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MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
NAME:PAVITRAN A/L PUPATHE
CLASS: 4EN
SCHOOL: SMK HORLEY METHODIST
CONTENT
Content
Introduction
9.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid
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INTRODUCTION
All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These
objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to
humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these
chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves.
Chapter 9 of Form 4 syllabus introduces the students with manufactured
substances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of
chemistry that is still new for themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is an
interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. It
also gives me new knowledge of the uses of chemical substances that I usually found in
the laboratories.
I hope, by learning this chapter, I will be more interested in learning chemistry as
it will help me in the future. All the equations from this chapter make me more
understand of the previous chapters.
Non-volatile
Highly
corrosive
acid
Oily
liquid
Viscous
colourlessDiprotic
Dense
liquid
acid
Soluble in
water
Properties of
sulphuric acid
c) Potassium sulphate
H2SO4
As a strong acid
b.
c.
As an oxidizing agent
d.
As a sulphonating agent
e.
As a catalyst
Remove
metal oxides
from metal
surfaces
before
electroplating
Manufacture
pesticides
As an
electrolyte in
lead-acid
accumulators
Manufacture
fertilizers
Manufacture
detergents
Manufacture
paint
pigments
Manufacture
synthetic
fibres
Sulphur
acid
II
Sulphuric
III
b)
b)
To remove contaminants
8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric
acid. This is because:
a)
b)
Oleum, H2S2O7
diluted with equal volume of water H2O
2.
3.
4.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill
aquatic living things.
5.
Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:
i.
Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
ii.
4.
It is a weak alkali.
9. Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
Extremely
soluble in
water
Properties of ammonia
Colorless
Pungent
smell
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Mass of nitrogen
X 100%
2. It needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the
presence of a catalyst, often iron.
3. Nitrogen gas used in Haber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of
liquid air.
4. Hydrogen gas used in Haber process can be obtained by two methods:
a) The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon)
C + H2O CO +
H2
b) The reaction between steam and natural gas ( consisting mainly of
methane)
CH4 + 2H2O CO2 +
4H2
5. In the Haber process:
a) A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of
hydrogen gas is compressed to a pressure between 200 500 atmospheres.
b) The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at a
temperature of 450 - 550C.
c) At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced.
N2+ 3H2 2NH3
9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals
1.Pure metals have the following physical properties
a)Good conductor of electricity
b)Malleable
c)Ductile
d)High melting and boiling point
e)High density
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2. Pure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pyre
metals make them ductile and malleable.
a) A pure metal contains atoms of the same size arranged in a regular and
organized closed-packed structure.
b) Pure metals are soft because the orderly arrangement of atoms enables
the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when an external force
is applied on them. This makes the matels ductile and metals can be
drawn to form long wires.
c) There are imperfections in the natural arrangements of metal atoms.
Empty space exist in the structures of pure metals. When hammered or
pressed, groups of metal atoms may slide into new positions in the
empty spaces. This makes metals malleable, able to be made into
different shapes or pressed into thin sheets.
3. The strong forces of attraction between metal atoms requires high energy to
overcome it. Hence, most metals have high melting points.
4.The close-packed arrangement of metal atoms results in the high density of
metals.
High density
Malleable
Ductile
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5. The properties of a pure metal are thus improved by making them into
alloys. There are three aims of alloying a pure metal:
a)
b)
c)
Plastics
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b)
Fibres
c)
Elastomers
Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while ceramic is
opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.
4.
It
c) Borosilicate glass
It
d) Lead glass
High
refractive index
b) Conducting glass
It
conducts electricity
6. Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the main constituent of
aluminosilicate with small quantity of sand and feldspar.
7. Superconductor is one improved ceramics for specific purposes.
Glass
1. Glass is made up from sand.
2. The major component of glass is SiO2.
3. There are four types of glass which are as follows:
Fused glass
Soda-lime glass
Borosilicate glass
Lead crystal glass
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Name of glass
Properties
Chemical
composition
Examples of uses
SiO2 (99%)
Ba2 O 3 (1%)
infrared light
Difficult to be made
into different shapes
Does not crack when
Telescope mirrors,
Lenses
Optical fibres
Laboratory glass
wares
temperature changes
(very low thermal
expansion coefficient)
Very resistant to
chemical reactions
Low softening point
(700 C), hence, does
not withstand heating
Breaks easily
Cracks easily with
sudden temperature
Soda lime glass
changes (high
coefficient of
SiO2 (70%)
Na2O (15%)
CaO (3%)
Others (5%)
expansion)
Less resistant to
Bottles
Windowpanes
Light bulbs
Mirrors
Bowls
( The most widely
used type of glass)
chemical reactions
Easy to be made into
different shapes
Borosilicate
glass
SiO2 (80%)
Ba2 O 3 (15%)
Na2O (3%)
Laboratory apparatus
Cooking utensils
Electrical tubes
Glass pipelines
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heat resistant
Does not crack easily
with sudden
temperature changes
Transparent to
Al 2 O 3
ultraviolet light
More resistant to
chemical reactions
Does not break easily
Low softening point
Lead crystal
glass
(600 C)
High density
High refractive index
Reflects light rays
and appears spar
SiO2 (55%)
PbO( 30%)
K2O (10%)
Na2O ( 3%)
Al2 O 3 ( 2%)
Decorative items
Crystal glasswares
Lens
Prisms
Chandeliers
kling
Ceramics
1. Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and then
baked in a kiln at high temperature.
2. The main constituent of clay is aluminosilicate, (which consist of aluminium
oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar.
3. Kaolinite is an example of high
4. Red clay contains iron (III) oxide which gives the red colour .
5. General uses ceramics are as follows of :
very hard and strong but brittle
inert to chemical reaction
has a very high melting point
good electric and heat insulator
able to withstand compression
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2. The composite material produced will have different properties far more superior to
the original materials.
3. The composite material produced are harder, stronger, lighter, more resistant to
heat and corrosion and also for specific purposes.
4. When composite material is formed, the weakness of the components will not exist
anymore.
Composite material
Reinforced concrete
Component
Properties of
Properties of composite
Concrete
component
Hard but brittle,
strength
Hard with high tensile
Steel
Fibre optics
Glass of low
refractive index
Glass of high
refractive index
Glass
flexible
Heavy, strong but
flexible
Light, flexible, elastic
Fibreglass
Polyester plastic
Photochromic glass
Glass
inflammable
Transparent and not
Silver chloride, or
sensitive to light
Sensitive to light
silver bromide
Sensitive to light:
darkness when light
intensity is high,
becomes clear when
light intensity is low
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CONCLUSION
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by
doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may
one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important for
both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of such synthetic
materials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of synthetic
materials and their by-product is important to prevent environmental pollution. The
recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should be
enforced.
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REFERENCES
1. Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS Chemistry SPM,
Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
2. Website http://www.answers.com
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