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KIRTLAND AFB, N. M,
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-

THE CALCULATION OF THE PRESSURE

DISTRIBUTION O N A CASCADE OF THICK

AIRFOILS BY MEANS OF FREDHOLM

INTEGRAL EQUATIONS OF THE SECOND KIND

by E. Murtensen
No. 23, Max-Planck-Institate for Flaid Research and
Aerodynamic Experimental Station, Gottingen, 19 5 9

N A T I O N A L AERONAUTICS A N D SPACE A D M I N I S T R A T I O N

WASHINGTON,

D. C.

JULY 1971

TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

IlllIII111lI1IIIII1IlI111MI
00b9050

NASA TT F-702

THE CALCULATION O F THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A

CASCADE OF THICK AIRFOILS BY MEANS O F FREDHOLM

INTEGRAL EQUATIONS O F THE SECOND KIND

By E. Martensen

Aerodynamic Experimental Station, Gb'ttingen

Translation of "Die Berechnung der Druckverteilung a n Dicken Gitterprofilen

mit Hilfe von Fredholmschen Integralgleichungen Zweiter Art." Nr. 23,
Mitteilungen a u s dem Max-Planck-Institut far Str6mungsforschung und d e r
Aerodynamischen Versuchsanstalt, Gb'ttingen, 1959

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

For Sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151

$3.00

THE CALCULATION OF THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON A CASCADE

OF THICK AIRFOILS EY MEANS OF
FREDHOLM INTEGRAL EQUATIONS OF THE SECOND KIND

E. Martensen
Aerodynamic Experimental Station, Gottingen
ABSTRACT
Two independent l i n e a r integral equations of the second kind w i t h
continuous kernels are derived f o r the exact potential theory f o r the
velocity d i s t r i b u t i o n on a cascade of thick a i r f o i l s .

I t i s shown t h a t

the corresponding homogeneous integral equations possess one and only

one nontrivial solution, so t h a t one knows the general results on the
basis of the Fredholm theorems.

In the l i m i t i n g case of i n f i n i t e separa

ti on between a i r f o i 1s the equations reduce t o the fami 1i a r expressions

f o r single airfoils.

In the l i g h t of the periodicity properties which

a r e present, one may develop a numerical calculation technique based on

the solution from a system of l i n e a r equations.
qua tel y

By selecting an ade

arge number of unknowns, the des red accuracy i s obtained.

Examples are shown correlating the theory w i t h an exact known solution

and w i t h measurements.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section
1

Page

.....................
1

GEOMETRY OF THE CASCADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

DERIVATION OF THE INTEGRAL EQUATION FOR A SINGLE

AIRFOIL ( t =
....................
6

THE PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF i

o
. . . . . . . . . 11

EXISTENCE AND MULTIPLICITY OF THE SOLUTION OF THE

INTEGRAL EQUATION OF THE SECOND KIND . . . . . . . . . 14

INTRODUCTION

m)

4
5
6

TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTEGRAL EQUATION OF THE FIRST

KIND TO AN EQUATION OF THE SECOND KIND. AND THE

SOLUBILITY OF THE LATTER

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

7
8

DERIVATION OF THE INTEGRAL EQUATION FOR A CASCADE OF

AIRFOILS

.......................

EXISTENCE AND MULTIPLICITY OF THE SOLUTIONS FOR THE

INTEGRAL EQUATIONS OF THE SECOND KIND FOR A CASCADE
OF AIRFOILS

10

......................
22

NUMERICAL AUXILIARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

PRACTICAL CALCULATION PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7

11

EXAMPLE FOR 2N = 24 CONTOUR POINTS

REFERENCES
TABLES
FIGURES

. . . . . . . . . . 30

..........................
34

............................
............................

17

35

44

1.

INTRODUCTION
The p o t e n t i a l flow about a two-dimensional body can be represented

by an arrangement o f s i n g u l a r i t i e s i n t h e enclosed r e g i o n and on i t s

boundaries i n numerous ways.
l i n e s , o r t h e i r combinations.

These s i n g u l a r i t i e s can occur a t p o i n t s o r

The q u e s t i o n now i s which one o f these

unlimited p o s s i b i l i t i e s i s the simplest.

One i s t h e r e f o r e l e d

to a

f i e l d which vanishes i d e n t i c a l l y i n s i d e t h e r e g i o n and has a jump a t

t h e w a l l , which g i v e s r i s e t o a v o r t e x d i s t r i b u t i o n corresponding t o t h e
local velocity distribution.

U n t i l r e c e n t l y o n l y approximate t r e a t

ments f o r these methods were p u b l i s h e d because o f t h e h i g h c a l c u l a t i n g

costs.

These s i n g u l a r i t i e s may be v o r t i c e s , sources and/or v o r t e x -

source combinations a r b i t r a r i l y arranged i n p o i n t s and/or l i n e s .

An

example o f t h e use o f t h i s method i s f o r t h e f l o w around a i r f o i l s which

has been accomplished by p l a c i n g these s i n g u l a r i t i e s over i t s chord.
However, a more s u i t a b l e , simple and e l e g a n t s i n g u l a r i t y method t h a t
agrees w i t h t h e e x a c t s o l u t i o n of t h e c l a s s i c a l f l o w problem f o r t h i c k
a i r f o i l s , which vanishes i d e n t i c a l l y i n t h e f i e l d , c o n s i s t s o f c o v e r i n g
the boundary w i t h a v o r t e x d i s t r i b u t i o n , f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g reasons:
1.

The v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n can be s u b s t i t u t e d f o r t h e v o r t e x

d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n c e b o t h views a r e i d e n t i c a l t o each o t h e r .

While f o r t h e p r e v i o u s case o f i n c l u d i n g s i n g u l a r i t i e s i n t h e

f i e l d t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and p r a c t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s

a r e r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e

v o r t e x d i s t r i b u t i o n and t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n .

2.

E x i s t e n c e and c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e s o l u t i o n may be e s t a b l i s h e d on

I 1I l1l l111l11111l11ll I I I

the basis of Fredholm's theory, u t i l i z i n g continuity and

d i f f e r e n t i a b i l i t y properties.

For i n t e g r a l equations of the

f i r s t k i n d w i t h singular kernels, such conclusions are not

avai 1able.
3.

The numerical procedure f o r solving the above integral equations

of the second k i n d w i t h continuous and, i n the present case,
periodic kernels, reduces t o a summation procedure.

In

c o n t r a s t , the s i n g u l a r i t y f o r the i n t e g r a l equation of the

f i r s t k i n d gives r i s e t o a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d i f f i c u l t y .
The method of covering the boundary w i t h vortices has been presented
previously by Korn i n a textbook [5].

Later Prandtl [6] expounded on

t h i s idea as follows.
Imagine the i n t e r i o r of a body replaced by f l u i d a t
r e s t , of a pressure p, + q l , as i s present a t the
stagnation point. A t the boundary a vortex sheet
produces a velocity j u m p of magnitude v. T h i s vortex
sheet is the desired bound vortex system.
Prager [7] e s t a b l i s h e s , by the exclusive use of this method, a
Fredholm integral equation of the second k i n d f o r the velocity d i s t r i b u t i o n
around thick single a i r f o i l s and obtains good numerical r e s u l t s .

He used

an integration procedure of I'4ystram [8] and the Tschebyscheff quadrature

formula.

The rapid development of computer mathematics since Prager's

original work has increased the usefulness of his approach.

The greatly

increased storage capacities o f the presently used e l e c t r o n i c computers

permit improving the accuracy of the calculations t o any desired extent.
In reference t o the work of Fottinger [9], Prager has demonstrated the
i n f e r i o r i t y of a source d i s t r i b u t i o n over the boundary as compared w i t h
a vortex d i s t r i b u t i o n .

Goldstein and Jerison [lo] adapt this idea t o a

They determined the a i r f o i l contour f o r a g i v e n

cascade of a i r f o i l s .

velocity d i s t r i b u t i o n ( i n d i r e c t problem).

T h i s point of view i s used

advantageously f o r the derivation of the fundamental equations, even

though the s p e c i f i c Fredholm theory is not needed.

Finally Isay [ l l ]

has a l s o t r e a t e d a cascade of thick a i r f o i l s by u s i n g vortex d i s t r i b u t i o n s

over t h e i r boundaries.

No use i s made i n t h i s work of the i d e n t i t y

of the vortex d i s t r i b u t i o n and the velocity d i s t r i b u t i o n since the l a t t e r

i s provided from the vortex d i s t r i b u t i o n by means of an integration

formula.

Nor i s the p e r t i n e n t integral equation o f the f i r s t kind w i t h

a singular kernel converted t o an integral equation of the second kind

w i t h a continuous kernel.

So Fredholm's theorems a r e not applicable.

Existence of the solution can be established only by insistence on the

additional condition f o r the cascade geometry ( t equals the pitch)

Inasmuch as this limitation does not a r i s e i n the treatment of the flow

problem u s i n g Fredholm integral equations of the second k i n d , an example
u s i n g an e l l i p s e (thickness r a t i o 0

tion.

<

<

1 ) will be given f o r i l l u s t r a

T h i s example cannot be treated by the Isay procedure.

First, i n

u s i n g the parametric representation f o r the e l l i p s e one obtains the

following formula [ l l ]
H ( $ 3

$;

m)

(1 +

(1
EZ)

(1

sin
)
( + + $)
E Z ) cos ( $ + $ )

For the evaluation of t h i s double integral we now examine the integral

equation

and seek n o n t r i v i a l s o l u t i o n s which are square i n t e g r a b l e from 0 t o 2 ~ .

Since

1
= 2Tr [ l n ( ( l t

(1

2a

) cos ( + t

$))I

o ,

the c o n d i t i o n

1
2a

2a
f ( $ ) d+ = 0
0

must n e c e s s a r i l y be obeyed.

By the i n t e g r a t i o n i n the complex plane

( r e s i d u e method) one can e a s i l y c o n f i r m t h a t

v=l,2,3,

... .

There r e s u l t t h e eigenvalues

associated w i t h the e i g e n f u n c t i o n s

f,(+)

= cos v + t s i n v+

,v

= +1, + 2 , k3,

... .

Since t h i s system o f f u n c t i o n s i s complete, i t f o l l o w s from the t h e o r y o f

i n t e g r a l equations o f t h e second k i n d t h a t :

I 1111 111

I1111 I1111111 1111 I1 II

I I I

I II I I I I ll11111111111

Hence t h e e a r l i e r s t a t e d i n e q u a l i t y reduces t o

B u t t h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o s a y i n g t h a t a l l e l l i p t i c a l contours w i t h a
thickness r a t i o

< E <

0.26795

( i n t e r e s t i n g cases) a r e excluded by I s a y ' s c o n d i t i o n .

I n t h e f o l l o w i n g , t h e Prager i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n f o r a s i n g l e a i r f o i l
[7] w i l l be d e r i v e d i n a s i m p l i f i e d f a s h i o n and t h e t r e a t m e n t f o r a
cascade o f a i r f o i l s w i l l be f o r m u l a t e d u s i n g t h e work o f G o l d s t e i n and
J e r i s o n [lo].

Next, I s a y ' s s i n g u l a r i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t k i n d ,

( t o be d e r i v e d by an a l t e r n a t e method), w i l l be converted t o a Fredholm

i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n o f t h e second k i n d w i t h a continuous k e r n e l .

Thus two

Fredholm equations o f t h e second k i n d w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r c a l c u l a t i n g

t h e pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r a cascade o f t h i c k a i r f o i l s .

Which o f t h e

two i s more s u i t a b l e f o r numerical c a l c u l a t i o n s cannot be determined i n

general.

I t w i l l depend on t h e s p e c i f i c s o f t h e problem.

Particular

emphasis w i l l be p l a c e d i n t h e degenerate case o f a s i n g l e eigenvalue

s i n c e t h e Fredholm t h e o r y i s a p p l i e d t o t h i s f i r s t and i t p e r m i t s t h e
development o f a s u i t a b l e c a l c u l a t i o n scheme.

This i n v o l v e s e s s e n t i a l l y

t h e s o l u t i o n o f a system o f l i n e a r equations w i t h t h r e e inhomogeneous

terms corresponding t o t h e two main f l o w d i r e c t i o n s and t h e f r e e c i r c u l a
tion.

A s e r i e s o f examples w i l l be c a r r i e d o u t f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n u s i n g t h e

Gottingen e l e c t r o n i c computer 62.

2.

GEOMETRY OF THE CASCADE

The cascade i s described by congruent contours

io,
ifl, $-1, ... ,
The

which a r e arranged a t equal i n t e r v a l s t i n the y-direction ( F i g . 1 ) .

contour

d o satisfies

(and so do

i,,$-1,

...)

e n t i a b i l i t y conditions, t o be specified l a t e r .

continuity and d i f f e r
Essentially one prohibits

d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s i n the tangent, and curvature and the t h i r d and fourth

derivatives , as we1 1 as corners, cusps and double values .
Y

Figure 1
3.

DERIVATION OF THE INTEGRAL EQUATION FOR A SINGLE AIRFOIL ( t =

m)

I t i s desired t o o b t a i n the velocity d i s t r i b u t i o n ( a s well as the

pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n ) on the contour f o r a simply connected contour
w i t h no double points.

The f r e e stream velocity i s given by wm i n an

incompressible potential flow (see Figure 2 ) .

are related t o the stream function

wx

= Y

Y'

$o

-f

= -Yx

by

o r equivalently

The components of this flow

Figure 2

holds; t h e f l o w d i r e c t i o n i s a t 90" counterclockwise t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f

decreasing Y ( F i g u r e 3).

Figure 3
J,

i t s e l f obeys L a p l a c e ' s e q u a t i o n

(3)

A Y = o ,

i n accordance w i t h t h e v o r t e x f r e e n a t u r e o f t h e f i e l d (1).

The problem

I I l l I I

i s t o determine a f l o w f i e l d t h a t goes t o G W a t i n f i n i t y and has

a s t r e a m l i n e , i.e.,

I.
11.

a f u n c t i o n Y t h a t has t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t i e s :

3, ,

0 outside

AY =

[g]

= vm cos a

-(E]

Y =

vW s i n a

111.

io
as

c o n s t a n t a l o n g t h e o u t e r boundary o f

z0.

One assumes t h e s o l u t i o n

~ ( x ,y ) = vm(y cos

~1

x s i n a) +

'I

2Tr do

v In

ds + c o n s t a n t

(4)
This s a t i s f i e s requirements I and I1 w i t h a surface d i s t r i b u t i o n along

$. equal t o v.

When c r o s s i n g

i ot h e

values o f t h e normal d e r i v a t i v e s

( n i s t h e o u t e r normal) jump as f o l l o w s :

($)o

[%Ix

[$]LO -

0 =

-s

[%Ii=

2-

These a r e proven i n Courant and H i l b e r t [4] s u b j e c t t o t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t

the contour

Lo i s

f o u r times continuous y d i f f e r e n t i a b l e .

However, t h i s

i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l n o t be concerned w i t h an e x p l o r a t i o n whether these

c o n d i t i o n s a r e a l s o necessary o r whether t h e y may be m i t i g a t e d .
i n t e g r a l which appears i n (aYu/an)&

is

The

n t e r p r e t e d as a Cauchy p r i n c

0
value.

The t a n g e n t i a l d e r i v a t i v e remains c o n s t a n t i n c r o s s i n g

[%lo -

=o

do;

[
]atxRo

($$Ii .
= 0

There a r i s e two p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n v t o conform t o

c o n d i t i o n 111.

I n one case, one i s l e a d t o an i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n o f t h e

f i r s t k i n d f o r v, i n t h e second case t o one o f t h e second kind.

The f i r s t i s o b t a i n e d by s e t t i n g

(51

= 0 .

(9)

Use o f (4) and (7) then e s t a b l i s h e s t h e f o l l o w i n g i n t e g r a l equation:

- -Iit

Id

v In

1 ds = 2vm a (y cos

at

~1

x s i n a)

Before i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h i s i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t k i n d , we e x p l o r e
the meaning o f t h e s u r f a c e d i s t r i b u t i o n v.

[s)
i

i.e.,

= 0

(7), (8) and ( 9 ) i m p l y t h a t

t h a t Y i s c o n s t a n t (yi)

a l s o along t h e i n s i d e o f

io.
Green's

theorem,
(YAY

+ yx2 + Y 2 ) dx dy =
Y

applied t o the inside o f

i.e.,

inside

gothe

Yx=Y
Y

Log i v e s

v e l o c i t y f i e l d vanishes i d e n t i c a l l y ,

=o.

Therefore

(%Ii

= O

which combined w i t h (5) and (6) gives:

-[g]
.
0

This means t h a t , by ( 2 ) t h a t v r e p r e s e n t s t h e magnitude o f t h e f l o w

v e l o c i t y around

x0and,

from F i g u r e 3, t h a t v i s p o s i t i v e ( n e g a t i v e )

f o r f l o w i n the counterclockwise ( c l o c k w i s e ) d i r e c t i o n .
equation (10) i s a s p e c i a l case ( t =

a)

The i n t e g r a l

o f I s a y ' s work [11] which i s

p r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h a cascade o f a i r f o i l s , b u t n o t r e c o g n i z i n g t h e
s i g n i f i c a n c e o f v as shown i n (15).
The i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n o f t h e second k i n d t h a t s a t i s f i e s requirement

I11 i s n o t found as immediately as i n t h e preceding case.

One r e q u i r e s

that

which leads, by ( 4 ) and ( 6 ) t o the f o l l o w i n g i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n o f t h e

second k i n d :

,+--I
71

aan

v I n 1 ds = -2v,

aa n ( y

cos a

-x

s i n a)

x0

b o ,f u r n i s h e s , on
f i e l d i n s i d e go.

Again, a p p l y i n g Green's theorem (12) t o t h e i n s i d e o f

the b a s i s o f (16), t h e r e s u l t (13) f o r t h e v e l o c i t y
As a r e s u l t , a l s o

10

and because o f (7) and ( 8 ) , a l s o

[$] = 0

i.e.,

i t i s e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t Y i s c o n s t a n t along t h e o u t s i d e edge o f

i n accordance w i t h requirement 111.

t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e f l o w around

so

The s u r f a c e d i s t r i b u t i o n v represents

io
as i n t h e

p r e v i o u s example because

( 5 ) and ( 6 ) again i m p l y (15) i n t h e l i g h t of (16).

This i s a s i m p l i f i e d

d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n (17) f o r t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n v,
which was f i r s t e s t a b l i s h e d by Prager [7].

4.

THE PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF

Let the contour

x =

w ith

X(+L

go be

to

represented p a r a m e t r i c a l l y by
Y = Y(+L

-< +zZlT,

i n c r e a s i n g i n t h e counterclockwise d i r e c t i o n .

The f u n c t ons

x ( + ) and y ( + ) have p e r i o d s o f 2~ and a r e i n accordance w i t h Sec i o n 3,

supposed t o be f o u r times c o n t i n u o u s l y d i f f e r e n t i a b l e .

Furthermore , i n

o r d e r t h a t one may d e f i n e a t a n g e n t i a l v e c t o r a t each p o i n t on t h e contour

i n accordance w i t h S e c t i o n 3, t h e s u b s i d i a r y c o n d i t i o n ( i n a d d i t i o n t o ( 2 0 ) )

i s a l s o imposed.

With t h i s c o n d i t i o n i t w i l l be i m p o s s i b l e t o have cusps

on t h e contour, as was p o s s i b l e w i t h (20) and mere r e g u l a r i t y requirements.

F i n a l l y , t o make t h e f o l l o w i n g d e r i v a t i o n e a s i e r , t h e a u x i l i a r y v a r i a b l e
y(+)

w i l l be i n t r o d u c e d through t h e r e l a t i o n

11

I -l l l l 111l1l l- I

The i n t e g r a l equation o f t h e f i r s t k i n d (10) may be p u t i n t h e

4) denotes a f i x e d p o i n t , and 5 ,

f o l l o w i n g form, where x, y (i.e.,

(i.e.,

$) a v a r i a b l e p o i n t on

go, and 2 i s

a tangent v e c t o r :

;i:

I
7r

x
v(5,

5 V X x, Y) + (Y
(x

rl)

E;)2

(y- - -

d.t,(X,

+-

-~
--

Y)
ds;

d0
I n the l i g h t o f ( 2 2 ) , (10) now becomes

= 2vm(y(+) cos

~1

x ( + ) s i n a)

where

Since

cot

y.
__

_.

H($, $ ) i s a continuous k e r n e l everywhere.

Correspondingly, one may modify t h e i n t e g r a l equation o f t h e second

12

k i n d (17) , u s i n g t h e p a r a m e t r i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r

Because

ko as

follows:

represents t h e o u t s i d e u n i t normal and 4 increases i n t h e

counterclockwise d i r e c t i o n ,

Using (22) and (26), t h e i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n (17) takes t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

with

K(9, $) i s an everywhere continuous k e r n e l .

The i n t e g r a l e q u a t i o n (27)

a r i s e s i n Fredholm's t r e a t m e n t o f t h e Neuman problem i n p o t e n t i a l t h e o r y

[l;2 1 i n t h e form:

13

,,

.. , .._.._.
.. .

The transpose of equation (30) (replacing a/a+ by a/a$) was likewise

considered by Fredholm f o r the solution of D i r i c h l e t ' s problem, and was
the s t a r t i n g point of Fredholm's theory of integral equations of the
second k i n d [l].
5.

EXISTENCE AND MULTIPLICITY OF THE SOLUTION OF THE INTEGRAL EQUATION

OF THE SECOND KIND
In order t o decide about the s o l u b i l i t y of the integral equation ( 2 7 )

one must investigate, according t o the Fredholm theory, the existence of

nontrivi a1 sol utions of the associated transposed homogeneous integral
equation:

We now maintain t h a t
%

y(+) =

constant # 0

i s a nontrivial solution of (31).

To prove i t , we write

As shown i n Figure 4,

runs through a l l values from a certain -c0 t o

0 t o ZIT;each value i s assumed a t l e a s t once.

relation

14

IT

as

$I

increases from

Thereby one obtains the

Figure 4

1'

ZIT

K(+,
0

$1

d+ = 1

(33)

which has a l r e a d y been used by Fredholm [2].

$

By i n t e r c h a n g i n g

and

i n (33), one can see t h a t (32) i s a n o n t r i v i a l s o l u t i o n o f (31).

There we e s t a b l i s h t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n o n t r i v i a l s o l u t i o n

( + ) o f (27),

when vm = 0, which we recognize as t h e pure c i r c u l a t i o n f l o w around t h e

profile.

Since i t i s known f r o m t h e t h e o r y o f conformal mapping, t h a t no

two l i n e a r l y independent c i r c u l a t i o n f l o w s e x i s t i t f o l l o w s , conversely,

t h a t t h e homogeneous equation a s s o c i a t e d w i t h (27) has n o t more than one
l i n e a r l y independent s o l u t i o n .
s i n g l e eigenvalue.

Hence we have t h e degenerate case w i t h a

The general s o l u t i o n f o r (27) may be w r i t t e n , t h e r e f o r e ,

as

Here

**

( + ) i s t h e p a r t i c u l a r s o l u t i o n o f t h e inhomogeneous e q u a t i o n (27).

6. TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTEGRAL EQUATION OF THE FIRST KIND TO AN

EQUATION OF THE SECOND KIND, AND THE SOLUBILITY OF THE LATTER
L e t f ( + )be a c o n t i n u o u s l y d i f f e r e n t i a b l e f u n c t i o n , d e f i n e d over

15

0 <

+ -< ZIT,

w i t h a period of 2n.

One c a l l s the function,

the harmonic conjugate function ("cotangent i n t e g r a l " ) of f ( + ) .

(Cauchy principal value i s understood.)

I t results from the Fourier

development of f ( + ) , by ignoring the constant term and replacing cos

by -sin

V+

and sin

V+

by cos v + , v = 1 , 2 ,

... .

V+

Passing, once more,

from g ( + ) t o i t s harmonic conjugate, one obtains:

We now apply the cotangent integral operator t o the integral equation of

the f i r s t kind ( 2 3 ) and obtain the following integral equation o f the

second k i n d :

- -v,

,2IT

Jo

cy($) cos cx

;($)

sin a] cot

d$

(37)

where

i s an everywhere continuous kernel.

B u t the i n t e g r a l over a conjugate

harmonic function vanishes because o f the missing constant temi i n the

Fourier development; t h u s ( 3 8 ) leads to:
(39)

As i n Section 5 , i t is now established t h a t the general solution of ( 3 7 )

16

i s i n t h e form of (34).

DERIVATION OF THE INTEGRAL EQUATION FOR A CASCADE OF AIRFOILS

7.

S i m i l a r l y as above, two i n t e g r a l equations o f t h e second k i n d w i l l

be d e r i v e d f o r t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n on a cascade o f t h i c k a i r f o i l s
( F i g u r e 1) corresponding t o (27) and (37).

We thus expect two equations

o f t h e form

and

V
LE
TI

which f o r t

-+

&($) cos

x($) s i n

CC]c o t

9 d$

w i 11 reduce t o (27) and (37), r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The

q u a n t i t i e s vm and cx s t i l l t o be c l a r i f i e d , s i n c e i n f i n i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o
t h e cascade i s n o t s i m p l y r e l a t e d t o the " o u t s i d e " o f t h e contours

do, sl, J-,,

0 . .

Because o f t h i s we r e l i n q u i s h f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g

requirement I 1 o f S e c t i o n 3 and t r e a t vm and a merely as f r e e parameters,

whereas we s h a l l r e t a i n requirements I and I 1 1 f o r a l l contours

-1,

... .

do,
-

n)

Then t h e stream f u n c t i o n expression which s a t i s f i e s

requirement I i s g i v e n by
Y(X,

cos cx

+I z J
v

y; t) = v,(y

$0

+ c o n s t a n t

x s i n a)
n- - - \/cosh--(x
2TI
t

.
17

I
~

__

- e) -

cos

(y
t

ds

T h i s expression and formula ( 4 ) have a l r e a d y been found by G o l d s t e i n

and J e r i s o n

[lo].

Furthermore, i t can be seen from (42) t h a t

yX(x, Y; t) = yx(x, Y + k t ; t )

,k

= +1, +2, +3,

... ,

(43)

yY(x, Y; t) = yY(x, Y + k t ; t)

so t h a t i f requirement I 1 1 i s s a t i s f i e d f o r
satisfied for a l l of

Xl, Lm1,
... as

the i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o the conditions a t

alone, then i t w i l l be

well.

Therefore, we can c o n f i n e

x,.

I t w i l l be shown n e x t t h a t

r e l a t i o n s ( 5 ) t o ( 8 ) a r e v a l i d a l s o f o r (42).

For t h i s purpose, we w i l l

i n v e s t i g a t e t h e expression

F i r s t , one can e s t a b l i s h t h a t , f o r f i x e d t, F(x, y; t) i s an a n a l y t i c

f u n c t i o n o u t s i d e of
i n s i d e regions o f
a n a l y t i c on

*io,
Zl, Jm1,
...

-ioi t s e l f

-(x
t

2t" ( y

- 11)

ZIT

xl, z-l, ... .

v i o ,

E) =
=

(not f o r

This i s equally v a l i d f o r the

Next we show t h a t F(x, y; t) i s

X,, imlY
...). For t h i s purpose we

set

(45)

(46)

and expand t h e argument f o r t h e l o g a r i t h m i n (44) as f o l l o w s :

18

.. . .

..

..

cash X
x2

COS

+ Y'

Y
v+l

x2

= 2
v

Y2

2 v+l
y=o &*
W

= 2

v =o

2v + 2 !

2 v+l

v
2
p=o ( x )v-p

(-Y

)p

To show t h a t the s e r i e s converges f o r a l l values of X and Y we l e t

( w i t h M equal t o a real positive number)

The estimate
W

i s thereby established.
cash X
x2

COS
Y2

( v + 1)M2v =

=o

sinh M
M
'

Thus
Y = 1

x2

Y2

12

x4

X2Y2

360

Y4

...

(47)

i s convergent f o r a l l values of X and Y and hence i s an e n t i r e function

i n both variables, X and Y.

Therefore, the s e r i e s

(which follows from ( 4 7 ) ) also converges i n a f i n i t e region from X = 0 ,

Y = 0, and therefore represents there an analytic function i n X and Y.

Finally, the integrand of (44) , w i t h fixed 5 , I-, and t , i s a l s o a n a l y t i c

f o r a l l values of x and y on

do (including

19

the inside and outside of

Lo,

g1, i-l,
...I.

excepting

a result, ~ ( x y, ; t ) experiences no

AS

to.Finally,

d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s as one crosses

since the form (42) f o r

Y ( X ,y; t ) differs from ( 4 ) f o r ~ ( x y, ) only by the expression,

-F(x, y; t ) + constant,
equations (5) t o (8) a r e seen t o be valid a l s o f o r expression ( 4 2 ) .

One

can t h u s t r a n s f e r the reasoning of Sections 3 and 4 , without additional

consi derati ons , t o cascades.

A1 s o , the requi rement I I I can be thought

of as being f u l f i l l e d by the corresponding i n t e g r a l equations (40) and

(41).

As s t a t e d before, the corresponding flow conditions f o r

... are

sl,;eWl,

a l s o automatically s a t i s f i e d .

Now, a l l t h a t remains i s the c l a r i f i c a t i o n of the significance o f

vm,

~1

and of the kernels K(+,

t ) and L(+,

y; t) = -v,

sin

~1

(49)
ol

lim Y (x, y ; t ) = v,
Y

with

which appear i n

X++m

X-tt,

I); t )

I t follows from (42) t h a t :

equations (40) and (41).

lim Y,(x,

$;

cos

~1

2Tr

v ds

;t

y($)

d+

representing the c i r c u l a t i o n around each cascade p r o f i l e , one obtains

from (1):

20

wx ,-03 = wX ,+- = vm cos

= ,v

= vm s i n a +

Y 9-m

Y +m

sin a

r
-2t

r .J
2t

= vm cos u and w

= ,v s i n CL a r e now recognized as components

Y 9o f t h e s o - c a l l e d " t r a n s p o r t f l o w v e l o c i t y , " G, ( v e c t o r average o f t h e

wX,

upstream v e l o c i t y $-,

and downstream v e l o c i t y

G+,)

shown i n F i g u r e 5.

Furthermore,
W

y,b

- Wyp

(52)

i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c " d e f l e c t i o n " caused by t h e cascade.

To o b t a i n t h e forms o f t h e k e r n e l s K(+, q ; t) and L(+, J I ; t ) ,
we proceed as i n S e c t i o n 4 ( b e i n g c a r e f u l n o t t o confuse a / a t and t h e
p i t c h t), and o b t a i n an i n t e g r a l equation of t h e f i r s t k i n d :

T h i s d i f f e r s from (23) o n l y by t h e k e r n e l

cot

and i n t h i s form was t h e b a s i s o f I s a y ' s work.

(53)

As can be e a s i l y shown,

the lirniting value ( 2 5 ) f o r H ( $ ,

$;

t ) i s s t i l l valid.

Correspondingly,

one establishes an integral equation of the second kind analogous t o

(27):

w i t h the kernel :

Also K ( $ ,

L($,

$;

J I ; t ) r e t a i n s i t s limiting value.

Finally the kernel

t ) corresponding t o Section 6 assumes the expression:

W i t h t h i s , one can handle a l l the terms i n the integral equations (40)

and (41) f o r the treatment o f the cascade problem.

8.

EXISTENCE AND MULTIPLICITY OF THE SOLUTIONS FOR THE INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

OF THE SECOND KIND FOR A CASCADE OF AIRFOILS
One shows t h a t the homogeneous integral equations (40) and (41)

possess nontrivial solutions by verifying, as i n Sections 5 and 6 , t h a t

22

While t h e p r o o f o f (57) f o l l o w s d i r e c t l y from t h e d e f i n i t i o n (55) f o r

L(+, I); t), t h e p r o o f o f (56) i s n o t o b t a i n e d as e a s i l y .

First of all,

we d e f i n e

which leads, w i t h t h e a i d o f ( 5 4 ) , t o

27T

+-

sin

IT

arctan
sinh

IT

(y

7 (x

n)

5)

j'" .

Now, by arguments s i m i l a r t o those p e r t a i n i n g t o F i g u r e 4, one o b t a i n s ,

on t h e b a s i s o f (54) and (58) :

23

Furthermore,

J($; 8 t )

81 J ( $ ;

t)

+ 81 +

and

J($; 2't)

= 2-'J($;
= 1

t)

2-'(1

+ ZV[J($; 2't)

+7

- 11,

2'

... + ~ " 1 )

v = 0, 1, 2,

...

(60)

We now s e t

and i n v e s t i g a t e t h e a n a l y t i c i t y o f (54) w i t h r e s p e c t t o z ( i n t h e neighbor

hood o f z = 0 ) i n t h e form

f o r fixed

and $.

Expanding numerator and denominator o f t h e l a s t expression i n power

o f z one o b t a i n s :

24

The constant term i n t h e denominator does n o t vanish when

J,f++2ka

k = 0, +1, 22,

... .

Thus t h e r e e x i s t s a neighborhood o f z = 0 where K ( + ,

J,;

")Z

i s analytic,

and may be represented by a convergent power s e r i e s .

Since t h e l i m i t i n g value, as J,

++

2ka e x i s t s on t h e l e f t s i d e , i t

must a l s o e x i s t on t h e r i g h t s de and must h o l d f o r each c o e f f i c i e n t o f

z2'.

I n t h i s l i m i t t h e r e f o r e , t h e dependence on z disappears as seen

from (29).

Thus K ( @ ,

follows t h a t K(+, J,;

+ 2ka, $) i s a c o n s t a n t and hence a n a l y t i c .

27l
7
)i s a n a l y t i c f o r a l l values o f

+,

J,

It

i n a certain

v i c i n i t y o f z = 0 and admits a power s e r i e s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ( 6 4 ) .

Because o f u n i f o r m convergence f o r f i x e d J, and z, we may i n t e g r a t e
(64) w i t h r e s p e c t t o

term by term, and o b t a i n on t h e b a s i s o f ( 3 3 ) ,

(58) and (61) t h e expansion

which converges f o r s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e t.

We s e l e c t v f o r a s p e c i f i c

cascade s o l a r g e t h a t

converges f o r a l l values o f

J,

(such a v may always be found).

ment i n t o (60) now g i v e s :

25

Replace

which i s v a l i d f o r t h e chosen v and a l l g r e a t e r values.

Using v

-f

03,

f o l l o w s as w e l l as statement (56).

9.

NUMERICAL AUXILIARIES

The i n t e r p o l a t i o n formula f o r a f u n c t i o n f ( $ )s p e c i f i e d by
f V = f($J

VV

$,--pv

= 0,

...

w i t h p e r i o d i c i t y 2~ is the tri gonometri c polynomi a1

N- 1

f($) =

p=O

lJ

cos p$ +

bp s i n

14

p=1

where
1
ao=2N

2N-1
v=o

fv

The f o l l o w i n g formulas r e s u l t from t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n .

I nt e g r a t i on :

26

, (2N -

1)

. (67)

Cotangent Integral :

Differentiation :

.
f(@

1-I

= fP =

with
B

10.

2N-1

v=l

Bvfl-I+v

= ( - l p ) - l cot @V
2
2

v = 1,

... , (2N -

1)

PRACTICAL CALCULATION PROCEDURE

Using the above, equations (40) and (41) a r e converted t o the

following s y s t e m of l i n e a r equations:

- -1

214-1
=

2vc4[x cos a + y
1-I

1~. = 0,

1J.

s i n a]

... , (2N -

1)

Summing up a l l the above equations f o r both systems ( 7 4 ) , i t follows

from previous work t h a t (74a) i s nearly l i n e a r l y dependent, while i n

(74b) the l i n e a r dependence i s exact.
i n the second system (e.g.,

the

1-1 =

T h u s , one can omit any equation

0 equation) while the f i r s t system

27

( 74b

should be s o l v e d i n a l e a s t square sense.

To accomplish t h i s (74a) i s

rendered, on t h e b a s i s o f (56), which i s w r i t t e n as

2i5-1

2N-1

2N- 1

ll=O

v=o

v=o

l i n e a r l y dependent.
be omitted.

- 2N u=o
e

Kpv)Yv = 0

Again any equation, say, t h e p = 0 equation, may

Therefore, we have a system o f (2N

... 2N-1.

unknowns yo, yl,

(1

1 214-1

1) equations f o r 2N

The (2N)th e q u a t i o n i s o b t a i n e d from

r e 1a t i o n (50) f o r t h e t o t a l c i r c u l a t i o n , n u m e r i c a l l y represented by:

The t o t a l i t y o f s o l u t i o n s can be o b t a i n e d by t h e s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f
a l l possible solutions.
sides, a

1J.

and c

!J

I t s u f f i c e s t o s o l v e ( 7 4 ) f o r t h r e e inhomogeneous

, where

and b

1J.

1J.

correspond t o t h e p e r p e n d i c u l a r

f l o w ( a = 0) and p a r a l l e l f l o w ( a = IT/^), r e s p e c t i v e l y , t o t h e cascade

i n t h e absence o f c i r c u l a t i o n

(r

= 0).

The t h i r d inhomogeneous s i d e c

s p e c i f i e s a f r e e c i r c u l a t i o n f l o w w i t h no incoming f l o w (v,

= 0).

Thus,

we have t h e f o l l o w i n g :

r2vmx1J.

aP =

v,
and

,ZIT

IT J o

$ - 4

Y($) c o t

d$

1-1 = 1,

b!J =

!J

28

= 2N

...
,

, (2N

l),

!J

G
0

c =
!J

= 1,

!J

... , (2N -

l),

(79)
p=2N.

In the numerical calculations i t i s desirable t o make x

dimensionless, s e t vm = 1 and r = 27l.

!J

and y

lJ

In superimposing free circulation

one must take i n t o account, f o r cascades, the upstream and downstream

flow modifications according t o (51).
above solutions v(')(

(p)

, v ( ~ )(p)(

fundamental solutions.
V

2
= av(')
V
V

-m

Noting (22), we denote the three

and v ( ~ )(p)( and refer t o them as the

Thus

+ bv52) + CV:~) ,

v =

0,

... , (2N -

1)

where
a = cos a _ ,
1

b = 7 (cos a-mtan a+- + sin a-m)

represents the solution w i t h

a_,

equal t o the upstream flow angle and

equal t o the downstream flow angle (Figure 5 ) .

The accompanying

pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n i s g i v e n by:

while the expression f o r the t o t a l circulation from (52) and (31)--see

Figure 5--is g i v e n by

- I'- - t ( c o s a-mtan

a+m

sin a-m) = 27lc

'-m

I t i s t o be noted t h a t a and b are dimensionless constants whereas c has

the dimension of length.

29

In the following, the solutions of the i n t e g r a l equations (27) and

(40) will be referred t o as procedure A, while the solutions of the
integral equations (37) and (41) will be referred t o as procedure B.
11.

EXAMPLE FOR 2rj = 24 CONTOUR

Porrm

F i r s t of a l l , we shall compare the r e s u l t s of the foregoing analysis

w i t h the known solution for a s i n g l e e l l i p s e of thickness r a t i o 0

( c f . introduction o f this report).

<

<

The parametric representation i s

g i ven by :

x(+)

y(+) =

cos
E

sin

A t an angle of attack

as,

the fundamental solutions a r e , as obtained by

the methods of conformal mapping:

(See Table 1 and Figure 6 deleting one o f the two e l l i p s e s . )

are shown f o r
(procedure B).

0.2 and

as

The r e s u l t s

= 30" i n Table 2 (procedure A ) and Table 3

These agree t h r o u g h o u t t o nearly four s i g n i f i c a n t

figures w i t h the exact solution (Table 1 ) .

The error is t h u s f a r below
the graphical accuracy.

A cascade of these contours, w i t h

p itch r a t i o

30

t / a , equal t o 1.0, will be i n v e s t i g a t e d n e x t (Table 4 and Figures 5 and

Since, a t the present time, there i s no known e x a c t , closed s o l u t i o n

6).

t o this problem, one must c o n t e n t o n e s e l f w i t h the f a c t t h a t both above

independent procedures lead t o results w h i c h agree t o n e a r l y f o u r

si gni f i cant figures

The pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r two contours w i t h sharp t r a i l i n g

edges, designated a s No. 9 and No. 10, were c a l c u l a t e d f o r various
upstream flow c o n d i t i o n s and f o r t / a = 1 and

as

= 40".

The fundamental

s o l u t i o n s , c a l c u l a t e d by procedures A and 6 (Tables 6 and 7 ) , show some

T h i s i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g , s i n c e cases

disagreement n e a r the t r a i l i n g edge.

w i t h sharp t r a i l i n g edges were excluded from the beginning , and the

l a r g e curvature of the g i v e n contours make them appear as i f they had
cusps.

However, t h i s does n o t prevent a good agreement between theory

The upstream

and measurements f o r contour No. 9 (Figures 9 t o 1 3 ) .

flow angle a _ , i s v a r i e d from -15" t o 45" i n i n t e r v a l s of 15", while f o r

the downstream flow a n g l e the experimental, n e a r l y c o n s t a n t ,

a
-

-15"
0"

15"
30 "
45"

~
i:..;z

-69.6"

The numerical values f o r these cases a r e c o l l e c t e d i n the

was chosen.

a+m =

::.;

,,

b
.

.~

r / a v -m

c/ t
__

.
-~

~~

P ,+m

~~

69.6"

0.9659

-1.4281

-0.3722

-2.3385

-6.6791

69.6"

1 .oooo

-1 .3445

-0.4280

-2.6889

-7.2304

69.6"

0.9659

-1.1693

-0.4546

-2.8561

-6.6791

69.6"

0.8660

-0.9143

-0.4502

-2.8287

-5.1753

69.6"

0.7071

-0.5971

-0.41 52

-2.6085

-3.1152

31

For simplicity, contour No. 10 will be investigated next ( t / a = 1 ,

cx

40") u s i n g procedure B only (Table 8, Figure 8).

In order t o

evaluate the r e l a t i v e merits o f contours No. 9 and No. 10 (see

Figure 8) we l e t , f o r both contours, the stagnation point coincide w i t h

the t r a i l i n g edge ( @= 0 and
flow angle

equal zero.

v = 0,

respectively) and s e t the upstream

For superposition o f the fundamental

solutions, the following c o e f f i c i e n t s are required (see formulas (81)):

_ .

r/ac

c/ t

-1 5 8 5 1

-0.5046

- 1.4470

-0.4606

-3.1 703
-2.8940
-

-~
~

Both resultants a r e displayed i n Figure 14.

Finally, a f u r t h e r contour, designated No. 12, will be investigated
(Table 9, Figures 15 and 16).

An upstream flow angle

C X - ~

= 0

i s assumed

and the rear stagnation point will again be placed a t the t r a i l i n g edge
( $ = 0 and v = 0 , respectively).

The solution i s carried out w i t h :

The theoreti cal pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n , calculated by procedure B , i s shown

i n Figure 17.

The numerical calculations were carried out on the moderate speed

Gsttingen 62 computer (approximately 20 operations/sec)

The approximate

computation time f o r a s i n g l e calculation amounted t o the following:

32

-W

-. -- _ -__
_

Single a i r f o i l w i t h procedure A

--

1 hour 15 minutes

Single a i r f o i l w i t h procedure B

--

1 hour 45 minutes

Cascade of a i r f o i l s w i t h procedure A

--

3 hours 15 m nutes

Cascade of a i r f o i l s w i t h procedure B

--

3 hours 45 m nutes

The computer program i s so arranged t h a t only the angle of attack, pitch

r a t i o and contour coordinates must be s u p p l i e d t o the machine.

The

program will t h e n be automatically carried through a f t e r the machine i s

s t a r t e d , and without further i n p u t , i t will end by automatically outputting
the expressions of the contour data, and the desired fundamental solutions.
The author thanks Dr. F. W. Riegels f o r his encouragement and

assistance i n t h i s work and Professor Dr. Biermann f o r providing the

62 computer.
I'

The support f o r this investigation was provided by the

De u t che n Fo rs ch un g s g eme i n s h a f t

'I

The theoretical p a r t of t h i s investigation was presented on 5 December

1957 in a Seminar on Instrumental Mathematics a t the Max Planck I n s t i t u t e

f o r Physics.

Translated f o r the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

by R. J. Weetman

Department of Mechanical and fierospace Engineering

University of Massachusetts

Amherst, Mass. 01003

33

RE FEREMCES

[l] I. Fredholm, "On a New Method t o Solve D i r i c h l e t ' s Problem,"

Uefvers. o f Kgl. Vetensk. Ak. Fock. Stockh. 57, No. 1
(1900), pp. 39-46.
[2] I.Fredholm, "On an I n t e g r a l Equation w i t h an A n a l y t i c a l Kernel,"
Acta Math. 45 (1924), pp. 11-27.
[3] W. Schmeidler, I n t e g r a l Equations w i t h A p p l i c a t i o n s i n Physics
and Engineering, Vol. I,L e i p z i g , 1950.
[4] R. Courant and D. H i l b e r t , Methods o f Mathematics Physics,
Vols. I and 11, B e r l i n , 1931 and 1937, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

[5]

A. Korn, Textbook on P o t e n t i a l Theory, B e r l i n , 1899.

[6] L. P r a n d t l , A i r f o i l Theory, Vol. 1 , Report o f t h e I m p e r i a l

A s s o c i a t i o n f o r Science, Gattingen, Math-Phys. Class 1918,
pp. 451-477.
[7] W. Prager, "The Pressure D i s t r i b u t i o n on Bodies i n Plane P o t e n t i a l
Flow," Physik. Z e i t s c h r . 29 (1928) , pp. 865-869.
[8] E. J. Nystrom, " P r a c t i c a l S o l u t i o n o f L i n e a r I n t e g r a l Equations w i t h
A p p l i c a t i o n s t o Boundary Value Problems i n P o t e n t i a l Theory,"
Comm. Phys.-Math. SOC. Scient. Fennica 4, No. 15 (1928),
pp. 1-25.
[9] H. F o t t i n g e r , "The Development o f V e c t o r i a l I n t e g r a t i o n t o Computer
S o l u t i o n s f o r P o t e n t i a l and Vortex Problems , I ' l e i t s c h r . f.
Techn. Phys. , 1928.

[lo]

A. W. G o l d s t e i n and M. J e r i s o n , " I s o l a t e d and Cascade A i r f o i l s w i t h

P r e s c r i b e d V e l o c i t y D i s t r i b u t i o n s ,I' NACA Techn. Rep. No. 869
(1957) , pp. 201-215.

[ll] W. H. Isay, "Comments on t h e P o t e n t i a l Flow through A x i a l Cascades,"

D i s s e r t a t i o n , Z. f. Angew. Math. & Mech., 33 (1953), pp. 397-409.
[12]

Hutte, The Engineer's Handbook, Vol. 1, 26. Aufl.,

p . 191.

B e r l i n , 1936,

[13] N. Scholz, Report 52/25, I n s t i t u t e f o r Flow Mechanics o f t h e

Technical U n i v e r s i t y , Braunschweig (1952)(unpublished).

34

TABLE 1. Coordinates and the exact values o f t h e fundamental s o l u t i o n s

f o r a 20% t h i c k s i n g l e e l l i p s e a t an angle o f a t t a c k as = 30".

(3)
xV

"V

YV

1 .ooooooo

0.0000000

0.051 7638

0.9659258
0.8660254
0.7071 06 8
0.5000000
0.25881 90
0.0000000

7
8

-0.25881 90
-0.5000000

0.1931 852
0.1732051

0.96731
0.87178

9
10

-0.7071068
-0.8660254
-0.9659258
-1.0000000
-0.9659258
-0.8660254
-0.7071068
-0.5000000
-0.25881 90

0.1414214
0.1000000

0.721 11
0.5291 5
0.32297
0.20000

0
1

2
3
4
5

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

0.1000000
0.1 4142 14
0.1732051
0.1931852
0.2000000

0.051 7638
0.0000000
-0.0517638
-0.1000000
-0.141 4214
-0.1732051
-0.1931852

0.20000
0.32297
0.5291 5
0.721 11
0.87178
0.96731

1 00000

0.32297
0. 5291 5

0.25881 90
0.5000000
0.7071068

-0.2000000
-0.1931 852
-0.1732051
-0.1414214

0.721 11
0.87 178
0.96731
1 .ooooo
0.96731
0.871 78
0.72111

0.8660254
0.9659258

-0.1000000
-0.0517638

0.52915
0.32297

0.0000000

35

3.00000
0.961 65
0.00000
-0.43070
-0.68825
-0.87720
-1.03923
-1.19828
-1 .37649

- 1 .60740
- 1.96396

-2.62729
-3.00000
-0.961 65
0.00000

0.43070
0.68825
0.87720
1.03923
1.19828
1.37649
1.60740
1.96396
2.62729

5.19615
3.58894
2.26779
1 .60740
1.19208
0.87720
0.60000

5.00000
3.09629
1.88982
1.38675
1.14708
1.03379
1 .ooooo

0.32108
0.00000

1.03379
1.14708

-0.43070
-1.13389
-2.62729

1.38675
1.88982
3.09629
5.00000
3.09629
1.88982

-5.19615
-3.58894
-2.26779
-1.60740
-1.19208
-0.87720
-0.60000
-0.32108
0.00000
0.43070
1 .13389
2.62729

1.38675
1 .14708
1.03379
1 .ooooo
1.03379
1 .14708
1.38675
1.88982
3.09629

TABLE 2.

Coordinates and fundamental s o l u t i o n s u s i n g procedure A f o r a

20% t h i c k s i n g l e e l l i p s e a t an angle o f a t t a c k as = 30".

(3)
xV

YV

sV

vV

1.0000000

0.0000000

0.20000

3.001 16

5.19816

5.00000

1
2

0.9659258
0.8660254

0.051 7638

0.32297

0.96241

0.1000000

0.52915

3.09629
1.88982

3
4

0.7071068

0.1414214

0.721 11

0.00046
-0.43039

3.5901 1
2.26840
1.60775

1.38675

0.5000000

0.1732051

0.87178

-0.68803

1.19226

1.14708

0.2588190

0.1931852

0.96731

-0.87706

0.87726

1.03379

0.0000000

0.2000000

1.00000

-1.03915

0.59995

1 .ooooo

-0.25881 90

0.1931 852

0.96731

-1.19826

0.32092

-0.5000000

0.1732051

0.87178

- 1.37655

-0.00028

1.03379
1.14708

-0.7071068

0.1 414214

0.721 11

-1.60755

-0.431 14

1.38675

10

-0.8660254

0.1000000

-1.96426

11

-0.9659258

0.051 7638

0.5291 5
0.32297

-2.62792

-1.13459
-2.62853

1.88982
3.09629

12

-1.0000000

0.0000000

-3.001 16

-5.1 9816

5.00000

13

-0.9659258

-0.0517638

0.20000
0.32297

-0.96241

3.09629

14

-0.8660254
-0.7071 068

0.5291 5
0.721 11

-0.00046

15

-0.1000000
-0.1414214

-3.5901 1
-2.26840

16

-0.5000000

-0.1732051

17

-0.25881 90

18

1.88982

0.43039

- 1 .60775

1.38675

0.87178

0.68803

-1.19226

1 .14708

-0.1931852

0.96731

0.87706

-0.87726

1.03379

0.0000000

-0.2000000

1 .ooooo

-0.59995

1 .ooooo

19

0.25881 90

-0.1931 852

0.96731

1.03915
1 .19826

-0.32092

1.03379

20

0.5000000

-0.1732051

0.87 178

1.37655

0.00028

1.14708

21

-0.141421 4

0.72111

1.60755

0.431 14

1.38675

22

0.7071068
0.8660254

-0.1000000

0.5291 5

1.96426

1.13459

1 .88982

23

0.9659258

-0.0517638

0.32297

2.62792

2.62853

3.09629

36

TABLE 3. Coordinates and fundamental s o l u t i o n s u s i n g procedure B f o r

a 20% t h i c k s i n g l e ellipse a t an angle o f a t t a c k as = 30'.

S
yV

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

1.0000000
0.9659258
0.8660254
0.7071 068
0.5000000
0.25881 90
0.0000000
-0.25881 90
-0.5000000
-0.7071068
-0.8660254
-0.9659258
-1.0000000
-0.9659258
-0.8660254
-0.7071068
-0.5000000
-0.25881 90
0.0000000
0.25881 90
0.5000000
0.7071 068
0.8660254
0.9659258

0.0000000
0.0517638
0.1000000
0.1414214
0.1732051
0.1931 852
0.2000000
0.1931 852
0.1732051
0.141 4214
0.1000000
0.0517638
0.0000000
-0.0517638
-0.1000000
-0.1414214
-0.1732051
-0.1931852
-0.2000000
-0.1931 852
-0.1732051
-0.141 4214
-0.1000000
-0.0517638

0.20000
0.32297
0.52915
0.72111
0.871 78
0.96731
1 .ooooo
0.96731
0.87178
0.721 11
0.52915
0.32297
0.20000
0.32297
0.52915
0.72111
0.87178
0.96731
1 .ooooo
0.96731
0.87178
0.721 11
0.5291 5
0.32297

37

(3)

V(1)
V

vV

3.00009
0.96183
0.00017
-0.43053
-0.68808
-0.87704
-1.03908
-1.19813
-1 .37635
-1 -60727
-1.96384
-2.62722
- 3.00009
-0.961 83
-0.0001 7
0.43053
0.68808
0.87704
1.03908
1.19813
1.37635
1 .60726
1.96384
2.62722

5.19631
3.58896
2.26775
1.60734
1.19201
0.87712
0.59991
0.32098
-0.00011
-0.43082
-1.13403
-2.62745
-5.19631
3.58896
-2.26775
-1.60734
-1.19201
-0.87712
-0.59991
-0.32098
0.00011
0.43082
1.13403
2.62745

5.00000
3.09629
1 .88982
1.38675
1 .14708
1.03379
1 .ooooo
1 .03379
1 .14708
1.38675
1.88982
3.09629
5.00000
3.09629
1 .88982
1.38675
1 .14708
1.03379
1.00000
1.03379
1.14708
1.38675
1.88982
3.09629

TABLE 4. Coordinates and fundamental s o l u t i o n s using procedure A f o r

a cascade o f 20% thick e l l i p t i c a l contours w i t h the p i t c h
r a t i o equal t o 1.0, a t an angle o f a t t a c k as = 30'.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

(3)
xV

1.0000000
0.9659258
0.8660254
0.7071068
0.5000000
0.25881 90
0.0000000
-0.25881 90
-0.5000000
-0.7071068
-0.8660254
-0.9659258
-1.0000000
-0.9659258
-0.8660254
-0.7071068
-0.5000000
-0.25881 90
0.0000000
0.25881 90
0.5000000
0.7071 068
0.8660254
0.9659258

YV

0.0000000
0.0517638
0.1000000
0.1414214
0.1732051
0.1 931 852
0.2000000
0.1931852
0.1732051
0.1414214
0.1000000
0.0517638
0.0000000
-0.0517638
-0.1000000
-0.1414214
-0.1732051
-0.1931 852
-0.2000000
-0.1931 852
-0.1732051
-0.1 41421 4
-0.1000000
-0.0517638

vV

sV

0.20000
0.32297
0.5291 5
0.72111
0.871 78
0.96731
1.00000
0.96731
0.87178
0.721 11
0.52915
0.32297
0.20000
0.32297
0.5291 5
0.721 11
0.87178
0.96731
1 .ooooo
0.96731
0.87178
0.721 11
0.5291 5
0.32297

38

2.65278
0.61760
-0.28272
-0.69331
-0.95337
-1.15457
-1.32438
1.47200
-1.61238
-1.78155
-2.05236
-2.56998
-2.65278
-0.61760
0.28272
0.69331
0.95337
1.15457
1 .32438
1.47200
1.61238
1.78155
2.05236
2.56998

4.0321 3
2.76939
1.71578
1.16664
0.80452
0.52683
0.29861
0.09875
-0.10933
-0.39549
-0.90329
-2.04295
-4.032 13
-2.76939
-1.71578
-1 .16664
-0.80452
-0.52683
-0.29861
-0.09875
0.10933
0.39549
0.90329
2.04295

6.56070
4.46483
2.76477
1.89483
1.33927
0.94268
0.67333
0.54733
0.59990
0.89822
1.62716
3.41 399
6.56070
4.46483
2.76477
1.89483
1 .33927
0.94268
0.67333
0.54733
0.59990
0.89822
1.62716
3.41399

TABLE 5. Coordinates and fundamental s o l u t i o n s using procedure B for

a cascade of 20% t h i c k e l l i p t i c a l contours w i t h the p i t c h
r a t i o equal t o 1.0, a t an angle of a t t a c k as = 30".

(3)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

xV

1.0000000
0.9659258
0.8660254
0.7071 068
0.5000000
0.2588190
0.0000000
-0.25881 90
-0.5000000
-0.7071068
-0.8660254
-0.9659258
- 1 0000000
-0.9659258
-0.8660254
-0.7071068
-0.5000000
-0.25881 90
0.0000000
0.25881 90
0.5000000
0.7071 068
0.8660254
0.9659258

YV

0.0000000
0.051 7638
0.1000000
0.141 421 4
0.1732051
0.1931852
0.2000000
0.1931852
0.1732051
0.1414214
0.1000000
0.051 7638
0.0000000
-0.0517638
-0.1000000
-0.1414214
-0.1732051
-0.1931852
-0.2000000
-0.1931852
-0.1732051
-0.1414214
-0.1000000
-0.0517638

sV

0.20000
0.32297
0.52915
0.721 11
0.87178
0.96731
1 .ooooo
0.96731
0.87178
0.721 11
0.5291 5
0.32297
0.20000
0.32297
0.52915
0.72111
0.87178
0.96731
1 .ooooo
0.96731
0.87178
0.721 11
0.52915
0.32297

39

vV

2.65199
0.61723
-0.28286
-0.69333
-0.95331
-1.15445
-1.32421
-1.47179
-1.61213
-1.73125
-2.051 97
-2.56941
-2.65199
-0.61 723
0.28286
0,69333
0.95331
1.15445
1.32421
1.471 79
1.61213
1.78125
2.051 97
2.56941

4.03099
2.76872
1.71 543
1.16646
0.80444
0.52684
0.29869
0.09888
-0.1091 4
-0.39523
-0.90289
-2.04226
-4.03099
-2.76872
-1 .71543
-1.16646
-0.80444
-0.52684
-0.29869
-0.09688
0.10914
0.39523
0.90289
2.04226

6.56037
4.46461
2.76466
1.89479
1.33928
0.94273
0.67341
0.54741
0.59997
0.89825
1.62714
3.41384
6.56037
4.46461
2.76466
1.89479
1.33928
0.94273
0.67341
0.54741
0.59997
0.89825
1.6271 4
3.41 384

TABLE 6.

Coordinates and fundamental s o l u t i o n s u s i n g procedure A f o r a

cascade using contour No. 9 w i t h p i t c h r a t i o 1.0, a t an angle
o f a t t a c k as = 40.

(11

xV

YV

sV

(2)

(3)

vv

vV

vV

0.9992000

0.0011000

0.01772

13.12884

6.35601

21.44227

0.9877000

0.01 68000

0.14368

0.9480000

0.0540000

0.8806000

3.41 342

1 A8176

0.7889000

0.1090000
0.1769000

0.271 22
0.38955

-2.68695
2.05747

-9.0741 1

-9.19287
2.91 501

0.47799

0.59877

1.31449

5.07616
4.22795

0.2529000

0.5441 2

0.01610

1 .17992

3.73079

0.6780000
0.5524000

0.3289000

0.57134

-0.48377

1.04014

3.30015

7
8

0.41 93000
0.2850000

0.3960000

0.55883

0.89762

2.91 561

0.4279000

0.50321

-1.15351
-2.21 244

0.54864

2.15021

0.1625000

0.3976000

0.46855

-2.58026

0.00501

1 .49058

10

0.0710000

0.3273000

0.421 69

-2.38235

-0.48263

2.12001

11

0.01 70000

0.2368000

-1.87626

-1.01275

3.48586

12

0.0000000

0.151 0000

0.37966
0.29398

-1.31 187

- 1.60843

5.29746

13

0.01 55000
0.0575000

0.0821 000

0.25801

-0.50998

-2.00905

6.54315

0.25956
0.29878

0.40968
1.26563

-2.01 880

0.1231000

0.031 0000
0.0024000

-1 .70812

6.56958
5.61 329

16

0.21 45000

0.01 70000

0.43682

1.4421 1

-0.86805

2.97636

17

0.3347000

0.0682000

0.53395

1.20191

-0.36562

1.38960

18

0.471 3000

0.1009000

0.54022

1.27164

-0.20600

0.93765

19

0.61 19000

0.1087000

0.52872

1.48617

-0.08848

0.77 702

20

0.7424000

0.0945000

0.47033

1.81 352

0.81334

21

0.8510000
0.9323000

0.0641 000

0.38726

0.0330000
0.0089000

0.27299
0.14284

2.57623
3.91 447

0.03095
0.28866

14
15

22
23

0.981 2000

40

-8.53086

0.83235
-3.87085

6.68050

1.45509
3.10944

- 12.60546

TABLE 7.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

Coordinates and fundamental s o l u t i o n s using procedure B f o r

a cascade using contour No. 9 w i t h p i t c h r a t i o 1.0, a t an
angle o f a t t a c k as = 40".

(3)
xV

0.9992000
0.9877000
0.9480000
0.8806000
0.7889000
0.6780000
0.5524000
0.41 93000
0.2850000
0.1625000
0.071 0000
0.01 70000
0.0000000
0.01 55000
0.0575000
0.1231000
0.21 45000
0.3347000
0.471 3000
0.6119000
0.7424000
0.851 0000
0.9323000
0.981 2000

YV

0.0011000
0.01 68000
0.0540000
0.1090000
0.1769000
0.2529000
0.3289000
0.3960000
0.4279000
0.39 76000
0.3273000
0.2368000
0.1510000
0.0821 000
0.0310000
0.0024000
0.01 70000
0.0682000
0.1009000
0.1 087000
0.0945OOO
0.0641 000
0.0330000
0.0089000

sV

0.01 772
0.14368
0.27122
0.38955
0.47799
0.5441 2
0.57134
0.55883
0.50321
0.46855
0.421 69
0.37966
0.29398
0.25801
0.25956
0.29878
0.43682
0.53395
0.54022
0.52872
0.47033
0.38726
0.27299
0.14284

41

vV

37.69728
3.56773
1.26393
0.33291
-0.16430
-0.621 47
-1 .KO35
-2.08929
-3.23053
-3.14004
-2.63424
-2.02799
-1 .43435
-0.63046
0.29985
1.15424
1.33547
1.11637
1.18476
1.37230
1.64536
2.20081
2.96024
5.2401 0

11.64376
38.13269
1.84881
5.92096
1.28465 e 4.08919
1.10863
3.50984
1.03142
3.25466
0.94657
2.98701
0.81358
2.58061
0.58726
1.93000
1.10587
0.21872
-0.18241
0.90001
-0.56694
1.86857
-1.06606
3.31108
-1 .65006
5.19100
-2.04477
6.41 553
-2,05118
6.50051
-1.73264
5.51 976
-0.89292
2.12402
-0.37605
1.34830
-0.21 340
0.92670
0.7421 7
-0.08893
0.77741
0.02994
0.20389
1 .09959
0.45854
1.77294
1 .14526
3.89806

TABLE 8.

'V

Coordinates and fundamental s o l u t i o n s u s i n g procedure B f o r

a cascade using contour No. 10 w i t h p i t c h r a t i o 1.0, a t an
angle o f a t t a c k as = 40".

(1)
xV

YV

sV

(2)

(3)

vV

vV

vV

42.98791

0.9993000

0.001 3000

0.01632

38.75262

13.09774

1
2
3
4

0.9870000

0.01 61000

0.14283

3.24950

1.79803

5.781 14

0.9462000

0.27065
0.38547

1.14987
0.34619

0.7878000

0.1738000

0.2487000

-0.17430
-0.63922

0.6762000
0.5509000

0.47886
0.54096

0.3220000

0.56321

- 1 .23809

0.41 55000

0.3780000

0.54935

-2.08386

0.2808000

0.3994000

-2.96166

0.1607000

0.3699000

0.49560
0.45859

10

0.0701000

0.3030000

0.40250

-2.57497

11

0.2209000
0.1 390000

0.34995
0.29170

-2.07299

12

0.01 72000
0.0000000

13

0.01 59000

0.0713000

0.25097

-0.61364

14

0.0587000

0.0235000

0.25284

0.34280

15

0.1259000

0.0004000

0.30446

1.12108

1 .23524
1.13135
1.03952
0.95147
0.82549
0.54699
0.181 19
-0.19227
-0.59296
-1.11039
1 ,70277
-2.12962
-2.05679
-1.64222

3.94024

0.8797000

0.0520000
0.1070000

16

0.21 85000

0.01 65000

1.26588

-0.85776

17

0.3380000

0.0629000

0.431 50
0.52802

1.10984

-0.391 04

18
19

0.4745000
0.6140000

0.0950000

1.15905

0.1033000

0.53918
0.52388

1.32910

-0.21 596
-0.09451

20
21

0.7440000

0.0907000

1.56536

0.02991

0.851 9000

0.0620000

2.061 46

22

0.9321 000

23

0.981 4000

0.0314000
0.0087000

0.20363
0.50706

0.46843
0.38121
0.27075
0. '14216

42

-2.9 7790

-1.46601

2.87368
5.12538

1.27646

3.59244
3.28696
3.01 047
2.6301 5

1 .84001
1.05685
1.00905
1.95930
3.48879
5.35685
6.70415
6.64272
5.24750
2.81777
1.39926
0.94097
0.75926
0.78995
1.12590
1 .95443
4.36522

TABLE 9. Coordinates and fundamental s o l u t i o n s using procedure B f o r

a cascade using contour No. 12 w i t h pitch r a t i o 1.0, a t an
angle of a t t a c k as = 40".

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

0.9993000
0.9886000
0.9507000
0.8879000
0.8000000
0.6885000
0.5573000
0.4153000
0.2767000
0.1569000
0.0688000
0.01 70000
0.0000000
0.01 57000
0.0581 000
0.1275000
0.2293000
0.361 2000
0.4956000
0.6269000
0.7479000
0.851 4000
0.931 0000
0.981 0000

YV

0.0011000
0.0175000
0.0570000
0.1 189000
0.1953000
0.2750000
0.341 5000
0.3775000
0.3723000
0.3259000
0.2580000
0.1812000
0.1060000
0.0456000
0.0060000
0.0083000
0.0 747000
0.1502000
0.1526000
0.1287000
0.0946000
0.0584000
0.0278000
0.0070000

(1)
V

0.01879
0.14406
0.27376
0.3961 6
0.489 34
0.55118
0.56737
0.54992
0.51347
0.46682
0.38448
0.33077
0.26044
0.22977
0.23029
0.34313
0.57771
0.54427
0.51 243
0.50085
0.45558
0.37668
0.27057
0.14064

43

(2)

(3)

vV

vV

vV

31.11854
3.12023
1.30847
0.45421
-0.10702
-0.71061
-1 .43778
-2.24461
-2.7101 5
-2.5341 1
-2.2971 3
-1.92031
-1.36916
-0.44097
0.69703
1.30706
0.91 568
0.64737
0.86079
1.16605
1 .49237
2.04776
2.75786
5.3361 8

10.231 28
1.72565
1.33220
1.20684
1.16994
1.05164
0.85039
0.46136
0.07539
-0.26705
-0.67450
-1.23455
-1.91326
-2.39772
-2.45255
-1,43418
-0.5031 3
-0.20736
-0.19748
-0.14432
-0.06510
0.0841 6
0.34500
1.20478

34.08404
5.58351
4.24986
3.83439
3.70265
3.34226
2.73334
1.66382
0.96885
I . 16685
2.24471
3.91729
6.0481 3
7.57305
7.76483
4.59496
1.66119
0.77785
0.77831
0.75168
0.71 421
0.94807
1.57397
4.30404

I I I llIIllllII I I1 I1 I

t I

FIGURE 5.

Labeling of the pertinent q u a n t i t i e s f a r upstream and downstream.

44

FIGURE 6. Cascade o f 20% thick e l l i p s e s a t pitch r a t i o , t / a = 1 , and

a t an angle o f attack, as = 30".

45

Ill l Il Il l lIl II I I I

FIGURE 7.

Contour 140.

9 (

) and 10 (-------

46

1.

:I

-0.5

F.WUKE 8. Contour 140s. 9 (

t / a = 1 and as = 40".

) and 10 (------- ) w i t h p i t c h r a t i o

47

I Ill1 I llIllIlIllIlll Ill1 I

FIGURE 9. Conpari son between the theoretical and measured pressure

d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r contour No. 9 with t / a = 1 , as = 40",

- -15", a+co = 4 9 . 6 " . Solid l i n e , method A; dashed l i n e ,

C1-m
method B ; ci r c l es , rtieas ured val ues according t o [131.

48

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

FIGURE 10. Conpari son between the theoretical and measured pressure

d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r contour r40. 9 w i t h t/n. = 1 , as = 40",

= 0",
= -69.6".
Solid l i n e , method A; dashed l i n e ,
method B; c i r c l e s , measured values according t o [13].

49

FIGUIK 11. Comparison between the theoretical and measured pressure

distribution f o r contour !lo. 9 w i t h t/a. = 1 , a s = 40",

Solid l i n e , method A; dashed l i n e ,

method 8; c i r c l e s , measured values according t o [13].
cl-co

15",

= -69.6".

50

I"

0.2

0.4

0.G

0.8

1.0

FIGURE 12. Comparison between the theoretical and measured

d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r contour No. 9 with t / a = 1 , a s
= -G9.Go.
Solid l i n e , nettiod A;
cl-m = 30,
method 6; c i r c l e s , measured values according t o

51

pressure
= 40,

dashed l i n e ,
[13].

IIIIIII Il Il I1 I

FIGURE 13. Comparison between the t h e o r e t i c a l and measured pressure

d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r contour 140. 9 w i t h t / a = 1 , as = 40',
S o l i d l i n e , method A; dashed l i n e ,
method E ; c i r c l e s , measured values according t o [13].
a-m

= 45',

a+m = -69.6'.

52

"I

O
-2

-4

-G

-8

-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
0

FIGURE 14.

0.2

0.4

0.G

0.8

1.0

Theoretical pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n using rocedure B f o r the

) and 10 (------t / a = 1 , as = 40",
contour rlos. 9 (
= O", and a+m = -72.5" f o r contour 9 and -70.9" f o r
a-m
contour 10 (stagnation point a t t r a i l i n g edge).

p,

53

I1 I I1 I1 Il Il1 III I I I

FIGURE 15.

Contour No. 12.

54

FIGURE 16. Contour No. 1 2 , w i t h the p i t c h r a t i o t / a = 1.0, and

a = 40".
S

55

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

FIGURE 17. T h e o r e t i c a l p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n u s i n g p r o c e d u r e 13 for

= -71.3'
c o n t o u r No. 12 w i t h t / a = 1 , as = 40", a_, = 0",
( s t a g n a t i o n p o i n t a t t r a i 1i ng e d g e ) .

56

NASA-Langley, 1911

- 1 F-702