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ASSIGNMENT 1 QUESTION SET 2

ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
At the beginning of the compression strode of a two-cylinder internal combustion engine
the air is at a pressure of 101.325 kPa. Compression reduces the volume by 1/ 5 of its
original volume, and the law of compression is given by pv1.2 = constant. If the bore and
stroke of each cylinder is 0.15 m and 0.25 m respectively, determine the power absorbed
in kW by compression strokes when the engine speed is such that each cylinder
undergoes 500 compression strokes per minute.
Air contained in the cylinder and piston arrangement comprises the system. A cycle is
completed by four process 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-1. The energy transfers are listed below.
Complete the table and determine the network in kJ. Also check the validity of the first
law of thermodynamics.
Process
Q (kJ)
W (kJ) U (kJ)
1-2
40
?
25
2-3
20
-10
?
3-4
-20
?
?
4-1
0
+8
?
A nozzle velocity is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At
the inlet to a certain nozzle, the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000 kJ/ kg and the
velocity is 60 m/ s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762 kJ/ kg. The nozzle is
horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it.
(i)
Find the velocity at exit from the nozzle.
(ii)
If the inlet area is 0.1m2 and the specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m3/ kg, find
the mass flow rate,
If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m3/ kg, find the exit area of the nozzle.
The velocity and enthalpy of fluid at the inlet of a certain nozzle are 50 m/ sec and 2800
kJ/ kg respectively. The enthalpy at the exit of nozzle is 2600 kJ/ kg. The nozzle is
horizontal and insulated so that no heat transfer takes place from it. Find
i. Velocity of the fluid at exit of the nozzle
ii. Mass flow rate, if the area at inlet of nozzle is 0.09 m3
iii. Exit area of the nozzle, if the specific volume at the exit of the nozzle is 0.495 m3/ kg.
(i)Derive the general energy equation for a steady flow system and apply the equation to
a nozzle and derive an equation for velocity at exit.
(ii) In an air compressor, air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/ sec. At entry to the
compressor, air has a pressure of 105 kPa and specific volume of 0.86 m3/ kg and at exit
of the compressor those corresponding values are 705 kPa and 0.16 m3/ kg. Neglect
Kinetic and Potential energy change. The Internal energy of air leaking the compressor is
95 kJ/ kg greater than that of air entering. The cooling water in the compressor absorbs
60 kJ/ sec. of heat from the air. Find power required to derive the compressor.

i)
ii)

Prove that internal energy is a property.

1 kg of gas at 1.1 bar, 27oC is compressed to 6.6 bar as per the law pv1.3 =const.
Calculate work and heat transfer,
(a)When the gas is ethane with molar mass of 30 kg/ k mol and Cp of 2.1 KJ/ kg k..

ASSIGNMENT 1 QUESTION SET 2

ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

(b)When the gas is Argon with molar mass of 40 kg/ k mol and Cp of 0.52 KJ/ kg k..
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(i) Derive Clausius inequality and mention the criteria for reversibility of a cycle.
(ii) A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 820C and 27C. Engine
drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperatures of
27C and -15C. The heat transfer to the engine is 2000 kJ and network available for the
combined cycle is 300 kJ. (1) How much heat is transferred to the refrigerant and also
determine the total heat rejected to the reservoir at 27 C. (2) If the efficiency of the heat
engine and COP of the refrigerator are each 40% of their maximum values, determine
heat transfer to the refrigerator and also heat rejected to the reservoir at 27C.
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(i)State Carnot theorem and the various types of irreversibilities associated with it .
(ii) An inventor claims to have developed an engine which receives 1000 kJ at a
temperature of 160C. It rejects heat at a temperature of 5C and delivers 0.12 kWh of
mechanical work. Is this a valid claim? Justify your answer through Classius inequality.
(iii) A refrigerator operating between two identical bodies cools one of the bodies to a
temperature T2. Initially both the bodies are at temperature T1. Deduce the expression
for the minimum specific work input, taking their specific heat as c.

(i) Give the Clausius statement of second law .

(ii) A house hold refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of 275 K. Every time the
door is opened, warm material is placed inside, introducing an average of 420 kJ, but
making only a small change in the temperature of the refrigerator. The door is opened 20
times a day, and the refrigerator operates at 15% of the ideal COP. The cost of work is Rs
2.50 per kWhr. What is the bill for the month of April for this refrigerator? The
atmosphere is at 303 K.

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(i) What are the conditions for reversibility? Explain.

(ii) An heat exchanger circulates 5000 kg/ hr of water to cool oil from 150C to 50C. The
rate of low of oil is 2500 kg/ hr. The average specific heat of oil is 2.5 kJ/ kgK. The water
enters the heat exchanger at 21C. Determine the net change in the entropy due to heat
exchange process, and the amount of work obtained if cooling of oil is done by using the
heat to run a Carnot engine with sink temperature of 21C.

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(i) Deduce Clausius inequality and interpret it.

(ii) An ideal gas of 0.12 m3 is allowed to expand isentropically from 300 kPa and 120C
to 100 kPa. 5 kJ of heat is then transferred to the gas at constant pressure. Calculate the
change in entropy for each process. Assume = 1.4 and Cp =1.0035 kJ/ kg-K. If these two
processes are replaced by a reversible polytropic expansion, find the index of expansion
between original and final states. What will be the total changes in entropy?

Find the specific volume and enthalpy of steam at 9 bar when the condition of steam is
a)Wet with dryness fraction 0.95

ASSIGNMENT 1 QUESTION SET 2

ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
b)dry saturated
c)super heated temperature of 240 C.
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Steam initially at 400 K Pa and 0.6 dry is heated in a rigid vessel of 0.1m3 volume. The
final condition is 600 K Pa. Find the amount of heat added and mass of steam.

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2 kg of steam initially at 5 bar and 0.6 dry is heated at constant pressure until the
temperature becomes 350 C.find the change in entropy and internal energy.

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A steam plant working on a simple rankine cycle operated between the temperature of
260c and 95C .the steam is dry and saturated when it enters the turbine and
expanded isentropic ally. Find rankine efficiency.

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2.5 kg of steam is heated at constant pressure of 250 kpa and 100c, until temperature
is 250C.Find the amount of heat added and change in entropy. (Use mollier chart)
A ir at 1.02 bar, 22C, initially occupying a cylinder volume of 0.015 m3, is
compressed reversibly and adiabatically by a piston to a pressure of 6.8 bar. Calculate:
( i) The final temperature ( ii) The final volume
( iii) The work done on the mass of air in the cylinder.
0.05 kg of carbon dioxide (molecular weight 44), occupying a volume of 0.03 m3 at
1.025 bar, is compressed reversibly until the pressure is 6.15 bar. Calculate final
temperature, the work done on the CO2, the heat flow to or from the cylinder walls,
( i) When the process is according to law pv1.4 = constant,
( ii) When the process is isothermal,
( iii) When the process takes place in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder.
A ssume CO2 to be a perfect gas, and take = 1.3.
A system receives 42 kJ of heat while expanding with volume change of 0.123 m3
against an atmosphere of 12 N/cm2. A mass of 80 kg in the surroundings is also lifted
through a distance of 6 metres.
( i) Find the change in energy of the system.
( ii) The system is returned to its initial volume by an adiabatic process which requires
100 kJ of work. Find
the change in energy of system.
( iii) Determine the total change in energy of the system.

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