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Architecture 324
Structures II

Composite Sections and

Steel Beam Design

Steel Beam Selection - ASD

Composite Sections
Analysis Method

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 2/21

Steel W-sections for beams and columns

Standard section shapes:
W wide flange
S american standard beam
C american standard channel
L angle
WT or ST structural T
Pipe
Structural Tubing

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 3/21

Steel W-sections for beams and columns

Columns:
Closer to square
Thicker web & flange
Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

Beams:
Deeper sections
Flange thicker than web

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 4/21

Steel W-sections for beams and columns

Columns:
Closer to square
Thicker web & flange
Beams:
Deeper sections
Flange thicker than web

CC:BY-SA Gregor_y (flickr)

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 5/21

Steel Beams by ASD

Yield Stress Values
A36 Carbon Steel Fy = 36 ksi
A992 High Strength Fy = 50 ksi

Allowable Flexure Stress

Fb = 0.66 Fy
Compact Section

= Lc

Braced against LTB ( <Lc)

Fb = 0.60 Fy
= Lu
Compact or Not

Lc < < Lu
Fb < 0.60 Fy
Compact or Not

LTB failure mode ( >Lu)

Allowable Shear Stress

Fv = 0.40 Fy
fv=V/(twd)
University of Michigan, TCAUP

Source: AISC, Manual of Steel Construction

Allowable Stress Design, 9th ed. 1989

Structures II

Slide 6/21

Section Modulus Table

Calculate Required Moment
Assume Allowable Stress
Fb = 0.66Fy = 24 ksi (A36)
Fb = 0.60Fy = 21.6 ksi (A36)
Using the flexure equation,
set fb=Fb and solve for S

Choose a section based on S

from the table (D-35 and D-36)
Bold faced sections are lighter
Fy is the stress up to which the
section is compact ( is ok for all
grades of Fy)
Source: Structural Principles, I. Engel 1984

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 7/21

Example Load Analysis of Steel Beam

FindLoadwinKLF
1. Find the Section Modulus for
the given section from the
tables (D-35 and D-36).
2. Determine the maximum
moment equation.

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 8/21

Example Load Analysis cont.

W30x116

3. Using the flexure equation,

fb=Fb, solve for the moment,
M.

5. Using the maximum moment

equation, solve for the
distributed loading, w.

w=1.28KLF
Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 9/21

Design of Steel Beam

Example

1. Use the maximum moment

equation, and solve for the
moment, M.

2. Use the flexure equation to

solve for Sx.

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 10/21

Design of Steel Beam

Example
3. Choose a section based on
Sx from the table (D35 and
D36).
4. Most economical section is:
W16 x 40
Sx = 64.7 in3

Source: I. Engel, Structural Principles, 1984

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 11/21

Design of Steel Beam

Example
5. Add member self load to M
and recheck Fb (we skip this
step here)

7. Check shear stress:

Allowable Stress
Fv = 0.40 Fy
Actual Stress
fv=V/(twd)
fv Fv

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 12/21

Design of Steel Beam

Example
6. Check Deflections
calculate actual deflection
compare to code limits
if the actual deflection
exceeds the code limit
a stiffer section is needed

Source: Standard Building Code, 1991

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 1335

Composite Design
Steel W section with concrete slab
attached by shear studs.
The slab acts as a wider and thicker
compression flange.

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 14/21

Effective Flange Width

Slab on both sides:
(Least of the three)
Total width: of the beam span
Overhang: 8 x slab thickness
Overhang: the clear distance to next
beam (i.e. the web on center spacing)

Slab on one side:

(Least of the three)
Total width: 1/12 of the beam span
Overhang: 6 x slab thickness
Overhang: the clear distance to next
beam

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 15/21

Analysis Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.

Define effective flange width

Calculate n = Ec/Es
Transform Concrete width = n bc
Calculate Transformed Itr
do NOT include concrete in tension

5. If load is known, calculate stress

or
6. If finding maximum load use allowable
stresses. The lesser M will determine
which material controls the section.

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 16/21

Non-composite vs. Composite Sections

Given:
DLslab = 62.5 psf
DLbeam = 135 plf
n = 1/9
fsteel = 24 ksi ( Fy = 36 )
fconc = 1.35 ksi
For this example the floor
capacity is found for two
different floor systems:

1. Find capacity of steel

section independent from
slab
2. Find capacity of steel and
slab as a composite
Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 17/21

Part 1 Non-composite Analysis

Find section modulus, Sx in
chart.
Assume an allowable stress, Fb.
Determine the total moment
capacity of the section, M.
Subtract the DL moment to find
the remaining LL moment.
Calculate LL capacity in PSF.

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 18/21

Part 2 - Composite Analysis

1. Determine effective width of
slab.
(using 90y92)
2. Find n=Ec/Es (1/9)

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

3. Draw transformed section

(transform the concrete)
4. Calculate Transformed Ix:
Locate neutral axis.

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 19/21

Composite Analysis

cont.

4. Calculate Transformed Ix:

Use parallel axis theorem.

Ia=Ig+Ad2

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 20/21

Composite Analysis cont.

5. Calculate moment capacity for
steel and concrete each
assuming full allowable stress
level.

6. Choose the smaller moment.

It will control capacity.

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 21/21

Composite Analysis cont.

7. Subtract the DL moment to
find the remaining LL moment.
Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

8. Calculate the LL in PSF based

on the MLL.

Source: University of Michigan, Department of Architecture

University of Michigan, TCAUP

Structures II

Slide 22/21