Fire Fighting Clothes - Full PDF

MATE RI AL SE L E CTI ON F OR
F I RE F I GHTI NG CL OTHE S
Group Members:
I.ISMAIL IRFY
EN 145 451 22
M.M.THANSEER
EN 145 426 06
A.J.M.ANFAS
EN 145 491 82
M.J.M.MUFASSIR
EN 145 640 00
J.AKEEL
EN 145 546 50
Curtin Batch. Group | 05
Submission Date: 2014.10.01
Abstract
Despite advancements in the development of synthetic fibers and materials that provide better insulation, fire
ground burn injuries remain a significant issue. This research for firefighting clothing were investigated to
determine their adequacy in evaluating the actual performance of clothing materials. This investigation uncovered
several potential problems with the current research. A series of new, small scale, tests were used to evaluate the
shortcomings of the current research and develop possible improvements.(2)
A Software was used to identify the thermal properties (thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity) of a
series of firefighting clothing materials. The thermal properties were estimated for single fabric layers, as well as
ensembles, with various levels of moisture added to simulate actual end use conditions.
Introduction
Fire fighting is an inherently dangerous profession, and much work has been done to provide satisfactory protection
for the individuals willing to risk their lives to aid others in need. Historically, protective clothing was designed
based upon subjective comments, and not on the physiology of the user or basic physical principles. This practice
began to change in the 1940s, when the armed services initiated programs to investigate protective clothing, due
to the climatic extremes encountered by servicemen. This initial military work led to the standardized tests, such
as the Thermal Protective Performance Test described in this thesis, which have been incorporated into the
standards used to design and test fire fighting clothing today. Despite advancements in the development of
synthetic fibres and materials that provide better insulation, fire ground burn injuries remain a significant issue.
By improving the understanding of the thermal properties of fire fighting clothing, as well as the physiology of the
user, improvements can be made in the testing procedures of these materials. Improvements could lead to fire
fighting clothing designs that can significantly reduce the numbers of burns on the fire ground. In addition to
reducing the number of burns experienced on the fire ground, this work could lead to potential cost reductions in
the clothing, as manufactures will have a better understanding of the impact of the individual material properties
as well as how the different components act together.(4)
Translations
Skin Burns
One of the primary objectives in the design of fire-fighting clothing is the prevention of thermal damage to the
skin. To properly develop new test methods for the evaluation of fire-fighting clothing, one must have a sound
understanding of the affects of thermal exposure on the skin. One of the areas of focus in this thesis is the
determination of the affects of radiant heat on fire fighting clothing, and the determination of when damage to the
underlying skin will occur.
The normal human skin temperature at the surface is 32.5oC, and thermal damage will begin when the temperature
at the base of the epidermis, approximately 80-m below the surface, is increased above 44oC Damage to the skin
is a function of the skin temperature, and the period of time when this temperature is greater than 44oC.
The rate of damage to the skin increases logarithmically, such that the rate of damage at 50oC is 100 times greater
than the rate of damage at 45oC, Extrapolation of the rate of damage burn will occur virtually instantaneously when
the basal temperature is 72oC, Regardless of the mode of application of the heat flux, the temperature rise, and
therefore the burn tolerance time, are related to the amount of heat absorbed by the skin. Thermal damage to skin
protected with fire fighting clothing is via conduction when the clothing is placed in contact with the skin.(3)
Thermal Properties of Protective Clothes

Though thermoset plastics and thermoplastics sound similar, they have very different properties and applications.
Understanding the performance differences can help you make better sourcing decisions and improve your product
designs. The primary physical difference is that thermoplastics can be remelted back into a liquid, whereas
thermoset plastics always remain in a permanent solid state. Think of thermoplastics as butter butter can be
melted and cooled multiple times to form various shapes. Thermoset is similar to bread in that once the final state
is achieved, any additional heat would lead to charring.(2,3)
Thermoset plastics contain polymers that cross-link together during the curing process to form an irreversible
chemical bond. The cross-linking process eliminates the risk of the product remelting when heat is applied, making
thermosets ideal for high-heat applications such as electronics and appliances.
We choosed
The melting point for the fire fighting clothes is 200oC.
Thermal conductivity of fire fighting clothes is 0.03 Wm-1oC-1
Mechanical properties
Young's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus or elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic
material and is a quantity used to characterize materials. It is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit area)
along an axis over the strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis in the range of stress in which
Hooke's law holds.(1)
Here, we considered tensile modulus for fire fighting clothes is 4000 MPa.
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS) or ultimate strength, is the maximum stress
that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking. Tensile strength is not the
same as compressive strength and the values can be quite different.
Here, we considered stress at break point for fire fighting clothes is 0.00391MPa.(1)
Tensile modulus v Temperature

We choosed amount of this properties is 20.575 GPa
Other properties
A dress should be able to carry and comfortable, so we decided density of fire fighting clothes = 35 kg/m3
Screening
There are several materials in the world. But some of materials can be used for fire fighting clothes. Here we are
going to screen and describe the material types and reasons for neglect those materials.
We selected thermoset because thermosetting, also known as a thermoset, is petrochemical material that
irreversibly cures. The cure may be induced by heat, generally above 200 C (392 F), through a chemical reaction,
or suitable irradiation.(3)
We neglected thermo plastic, because most thermoplastics have a high molecular weight. The polymolecules
chains associate through intermolecular forces, which permits thermoplastics to be remolded because the
intermolecular interactions increase upon cooling and restore the bulk properties. In this way, thermoplastics differ
from thermosetting polymers, which form irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process. Thermosets often
do not melt, but break down and do not reform upon cooling.
Ranking
According to Our details, there are 7 materials from CES software.
1.
Grivory GC-4H (dry) | PA66-CF40...
2.
Grivory GV-6H (dry) | PA66-GF60...
3.
Grivory HTV-6H1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60
4.
Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60
5.
Grivory HTV-6X1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60
6.
Grivory HTV-6X1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60
7.
Zytel HTN53G60HSLR NC010 (dry) | PA*-GF60
In these properties we ranked the materials by following categorize,

Melting Point in Descending order
1) Grivory HTV-6H1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60
325 oC
2) Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60
325 oC
3) Grivory HTV-6X1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60
325 oC
4) Grivory HTV-6X1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60
325 oC
5) Grivory GC-4H (dry) | PA66-CF40...
260 oC
6) Grivory GV-6H (dry) | PA66-GF60...
260 oC
7) Zytel HTN53G60HSLR NC010 (dry) | PA*-GF60
260 oC
Thermal conductivity of melt in ascending order

0.30 Wm-1.oC-1
0.31 Wm-1.oC-1
0.32 Wm-1.oC-1
0.32 Wm-1.oC-1
0.32 Wm-1.oC-1
0.32 Wm-1.oC-1
0.34 Wm-1.oC-1
Density in ascending order

1.34*103 kg.m-3
1.69*103 kg.m-3
1.72*103 kg.m-3
1.78*103 kg.m-3
1.78*103 kg.m-3
1.78*103 kg.m-3
1.78*103 kg.m-3
Our final recommendation for material ranking are;

1.
2.
3.
4.
Grivory HTV-6X1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60
5.
Grivory GV-6H (dry) | PA66-GF60...
6.
Zytel HTN53G60HSLR NC010 (dry) | PA*-GF60
7.
Grivory GC-4H (dry) | PA66-CF40...
Here we mentioned melting, thermal conductivity and density. If any some has same quantity in same
properties, than we mention next properties as better to possible.
Documentations
In the ranking, there are 7 recommended materials for fire fighting clothes. These all materials can be used for
those manufacturing. But very first three materials best for fire fighting clothes manufacturing.
1.

Point Attributes
Burning behav. at 1.6 mm nom. thickn._thickness tested
Burning behav. at thickness h_thickness tested
Charpy impact strength (-30C)
Charpy impact strength (23C)
Charpy notched impact strength (-30C)
Charpy notched impact strength (23C)
Coeff. of linear therm. expansion (normal)
Coeff. of linear therm. expansion (parallel)
Density
Density of melt
Eff. thermal diffusivity of melt
Ejection temperature
Electric strength
Filler content
Humidity absorption
Injection molding, hold pressure (TP)
Injection molding, injection velocity (TP)
Injection molding, melt temp. (TP)
Injection molding, mold temp. (TP)
Melt volume-flow rate
Melting temperature (10C/min)
Molding shrinkage (normal)
Molding shrinkage (parallel)
MVR load
MVR temperature
Puncture - maximum force (23C)
Puncture energy (23C)
Specific heat capacity of melt
Stress at break
Temp. of deflection under load (1.80 MPa)
Tensile modulus
Thermal conductivity of melt
Water absorption
1.6
0.8
75
75
10
11
0.004
0.0015
1.78e3
1.65e3
9.7e-8
280
30
60
1.2
75
0.3
340
140
90
325
0.3
0.1
21.6
340
1.2e3
3.5
2e3
260
290
215
2.3e4
0.32
3
mm
mm
kJ/m^2
kJ/m^2
kJ/m^2
kJ/m^2
% strain/C
% strain/C
kg/m^3
kg/m^3
m^2/s
C
kV/mm
%
%
MPa
m/s
C
C
cm^3/10 min
C
%
%
kg
C
N
J
J/kg.C
MPa
C
C
MPa
W/m.C
%
1.5
1e19
% strain
ohm.cm
23.9
MPa
3.65e3
MPa
Range Attributes
Strain at break
Volume resistivity
Functional Point Data

Dynamic shear modulus (G'')
Parameters: Temperature = 26.9C
Dynamic shear modulus (G')

Dynamic shear modulus (tan delta G'')
0.00655
Secant modulus
Out Of Range
MPa
Out Of Range
MPa
Out Of Range
10^-3 m^3/kg
Out Of Range
MPa
2.29e4
MPa
Out Of Range
Pa.s
Parameters: Strain = 1% strain, Temperature = 26.9C
Shear stress
Parameters: Shear rate = 10/s, Temperature = 26.9C
Specific volume
Parameters: Temperature = 26.9C, Pressure = 20MPa
Stress
Tensile modulus v temperature

Viscosity
Injection molding, notes

PREPROCESSING
Max. water content
: <= 0.08 %
PROCESSING
Melt temperature
: 340 C
Mould wall temperature
: 140-160 C
Holding pressure
: 500-750 bar
Screw
: 50-100 rpm
Back pressure
: 1-15 bar
Injection speed
:4
(1=slow, 3=medium, 5=fast)
Please consider the information about the application of the materials.
Polymer code
PA6T/6I-GF60
Processing
Injection Molding
Product information, notes
1. ISO 1874/1, PA6T/6I, MH, 12-220, GF60
2. 60% glass fibre reinforced injection moulding grade based on CoPA
(polyphthalamid) PA6T/6I.
3. Very stiff and strong at high application temperatures. Heat
stabilised, dimensionally stable, low water uptake, good resistance
to chemicals, good resistance to automotive media (fuel, oil, brake
fluid) even at high temperatures.
4. Stiff, dimensionally accurate parts in mechanical engineering,
automotive and electrical applications. Functional components in
contact with chemicals and specified high performance at high
application temperatures. Thermal impulse loading as may occur
during industrial soldering is possible at temperatures up to 300C
for parts made of Grivory HTV-6H1.
2.

Point Attributes
Density
Density of melt
Electric strength
0.8
75
75
10
11
0.004
0.0015
1.78e3
1.65e3
9.7e-8
280
30
1.6 mm
mm
kJ/m^2
kJ/m^2
kJ/m^2
kJ/m^2
% strain/C
% strain/C
kg/m^3
kg/m^3
m^2/s
C
kV/mm
Filler content
Humidity absorption
60
1.2
%
%

MVR load
MVR temperature
Stress at break
Tensile modulus
Water absorption
75
0.3
340
140
90
325
0.3
0.1
21.6
340
1.2e3
3.5
2e3
260
290
215
2.3e4
0.32
3
MPa
m/s
C
C
cm^3/10 min
C
%
%
kg
C
N
J
J/kg.C
MPa
C
C
MPa
W/m.C
%
1.5
1e19
% strain
ohm.cm
23.9
MPa
3.65e3
MPa
Range Attributes
Strain at break
Volume resistivity


0.00655
Secant modulus
Out Of Range
MPa
Out Of Range
MPa
Out Of Range
10^-3 m^3/kg
Out Of Range
MPa
2.29e4
MPa
Out Of Range
Pa.s
Shear stress
Specific volume
Parameters: Temperature = 26.9C, Pressure = 20MPa
Stress

Viscosity
Discrete Attributes
Burning behav. at 1.6 mm nom. thickn.
Burning behav. at thickness h
Condition
Filler type
Polymer class
Polymer type
Producer
HB
HB
Dry
Glass Fibre
Thermoplastic
PA6T/6I
EMS-GRIVORY | a unit of EMS-CHEMIE AG

PREPROCESSING
Max. water content
: <= 0.08 %
PROCESSING
Melt temperature
: 340 C
: 140-160 C
Holding pressure
: 500-750 bar
Screw
: 50-100 rpm
Back pressure
: 1-15 bar
Injection speed
:4
Polymer code
PA6T/6I-GF60
Processing
Injection Molding
1. ISO 1874/1, PA6T/6I, MH, 12-220, GF60
3. Very stiff and strong at high application temperatures. Heat
stabilised, dimensionally stable, low water uptake, good resistance
to chemicals, good resistance to automotive media (fuel, oil, brake
fluid) even at high temperatures.
4. Stiff, dimensionally accurate parts in mechanical engineering,
automotive and electrical applications. Functional components in
contact with chemicals and specified high performance at high
application temperatures. Thermal impulse loading as may occur
during industrial soldering is possible at temperatures up to 300C
for parts made of Grivory HTV-6H1.
3.

Point Attributes
Density
Density of melt
Electric strength
Filler content
Humidity absorption
MVR load
MVR temperature
Stress at break
1.6
0.8
75
75
10
11
0.004
0.0015
1.78e3
1.65e3
9.7e-8
280
35
60
1.2
75
0.3
340
140
60
325
0.3
0.1
21.6
340
1.2e3
3.5
2e3
260
mm
mm
kJ/m^2
kJ/m^2
kJ/m^2
kJ/m^2
% strain/C
% strain/C
kg/m^3
kg/m^3
m^2/s
C
kV/mm
%
%
MPa
m/s
C
C
cm^3/10 min
C
%
%
kg
C
N
J
J/kg.C
MPa

Tensile modulus
Water absorption
290
180
2.3e4
0.32
3
C
C
MPa
W/m.C
%
1.5
1e19
% strain
ohm.cm
23.9
MPa
3.65e3
MPa
Range Attributes
Strain at break
Volume resistivity


0.00655
Secant modulus
Out Of Range
MPa
Out Of Range
MPa
2.29e4
MPa
Stress


PREPROCESSING
Max. water content
: <= 0.08 %
PROCESSING
Melt temperature
: 340 C
: 140-160 C
Holding pressure
: 500-750 bar
Screw
: 50-100 rpm
Back pressure
: 1-15 bar
Injection speed
:4
Polymer code
PA6T/6I-GF60
Processing
Injection Molding
1. ISO 1874/1, PA6T/6I, MH, 12-220, GF60
3. Heat stabilised for direct contact with foodstuffs. Stiff and
strong at high application temperatures. Good resistance to
chemicals. Approved for direct contact with hot drinking water
according to KTW, WRAS and NSF regulations. Conforms to EU
regulations for direct contact with foodstuffs. UL listed.
4. Stiff, dimensionally accurate technical parts for mechanical and
electro engineering and automotive construction. Functional
elements in domestic appliances which are in contact with drinking
water at high application temperatures. Fittings and seals for warm
and cold water.
Advantages
Premium outer shell protection, combining unmatched flame and thermal protection with premium
strength and durability.
Tested in labs, fire schools, and in real-world fires, those fabrics stand up to aggressive use under
demanding conditions.
Resists dangerous chemicals and acids, plus will not shrink or become brittle.
Lightweight, flexible and fast drying.
Those selected fabric hoods are certified and compliant, they manage body sweat, providing superior
comfort and maximum protection.
For base-layer apparel, PBI has fabrics that are breathable, rugged and high performing.
Conclusion
This thesis addressed several potential problems with the current test methods for fire fighting Clothing. to
addressing these issues, this thesis determined the thermal properties of several materials used in fire fighting
clothing to determine if this information could be incorporated into the assessment of the clothing performance as
well. While the determination of the property data for the fire fighting clothing may not be necessary in the test
standards, it does provide a useful tool to evaluate the clothing performance. This model could be used to assess
the performance of the clothing under a variety of heat flux conditions. Due to the complexity of the clothing
ensembles, the finite difference model was unable to accurately predict the temperature response of the Macor
during the evaluation of these clothing layers. More complicated models to assess the performance of fire fighting
ensembles are in development. And will require accurate thermal property information to properly predict the
performance of the clothing materials.
References
1) Veghte, James H., Design Criteria for Fire Fighters Protective Clothing, 2nd Edition Janesville
Apparel, Dayton, Ohio, 1986.
2) Beck, James V., and McMasters, Robert L., Users Manual for Prop1D Program for Estimating
Thermal Properties from Transient Temperature and Heat Flux Measurements, Version 7.0, Beck
Engineering Consultants Company, Okemos, MI 48864.
3) Stoll, A.M. and Chianta, M.A., Method and Rating System for Evaluation of Thermal Protection,
Aerospace Medicine, Vol. 40, pp. 1232-1238, 1968.
4) Drysdale, Dougal, An Introduction to Fire Dynamics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1996.

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MATE RI AL SE L E CTI ON F OR

Curtin Batch. Group | 05

Submission Date: 2014.10.01

Thermal Properties of Protective Clothes

The melting point for the fire fighting clothes is 200oC.

Thermal conductivity of fire fighting clothes is 0.03 Wm-1oC-1

Tensile modulus v Temperature

Grivory GC-4H (dry) | PA66-CF40...

Grivory GV-6H (dry) | PA66-GF60...

Grivory HTV-6H1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Grivory HTV-6X1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Grivory HTV-6X1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Zytel HTN53G60HSLR NC010 (dry) | PA*-GF60

In these properties we ranked the materials by following categorize,

2) Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

3) Grivory HTV-6X1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

4) Grivory HTV-6X1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

5) Grivory GC-4H (dry) | PA66-CF40...

6) Grivory GV-6H (dry) | PA66-GF60...

7) Zytel HTN53G60HSLR NC010 (dry) | PA*-GF60

Thermal conductivity of melt in ascending order

2) Zytel HTN53G60HSLR NC010 (dry) | PA*-GF60

3) Grivory HTV-6H1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

4) Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

5) Grivory HTV-6X1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

6) Grivory HTV-6X1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

7) Grivory GC-4H (dry) | PA66-CF40...

Density in ascending order

2) Grivory GV-6H (dry) | PA66-GF60...

3) Zytel HTN53G60HSLR NC010 (dry) | PA*-GF60

4) Grivory HTV-6H1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

5) Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

6) Grivory HTV-6X1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

7) Grivory HTV-6X1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Our final recommendation for material ranking are;

Grivory HTV-6H1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Grivory HTV-6X1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Grivory HTV-6X1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Grivory GV-6H (dry) | PA66-GF60...

Zytel HTN53G60HSLR NC010 (dry) | PA*-GF60

Grivory GC-4H (dry) | PA66-CF40...

Grivory HTV-6H1 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Functional Point Data

Dynamic shear modulus (G')

Dynamic shear modulus (tan delta G'')

Parameters: Temperature = 26.9C

Parameters: Strain = 1% strain, Temperature = 26.9C

Tensile modulus v temperature

Parameters: Shear rate = 10/s, Temperature = 26.9C

Injection molding, notes

Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Grivory HTV-6H1 black 9205 (dry) | PA6T/6I-GF60

Injection molding, hold pressure (TP)

Functional Point Data

Dynamic shear modulus (G')

Dynamic shear modulus (tan delta G'')

Parameters: Temperature = 26.9C

Parameters: Strain = 1% strain, Temperature = 26.9C

Tensile modulus v temperature