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Efficiency of the gas turbine

The total energy balance in a gas turbine can be summarized as
Total energy input = Compressor load + Generator power output + Flue gas energy loss + rotational
losses
with the exception of the rotational losses all others can be calculated in a easy manner , what you need
is the following information.
1. Calorific value of the fuel (kcal/kg)
2. Mass flow rate of the fuel (kg/s or t/hr) (if only the volume flow is available then you need to know
the density of the fuel)
3. air flow into the turbine ( this is tricky most of the sites do not have a air flow meter , you have to get
it from the characteristic graphs which GE provides , you can also get the value form the site
acceptance test or the performance guarantee test done at commissioning)
if you have a HRSG , which you probably will have then you can calculate the efficiency of the HRSG
and also the combined efficient of the total co generation power plant, for this you need the additional
data
Note - i do not know the layout of your plant or its operating nature , i am assuming that the steam used
for deaeration is got from the plant itself and CPH if present is inside the HRSG itself. you need to
work out the details yourself , i am giving the calculations for a self sustaining plant. ie it takes only
water at room temp and fuel and gives out power and steam. The plant axillary consumption which will
be around 2-4% of the plant full load is neglected in the calculation. mainly because i do not have
sufficient data.
The basic equations for the calculation are
For GT

Efficiency = 860*MW output (MwHr) / (fuel flow(kg) * calorific value

of fuel(in kcal/kg))
this is the base formula where fuel flow is normally available in M3 which you
have to convert to mass with the known density.
for HRSG
efficiency (overall) = steam flow rate * enthalpy of steam / (HRSG
inlet temp * 0.25 * air flow rate)
efficiency (heat exchanger) = steam flow rate * enthalpy of steam / (
(HRSG inlet temp - HRSG outlet temp) * 0.25 * air flow rate)
the combined efficiency of the co generation is given by
efficiency = ( (860*MW output (MwHr)) + steam flow rate * enthalpy
of steam) / (fuel flow(kg) * calorific value of fuel(in kcal/kg))
sample calculation
I am now in a frame 5 site , so i am taking the daily production readings from
here. the values at your site will be different
Naptha consumption = 192m3
Power generation = 379 Mwhr
Average power generation / hr = 15.8 MW
Calorific value of naptha = 11250 kcal/kg
Naptha density = 0.7
the HRSG is a twin drum and produces two different steam varities one a VHP steam
at 48Kg/cm2 and 435 deg and other MP steam at 18kg/cm2 at 245 deg
Enthalpy of VHP steam = 785 kcal/kg

Enthalpy of IP steam = 692 kcal/kg

VHP steam production = 805 tonnes
average steam production / hr = 33.5 t/hr
MP steam production = 99 tonnes
average MP steam production /hr = 4.12 t/hr
HRSG inlet temperature = average GT exhaust temp
= 490 deg
HRSG outlet temperature = average stack temperature
= 140 deg
ambient temperature = 32 deg
air flow rate - the air flow for a frame 5 machine at site condition (32 deg
ambient) is 408 tonnes at 85 deg IGV opening , as the machine was put in cogen
cycle and the average IGV opening is 56 deg , from the chara graph the air flow is
estimated as 364 tonnes.
so
GT efficiency = (860 * 379 *100) / ( 192 * 0.7 * 11250)
=
21.57 %
HRSG efficiency (overall) = ( ( 33.5 * (785-30) ) + (4.12 * (692-30) ) ) / ( 490 *
0.25 * 364) ( here stack losses are taken into account)
=
62.83 %
HRSG efficiency (heat exchanger) = ( ( 33.5 * (785-30) ) + (4.12 * (692-30) ) ) /
( (490-140) * 0.25 * 364) ( here stack lossses not taken into account)
= 88 %
overall co-generation efficiency
= (860 * 379) + ( ( 805 * (785-30) ) + (99 * (69230) ) ) / ( 192 * 0.7 * 11250)
= 67 %

2.
MW = (J/s)*3600(s/hr)=3600(J/hr)=>MWhr=3600J
Lets say MWhr/kg value of naptha = 10,000; then your equation should read (there was a parentheses
misplaced in your equation, what you wrote was actually equal to 325940):
overall co-generation efficiency
>
= ((860 * 379)
>+ ( 805 * (785-30) ) + (99 * (692-30)
>) ) / ( 192 * 0.7 * 10,000)
>
= 74 %

3.

Energy balance in Gasturbine

inlet ambient air = 25 deg
cdp = 6.8kg/cm2
ctd = 302 deg
exhaust = 507 deg
fuel input = 1.7 kg/s
calorific value of naptha = 11250 kcal/kg
density of naptha = 0.71
power = 16 MW
air flow into the turbine = 360 t/hr
specific heat capacity of air = 0.25 kcal/kg deg
input energy into the turbine = fuel input + air input
fuel input = 1.7 * 3.6 * 11250 *(1000) kcal
= 68850 Mcal
air input = 360 * 0.25 * 302
= 27180 Mcal
total energy input to the turbine = 96030 Mcal

power output from the generator = 16*860

= 13760 Mcal
flue gas losses = (360+1.6*3.6)*0.25*507
= 46390 Mcal
compressor load and rotational losses = 96030 - (46390 + 13760)
= 96030 - 60150
= 35880 Mcal
this equated in terms of power = 35880/860
= 41 MW

4.
Power energy equivalents
1 kilowatt (KW) = 1 kilo joule/ sec
1 kilowatt sec ( Kw s) = 1 kilo joule
converting sec to hours , as Kw Hr is the standard for electrical energy
measurement
1 kilowatt hour (Kw Hr) = 3600 Kilo joule
now we know
1 calorie = 4.187 joules , this is the joules constant so
1 Kilo calorie = 4.187 Kilo joules
1 kilo joules = 0.23883 Kilo calories
so
1 Kilowatt hour (Kw Hr) = 3600 * 0.23883 Kilo calories
= 859.80416 Kilo calories
= 860 kilo calories ( this is a reasonable approximation)
this is the electrical energy and heat energy equivalence . This is how the 860 in
the formula came from.
Efficiency of the gas turbine
efficiency of the turbine = energy equivalent of generator Generator power
output / energy input into the turbine
energy equivalent of generator Generator power output = 860 * Kw-Hr
energy input into the turbine = Calorific value of the fuel (Kcal /kg) * fuel flow
( Kg/hr)
= 860 * Kw-hr / Calorific value of the fuel (Kcal
/kg) * fuel flow ( Kg/hr)
now multiplying both the numerator and denominator by thousand
= 860 * Kw-hr * 1000 / Calorific value of the fuel
(Kcal /kg) * fuel flow ( Kg/hr) * 1000
this converts the Kw-Hr to Mw-Hr and kg/hr to t/hr
= 860 * Mw-hr / calorific value of the fuel (Kcal/kg) *
fuel flow ( t/hr)
so this is how the energy efficiency of the gas turbine is derived.
i am also deriving a formula for heat rate of the turbine to the efficiency
heat rate of the turbine is defined as the The ratio of fuel energy input as heat
per unit of net work output. It is expressed mostly in Btu/Kwhr or in kj
/Kwhr . I am not a fan of Btu , but i am a ardent fan of SI units :) so i will
derive the equation here in Si units.
Heat rate = Kj/ Kwhr
Efficiency = KwHr * 3600 / Kj
Efficiency = 3600 / (kj/kwhr)
efficiency = 3600 / Heat rate

5.