DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Wall Height Above Ground Level

3m

Surcharge

3m

Earth Density

17 kN/m3

Angle of Friction (Repose)

35 o

Coefficient of Friction between Concrete and Soil

0.45

Bearing Capacity

80 kN/m2

Concrete Mix

30

Density of Concrete

25 kN/m2

Steel Grade

Fe

415

Frost Penetration
(i)

1.25 m

Approximate Proportions
The Rankine's Formula for the depth of Foundation gives
hd =

hd =

(1-Sin)

(1+Sin)

(1 - Sin 35)

80

(1 + Sin 35) 2

hd =

0.35 m

Allowing 1.25 m for frost penetration to the bottom of the footing in front of the wall, the total

Let us assume thickness (T) of footing to be about 10% of the total height, say
Height,H =
T=
T=
T1 =
T2 =

4.25 m
0.40 m
0.50 m (Say)
0.30 m
0.20

The Base length is given by

l=

Then m

and ml

Sqrt

Ca =

0.27099

q=

0.796875

0.4

l=

1.93 m

l=

2 m (Say)

0.8 m
1.00 m (Say)

(ii) Stability Check

Top Width of Vertical Wall

Ca Cos
(1 - m) (1 + 3m)

200 mm

Bottom Width of Vertical Wall

500 mm

Average thickenss of Vertical Wall

35 cm

Toe Length

1.00 m

Modified Toe Length

Heel Length

0.65 m

Modified Heel Length

Total Length

2m

Modified Total Length

Weight of Wall W1
=

18.75 kN

It acts at

1.100

14.06 kN

It acts at

1.300

17.50 kN

It acts at

1.750

Weight of Base, W2
Bottom
=
Heel

2.5 kN

It acts at

0.667

Middle

3.75 kN

It acts at

1.250

Toe

7.5 kN

It acts at

2.167

It acts at

0.500

It acts at

0.333

Weight of Earth over heel including Surcharge, W3

=
114.75 kN
=

2.55 kN

Earth Pressure P1 due to Surcharge

=
58.74 kN

It acts at

2.125

Earth Pressure P2
=

It acts at

1.417

41.61 kN

Let x be the distance from c of the point where resultant force strikes the base
x=

1.84 m

0.09 m

Eccentricity, e

6e
Base Length

0.154286

<

Ok

(iii) Factor of Safety

Against Overturning
Resultant of Vertical forces from c lies at a distance
=
0.72 m
Resisting Moment about d

504.18 kN-m

Overturning Moment about d

183.78 kN-m

Factor of Safety against Overturning

2.74

Against Sliding
Forces causing sliding

100.35 kN

Frictional Force

81.61 kN

Factor of Safety against Sliding

0.81

>

<

Check for Bearing Pressure

Pressure at the toe and at the heel are given below
p=

181.36 (1 + 6 * 0.09/ 3.5)

3.50

59.81

p=

181.36 (1 - 6 * 0.09/ 3.5)

18.75

43.82

(iv) Design of Toe

The Toe is subjected to an upward pressure varying from
59.81 kN/m2

to

50.67 kN/m2

The downward load intensity due to the base is varying from

5 kN/m2

to

12.5 kN/m2

Therefore, the net upward pressure varies from

54.81 kN/m2

to

38.17 kN/m2

The Toe is treated as a Cantilever beam with the critical section for shear at a distance
d=
0.67 m
The upward pressure at Critical Section, d
=

56.34 kN/m2

The Shear and Bending Moments are:

Vu =

98.4 kN

Mu =

144.04 kNm

Therefore, Effective Depth of Toe, d

186.53 mm

Adopt Depth at Toe

220.00 mm

Area of Tension, At
144040000 =
At

Use 20 mm at Bars @
At Provided

361.05

At X

2088 mm2
100 mm

3140 mm2

Check for Shear

Percent of Tension Steel, p

1.427%

Shear Strength of Concrete,c

Nominal Shear Stress, Tv

0.47
=

0.45

(v) Design of Heel

The Heel is subjected to an upward pressure varying from
48.39 kN/m2

to

43.82 kN/m2

The Downward load intensity due to earth, surcharge and Concrete weight
=
121.05 kN/m

Since the downward pressure is more than the upward pressure, tension is induced in the upp

Mu =

55.6375 kNm

Vu =

74.945 kN

EffectiveDepth of Heel
d = 115.9267 mm
Adopt Depth at Heel

220 mm

Area of Tension, At
55637500 =
At

Use 20 mm at Bars @
At Provided

361.05
782.56 mm2
100 mm

3140 mm2

At X

Check for Shear

Percent of Tension Steel, p

1.427%

Shear Strength of Concrete,c

Nominal Shear Stress, Tv

0.47
=

0.34

(v) Design of Wall

Bending Moment

183.76 kNm

Shear Force

141.95 kN

Factored BM

275.64 kNm

Factored SF

212.925 kN

Effective Thickness of wall at the Base

d

258 mm

Provided

500 mm

Area of Steel

At

Use 25 mm at Bars @
At Provided

5743.249

80 mm
=

6138 mm2

Check for Shear

Percent of Tension Steel, p

1.228%

Shear Strength of Concrete,c

Nominal Shear Stress, Tv

0.44
=

0.43

The vertical steel should be curtailed to economize as shown in the figure.

The thickness of wall at top shall be gradually reduced to 200mm

(v) Design of Shear Key

For computing the passive resistance below the toe, top over burden of 30 cm is usually negle
h1 =

0.95 m

b=

1.33 m

cp =
Therefore, P0 =
Ro =

3.69
31.37a2

+ 143.02a +

134.74

127.5615

Equilibrium of forces using factor of Safety of 1.4 gives

1.4 ( P1 + P2)

246.4 =

0.9 (Po + Ro)

270.0154

When a

0.25

Provide a 40cm x 40 cm Square Shear Key.The steel from the Vertical wall should be embedde

ER RETAINING WALL

t of the wall, the total height beocmes 3 + 1.25m = 4.25 m

2.00 m

1.00 m

3.5 m

m from c
m from c

m from c
m from c
m from c
m from c

m from c
m from c

m above c

m above c

1.55

Ok

1.55

Check - Provide the Shear Key

kN/m2

<

80 kN/m2

Ok

kN/m2

<

80 kN/m2

Ok

r at a distance

220.00 - 415 At /

N/m2
N/m2

Hence Ok

30000 )

is induced in the upperface of the heel where it joins the vertical stem

220.00 - 415 At /

30000 )

N/m2
N/m2

Hence Ok

N/m2
N/m2

Hence Ok

30 cm is usually neglected

all should be embedded in the shear key

DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

3m

Wall Height Above Ground Level

Surcharge

3m

Earth Density

17 kN/m3

Angle of Friction (Repose)

35 o

Coefficient of Friction between Concrete and So 0.45

Bearing Capacity

80 kN/m2

Concrete Mix

30

Density of Concrete

25 kN/m2

Steel Grade

Fe

415

Frost Penetration
(i)

1.25 m

Approximate Proportions
The Rankine's Formula for the depth of Foundation gives
hd =

hd =

(1-Sin)

(1+Sin)

(1 - Sin 35)

80

(1 + Sin 35) 2

hd =

0.35 m

Allowing 1.25 m for frost penetration to the bottom of the footing in front of the wall, the total he

Let us assume thickness (T) of footing to be about 10% of the total height, say
Height,H =
T=
T=

4.25 m
0.40 m
0.50 m (Say)

The Base length is given by

l=

Sqrt

Ca =

0.271

q=

0.7969

0.4

l=

1.93 m

Then m

and ml

l=

2 m (Say)

0.8 m
1.00 m (Say)

Ca Cos
(1 - m) (1 + 3m)

(ii) Stability Check

Let us assume average thickenss of Vertical Wall
Toe Length

1.00 m

Heel Length

Total Length

Weight of Wall W1
=

=
Modified Toe Length

0.7 m

Modified Heel Length

2m

Modified Total Length

30

28.13 kN

It acts at

1.15 m from c

Weight of Base, W2
=
41.25 kN

It acts at

1.650 m from c

Weight of Earth over heel including Surcharge, W3

= 114.75 kN
It acts at

0.500 m from c

Earth Pressure P1 due to Surcharge

=
58.74 kN

It acts at

2.125 m above c

Earth Pressure P2
=

It acts at

1.417 m above c

41.61 kN

Let x be the distance from c of the point where resultant force strikes the base
x=

1.86 m

Eccentricity, e
=
6e
Base Length

0.21 m
0.3818

<

Ok

(ii) Factor of Safety

Against Overturning
Resultant of Vertical forces from c lies at a distance
=
0.86 m
Resisting Moment about d

449.28 kN-m

Overturning Moment about d

183.78 kN-m

Factor of Safety against Overturning

2.44

Against Sliding
Forces causing sliding

100.35 kN

Frictional Force

82.86 kN

Factor of Safety against Sliding

0.83

>

1.55

<

1.55

(ii) Check for Bearing Pressure

Pressure at the toe and at the heel are given below
p=

184.13 (1 + 6 * 0.21/ 3.3)

3.30

77.1 kN/m2

p=

99.99 (1 - 6 * 0.21/ 3.3)

28.13

34.49 kN/m2

(ii) Design of Shear Key

TAINING WALL

of the wall, the total height beocmes 3 + 1.25m = 4.25 m

cm
2.00 m
1.00 m
3.3 m

m from c

m from c

m from c

m above c

m above c

Ok

Check - Provide the Shear Key

<

<

80 kN/m2

Ok

80 kN/m2

Ok