head}.
a. Find P(A) if 2 coins are tossed.