1

PrinciplesofElectronic
CommunicationSystems

Chapter1

ThirdEdition

LouisE.Frenzel,Jr.

IntroductiontoElectronic
Communication

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TopicsCoveredinChapter1
(continued)

TopicsCoveredinChapter1

11:SignificanceofHumanCommunication
12:CommunicationSystems
13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
14:ModulationandMultiplexing

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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
16:Bandwidth
17:ASurveyofCommunicationApplications
18:JobsandCareersintheCommunication
Industry

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11:Significanceof
HumanCommunication

11:Significanceof
HumanCommunication
Methodsofcommunication:

Communicationistheprocessofexchanging
information.

Mainbarriersarelanguageanddistance.

1.Facetoface
2.Signals
3.Writtenword(letters)
4.Electricalinnovations:
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio
Television
Internet(computer)

Contemporarysocietysemphasisisnowthe
accumulation,packaging,andexchangeof
information.

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12:CommunicationSystems

12:CommunicationSystems

Basiccomponents:

Transmitter
Channelormedium
Receiver

Noisedegradesorinterfereswithtransmitted
information.

Figure 1-2: A general model of all communication systems.

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12:CommunicationSystems

12:CommunicationSystems

Transmitter

CommunicationChannel

Thetransmitterisacollectionofelectronic
componentsandcircuitsthatconvertsthe
electricalsignalintoasignalsuitablefor
transmissionoveragivenmedium.

Transmittersaremadeupofoscillators,amplifiers,
tunedcircuitsandfilters,modulators,frequency
mixers,frequencysynthesizers,andothercircuits.

Thecommunicationchannelisthemediumby
whichtheelectronicsignalissentfromoneplace
toanother.
Typesofmediainclude

Electricalconductors
Opticalmedia
Freespace
Systemspecificmedia(e.g.,wateristhemediumforsonar).

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12:CommunicationSystems

12:CommunicationSystems
Transceivers

Receivers

Atransceiverisanelectronicunitthat
incorporatescircuitsthatbothsendandreceive
signals.
Examplesare:

Areceiverisacollectionofelectroniccomponents
andcircuitsthatacceptsthetransmittedmessage
fromthechannelandconvertsitbackintoaform
understandablebyhumans.
Receiverscontainamplifiers,oscillators,mixers,
tunedcircuitsandfilters,andademodulatoror
detectorthatrecoverstheoriginalintelligence
signalfromthemodulatedcarrier.

Telephones
Faxmachines
HandheldCBradios
Cellphones
Computermodems

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12:CommunicationSystems

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12:CommunicationSystems
Noise

Attenuation

Noiseisrandom,undesirableelectronicenergythat
entersthecommunicationsystemviathe
communicatingmediumandinterfereswiththe
transmittedmessage.
Somenoiseisproducedinthereceiver
Itcomesfromtheatmosphere(e.g.,fromlightning
whichproducesstatic),fromouterspace(wherethe
sunandotherstarsemitvariouskindsofradiation
thatcaninterferewithcommunication,andfrom
electricalinterferencecreatedbymanufactured
equipment.

Signalattenuation,ordegradation,existsinall
mediaofwirelesstransmission.Itisproportional
tothesquareofthedistancebetweenthe
transmitterandreceiver.
Anytypeofmediadegradesthesignalandcauses
ittoappearmuchlowerinamplitudeatthe
receiver.Considerableamplificationofthesignal,
bothatthetransmitterandthereceiver,is
requiredforsuccessfulcommunication.

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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication

13:TypesofElectronicCommunication

Electroniccommunicationsareclassified
accordingtowhethertheyare

Simplex

1. Oneway(simplex)ortwoway(fullduplexor
halfduplex)transmissions
2. Analogordigitalsignals.

Thesimplestmethodofelectroniccommunication
isreferredtoassimplex.
Thistypeofcommunicationisoneway.Examples
are:
Radio
TVbroadcasting
Beeper(personalreceiver)

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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication

13:TypesofElectronicCommunication

FullDuplex

HalfDuplex

Mostelectroniccommunicationistwowayandis
referredtoasduplex.
Whenpeoplecantalkandlistensimultaneously,it
iscalledfullduplex.Thetelephoneisanexample
ofthistypeofcommunication.

Theformoftwowaycommunicationinwhich
onlyonepartytransmitsatatimeisknownashalf
duplex.Examplesare:

Police,military,etc.radiotransmissions
Citizenband(CB)
Familyradio
Amateurradio

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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication

13:TypesofElectronicCommunication

AnalogSignals
Ananalogsignalisasmoothlyandcontinuously
varyingvoltageorcurrent.Examplesare:
Sinewave
Voice
Video(TV)

Figure 1-5: Analog signals (a) Sine wave tone. (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.
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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication

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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication

DigitalSignals
Digitalsignalschangeinstepsorindiscrete
increments.
Mostdigitalsignalsusebinaryortwostatecodes.
Examplesare:
Telegraph(Morsecode)
Continuouswave(CW)code
Serialbinarycode(usedincomputers)
Figure 1-6: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW)
code. (c) Serial binary code.
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13:TypesofElectronicCommunication
DigitalSignals
Manytransmissionsareofsignalsthatoriginatein
digitalformbutmustbeconvertedtoanalogform
tomatchthetransmissionmedium.
Digitaldataoverthetelephonenetwork.
Analogsignals.
Theyarefirstdigitizedwithananalogtodigital(A/D)
converter.
Thedatacanthenbetransmittedandprocessedby
computersandotherdigitalcircuits.
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14:ModulationandMultiplexing
Modulationandmultiplexingareelectronic
techniquesfortransmittinginformation
efficientlyfromoneplacetoanother.
Modulationmakestheinformationsignal
morecompatiblewiththemedium.
Multiplexingallowsmorethanonesignalto
betransmittedconcurrentlyoverasingle
medium.
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14:ModulationandMultiplexing

BasebandTransmission

BroadbandTransmission

Basebandinformationcanbesentdirectlyand
unmodifiedoverthemediumorcanbeusedto
modulateacarrierfortransmissionoverthe
medium.

Acarrierisahighfrequencysignalthatis
modulatedbyaudio,video,ordata.
Aradiofrequency(RF)waveisan
electromagneticsignalthatisabletotravellong
distancesthroughspace.

Intelephoneorintercomsystems,thevoiceisplacedon
thewiresandtransmitted.
Insomecomputernetworks,thedigitalsignalsare
applieddirectlytocoaxialortwistedpaircablesfor
transmission.

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14:ModulationandMultiplexing

14:ModulationandMultiplexing

BroadbandTransmission
Abroadbandtransmissiontakesplacewhenacarrier
signalismodulated,amplified,andsenttothe
antennafortransmission.
Thetwomostcommonmethodsofmodulationare:
AmplitudeModulation(AM)
FrequencyModulation(FM)

Anothermethodiscalledphasemodulation(PM),in
whichthephaseangleofthesinewaveisvaried.
Figure 1-7: Modulation at the transmitter.
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14:ModulationandMultiplexing

14:ModulationandMultiplexing

Figure 1-8: Types of modulation. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency modulation.

BroadbandTransmission
Frequencyshiftkeying(FSK)takesplacewhen
dataisconvertedtofrequencyvaryingtones.

Devicescalledmodems(modulatordemodulator)
translatethedatafromdigitaltoanalogandback
again.

Demodulationordetectiontakesplaceinthe
receiverwhentheoriginalbaseband(e.g.audio)
signalisextracted.

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14:ModulationandMultiplexing

14:ModulationandMultiplexing

Multiplexing
Multiplexingistheprocessofallowingtwoor
moresignalstosharethesamemediumor
channel.
Thethreebasictypesofmultiplexingare:
Frequencydivision
Timedivision
Codedivision

Figure 1-11: Multiplexing at the transmitter.

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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum

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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum

Therangeofelectromagneticsignals
encompassingallfrequenciesisreferredtoas
theelectromagneticspectrum.

Figure 1-13: The electromagnetic spectrum.

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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
FrequencyandWavelength:Frequency
Asignalislocatedonthefrequencyspectrum
accordingtoitsfrequencyandwavelength.
Frequencyisthenumberofcyclesofarepetitive
wavethatoccurinagivenperiodoftime.
Acycleconsistsoftwovoltagepolarityreversals,
currentreversals,orelectromagneticfield
oscillations.
Frequencyismeasuredincyclespersecond(cps).
Theunitoffrequencyisthehertz(Hz).
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
FrequencyandWavelength:Wavelength
Wavelengthisthedistanceoccupiedbyonecycle
ofawaveandisusuallyexpressedinmeters.
Wavelengthisalsothedistancetraveledbyan
electromagneticwaveduringthetimeofone
cycle.
Thewavelengthofasignalisrepresentedbythe
Greekletterlambda().

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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum

15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
Frequency
and Wavelength: Wavelength

Wavelength () = speed of light frequency

Speed of light = 3 108 meters/second
Therefore:
= 3 108 / f
Example:
What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz?
= 3 108 / 4 MHz
= 75 meters (m)

Figure 1-15: Frequency and wavelength. (a) One cycle. (b) One wavelength.
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
FrequencyRangesfrom30Hzto300GHz
Theelectromagneticspectrumisdividedintosegments:
Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF)

30300 Hz.

Voice Frequencies (VF)

3003000 Hz.

Very Low Frequencies (VLF)

include the higher end of the

human hearing range up to
about 20 kHz.

Low Frequencies (LF)

30300 kHz.

Medium Frequencies (MF)

3003000 kHz
AM radio 5351605 kHz.

15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
FrequencyRangesfrom30Hzto300GHz
High Frequencies (HF)

Very High Frequencies (VHF)

30300 MHz

FM radio broadcasting (88108

MHz), television channels 213.

Ultra High Frequencies (UHF)

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330 MHz

(short waves; VOA, BBC

broadcasts; government and
military two-way communication;
amateur radio, CB.

3003000 MHz

TV channels 1467, cellular

phones, military communication.
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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum

15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
OpticalSpectrum

FrequencyRangesfrom30Hzto300GHz
Microwaves and Super High
Frequencies (SHF)

Theopticalspectrumexistsdirectlyabovethe
millimeterwaveregion.
Threetypesoflightwavesare:

130 GHz

Satellite communication, radar,

wireless LANs, microwave ovens

Extremely High Frequencies (EHF)

42

Infrared
Visiblespectrum
Ultraviolet

30300 GHz

Satellite communication, computer

data, radar

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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
OpticalSpectrum:Infrared
Infraredradiationisproducedbyanyphysical
equipmentthatgeneratesheat,includingourbodies.
Infraredisused:
Inastronomy,todetectstarsandotherphysicalbodiesinthe
universe,
Forguidanceinweaponssystems,wheretheheatradiatedfrom
airplanesormissilescanbedetectedandusedtoguidemissilesto
targets.
InmostnewTVremotecontrolunits,wherespecialcodedsignalsare
transmittedbyaninfraredLEDtotheTVreceivertochangechannels,
setthevolume,andperformotherfunctions.
InsomeofthenewerwirelessLANsandallfiberoptic
communication.

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15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum
OpticalSpectrum:TheVisibleSpectrum
Justabovetheinfraredregionisthevisible
spectrumwerefertoaslight.
Redislowfrequencyorlongwavelengthlight
Violetishighfrequencyorshortwavelengthlight.
Lightwavesveryhighfrequencyenablesthemto
handleatremendousamountofinformation(the
bandwidthofthebasebandsignalscanbevery
wide).
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16:Bandwidth

15:TheElectromagneticSpectrum

Bandwidth(BW)isthatportionofthe
electromagneticspectrumoccupiedbya
signal.

OpticalSpectrum:Ultraviolet
Ultravioletisnotusedforcommunication
Itsprimaryuseismedical.

Channelbandwidthreferstotherangeof
frequenciesrequiredtotransmitthedesired
information.

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16:Bandwidth
MoreRoomattheTop

16:Bandwidth
MoreRoomattheTop

Today,virtuallytheentirefrequencyspectrum
betweenapproximately30kHzand300MHzhas
beenspokenfor.
Thereistremendouscompetitionforthese
frequencies,betweencompanies,individuals,and
governmentservicesinindividualcarriersand
betweenthedifferentnationsoftheworld.
Theelectromagneticspectrumisoneofourmost
preciousnaturalresources.

Communicationengineeringisdevotedtomaking
thebestuseofthatfinitespectrum.
Greateffortgoesintodevelopingcommunication
techniquesthatminimizethebandwidthrequired
totransmitgiveninformationandthusconserve
spectrumspace.
Thisprovidesmoreroomforadditional
communicationchannelsandgivesotherservices
orusersanopportunitytotakeadvantageofit.

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17:ASurveyof
CommunicationsApplications

16:Bandwidth

Simplex

SpectrumManagementandStandards

AMandFM
broadcasting
Digitalradio
TVbroadcasting
Digitaltelevision(DTV)
Cabletelevision
Facsimile
Wirelessremotecontrol

Spectrummanagementisprovidedbyagencies
setupbytheUnitedStatesandothercountriesto
controlspectrumuse.
TheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)andthe
NationalTelecommunicationsandInformation
Administration(NTIA)aretwoagenciesthatdealin
spectrummanagement.

Standardsarespecificationsandguidelines
necessarytoensurecompatibilitybetween
transmittingandreceivingequipment.

Pagingservices
Navigationand
directionfinding
services
Telemetry
Radioastronomy
Surveillance
Musicservices
Internetradioand
video

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17:ASurveyof
CommunicationsApplications
Duplex

Telephones
Twowayradio
Radar
Sonar
Amateurradio
Citizensradio

FamilyRadioservice
TheInternet
Wideareanetworks
(WANs)
Metropolitanarea
networks(MANs)
Localareanetworks
(LANs)

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18:JobsandCareersinthe
CommunicationIndustry
Theelectronicsindustryisroughlydividedinto
fourmajorspecializations:
1. Communications(largestintermsofpeople
employedandthedollarvalueofequipment
purchased)
2. Computers(secondlargest).
3. Industrialcontrols.
4. Instrumentation.

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18:JobsandCareersinthe
CommunicationIndustry

18:JobsandCareersinthe
CommunicationIndustry
TypesofJobs

TypesofJobs

Technicalsalesrepresentativesdetermine
customerneedsandrelatedspecifications,write
proposalsandsellequipment.

Technicalwritersgeneratetechnical
documentationforequipmentandsystems.

Trainersdevelopprograms,generatetrainingand
presentationmaterials,andconductclassroom
training.

Engineersdesigncommunicationequipmentand
systems.

Techniciansinstall,troubleshoot,repair,calibrate,
andmaintainequipment.

EngineeringTechniciansassistinequipment
design,testing,andassembly.

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CommunicationIndustry

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18:JobsandCareersinthe
CommunicationIndustry

MajorEmployers
Thecommunicationelectronicsindustryismade
upofthefollowingsegments:

Manufacturers

Resellers

ServiceOrganizations

Endusers

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Figure 1-18: Structure of the communication electronics industry.

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