2marks:

1. Define control volume?

It is defined as a closed volume drawn within a finite region of the flow. This volume is defines as

a control volume, V.
2. Distinguish between conservation and non-conservation forms of fluid flow.
Conservation forms
Non-conservation forms
The equations obtained from finite control The equations obtained from finite control
volume fixed in space, in either integral or volume moving with the fluid, in either integral
partial differential form, are called the or partial differential form, are called the
conservative form.
conservative form.
3. Define local derivative?
/t is called the local derivative, which is physically the time rate of change at a fixed point.

4. What are the important applications of CFD in engineering?

Automobile Engineering
Aerospace and Aeronautical engineering
Industrial engineering
Biomedical
Civil Engineering
Marine Engineering
5. Define Courant number?

C is called the Courant number. This equation says that t x/c for the numerical solution to be
stable. The above equation is also called the CourantFriedrichsLewy condition, generally written as the
CFL condition. It is an important stability criterion for hyperbolic equations.
6. What are the fundamental governing equations of fluid dynamics?
Continuity equation
Momentum equation
Energy equation
7. What are the types of panel method?
Source panel method
Vortex panel method
Doublet panel method
8. Define control surface?
It is defined as a closed surface which bounds the volume. The control volume may be fixed in
space with the fluid moving through it; it is define as a control surface, S.

9. Write the Classification of Partial Differential Equations.

1. Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations
2. Parabolic Partial Differential Equations
3. Elliptic Partial Differential Equations
10. Define grid point?

Analytical solutions of partial differential equations involve closed-form expressions which give
the variation of the dependent variables continuously throughout the domain. In contrast, numerical
solutions can give answers at only discrete points in the domain, called grid points.

11. Write down the significance of Taylor series expansion.

Easy to solve higher order equations
Can solve any type of equations.
12. Define round-off error?
The numerical error introduced after a repetitive number of calculation in which the computer is
constantly rounding the number to some significant figure.

16 marks:

13. Write down elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic partial differential equations as
applicable to CFD. (16)

HYPERBOLIC EQUATION:

PARABOLIC EQUATION:

ELLIPTICAL EQUATION:

14. Explain the grid generation technique based on PDE and summarize the
advantages of the elliptic grid generation method. (16)
Grid can be defined as the region or cell which is formed with the help of intersection
of lines and those lines are called grid lines.
Elements and nodes.
Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations
Parabolic Partial Differential Equations
Elliptic Partial Differential Equations
Elliptic partial differential equations

determines the potential

at each point in space
of a region,
provided that boundary conditions are specified on the closed boundary of the region.
The differential operator
is called elliptic. To understand this terminology,
consider two dimension problem. The locus of
values in -space of a given
eigenvalue
Various types of boundary conditions include:

 Dirichlet boundary conditions: the value of is specified on the closed

boundary. In electrostatics this might correspond to specifying the potential on
a conducting surface.
Neumann boundary conditions: the normal component
is
specified on the boundary. In electrostatics, this corresponds to specifing the
normal component of the electric field
on a conductor.
Periodic boundary conditions: are often used to model finite regions of large
systems.
Parabolic partial differential equations
Given a source
coefficient

as a function of space and time, and a diffusion

, the diffusion equation

determines the concentration in a closed region of space, provided that

initial conditions are specified at some time
, and
boundary conditions are specified at the boundaries of the closed region for all
times .
The terminology parabolic can be understood by considering one spatial dimension, a
constant , and
for which the differential operator on the left hand side has the eigenvalue
which represents a parabola in
space.
Hyperbolic partial differential equations
The wave equation

is classified as hyperbolic} because the eigenvalues of the differential operator

define hyperboloidal surfaces in

space.
Unique solutions of the wave equation are obtained by specifying
initial conditions on the solution and} its first derivative with respect to at
some time
, and
boundary conditions at the boundaries of a closed region for all times .
15. Discuss the vortex panel method applied to lifting flows over a flat plate.

16. Derive the continuity equation for inviscid flow in partial differential nonconservation form.

17. Derive the energy equation for a viscous flow in partial differential nonconservation form.

. Net heat transfer is given as,

(OR)

18. Obtain the 2D steady compressible continuity equation in transformed coordinates

x, ln( y 1)
for the transformation
.

19. State and explain the difference between explicit and implicit methods with suitable
examples.
1.Explicit approach.
(a) Advantage. Relatively simple to set up and program.
(b) Disadvantage. In terms of our above example, for a given x, t must be less than
some limit imposed by stability constraints. In many cases, t must be very small to
maintain stability; this can result in long computer running times to make calculations
over a given interval of t.
2. Implicit approach.

(a) Advantage. Stability can be maintained over much larger values of t, hence
using considerably fewer time steps to make calculations over a given interval of t.
This results in less computer time.
(b) Disadvantage. More complicated to set up and program.
(c) Disadvantage. Since massive matrix manipulations are usually required at each
time step, the computer time per time step is much larger than in the explicit
approach.
(d) Disadvantage. Since large t can be taken, the truncation error is larger, and the
use of implicit methods to follow the exact transients (time variations of the
independent variable) may not be as accurate as an explicit approach. However, for a
time-dependent solution in which the steady state is the desired result, this relative
time-wise inaccuracy is not important

19. Discuss the source panel method for the flow past an oscillating cylinder.

20. Write down the procedure for the calculation of pressure coefficient distribution
around a circular cylinder using the source panel technique.

21. Explain boundary layer equation and its methodology?

22. Derive the momentum equation in partial differential non-conservation form.

23. Explain the stability properties of an implicit and explicit method?

Consider

,
as,

the solution can be written