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16.1 INTRODUCTION
In a power system, the protective devices are used to protect the system in the
event of a fault. The function of protective devices in a power system is to detect
system disturbances and isolate the disturbance by activating the appropriate
circuit-interrupting devices. A protection coordination study is required to
properly select the protective devices and specify the necessary settings so that
the intended goals will be achieved. In the classical studies, the time current
coordination was performed using the manual methods. With the introduction of
personal computers in the workplace along with software to perform the
coordination functions, computer-aided approaches are now used. Selectivity,
coordination, speed and reliability are the important features of the protection
devices as explained below [1,2].
Selectivity - For a protective system, a general term describing the interrelated
performance of relays and other protective devices, whereby a minimum amount
of equipment is removed from service for isolation of a fault or other
abnormality. Selectivity is a desirable characteristic in any protection scheme.
However, it is not always possible to obtain the desired degree of system and
equipment protections in a selective fashion. Usually an optimum setting is
achieved for satisfactory performance.
If the primary protection fails, a back-up protective device will remove the
fault. An upstream device that acts as the primary device in its zone usually
provides the back-up function. Therefore, the current coordination is
required between the primary and back-up protective devices.
illustrated. In practical power systems, with the change in the configuration, the
maximum available fault will increase. It is important that the results of the study
be reviewed and updated at periodic intervals.
Although the time-current curves may be drawn, this step is not necessary if the
protective devices involved are all overcurrent relays. Instead, it is possible to
determine the selectivity by comparing at most three critical values of fault
current and the associated relay operating times. Sometimes, the relay settings are
determined based on analytical calculations.
Regardless of the approach used to determine the relay settings, it must be
recognized that the operating time of overcurrent protective relays is not
predictable for magnitudes of current only slightly greater than rated pickup
current. For this reason, definite electromechanical relay time-current
characteristics are rarely shown below 1.5 times pickup and it is this magnitude
of current which is considered the maximum sensitivity when using the analytical
technique. In microprocessor relays, practically any setting is possible depending
on the specific relay and application. In the past, the one line drawings were
prepared in the drawing office. The time current coordination curves were also
prepared in the drawing office. All the required explanations and comments are
presented as required in the drawings.
16.3 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The primary function of a protective device is to protect the circuits and equipment
during abnormal operating conditions. Therefore, it essential to know the equipment
protection boundaries to determine the necessary settings. The maximum load
current and the short circuit current determine the maximum upper boundaries of
the current sensitivity within which the circuit protective devices must operate. The
required operating boundaries are given by:
Operating conditions.
Minimum protection level.
Equipment withstand level.
following equation:
(hp) (0.746)
I (foil load) = -7=
^^
V3 (Efficiency) (Power Factor) (kV)
(16.1)
Permissible overload for motors - This is a function of the motor service factor
and temperature. For a service factor of 1.1, the overload capability will be 1.1 per
unit.
Starting current of induction motors - The starting current of an induction motor
will be equal to the locked rotor current. Usually, the locked rotor current will be
equal to six times the rated current. For wound rotor induction motors, the locked
rotor current will be four times the rated current.
Minimum protection requirement - For motors 600 V and below the NEC [3]
requires overload and overcurrent protection. The required overload protection for
motors is given by:
Motors with service factor not less than 1.15
Motors with temperature rise not over 40 degree C
All other motors
=125%
- 125%
= 115%
Sometimes, additional protection limits are given for multi-speed motors and other
special motors. The phase overcurrent devices are set to trip at the following limits:
Inverse time circuit breaker
Instantaneous trip circuit breaker
No time delay fuses
Dual element time delay fuses
= 250%
= 700%
= 500%
= 175%
If the overload and short circuit protection is part of a controller, the short circuit
protection can be set to 1300%.
Motor withstand level - This is the maximum allowable stall time, the time up to
which the motor can continue to operate in stalled condition before damage occurs.
This time is expressed in seconds.
Transformers - The full load current of a transformer can be calculated using the
equation:
kVA
I (full load) = -/=
V3(kV)
Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker. All Rights Reserved.
(16.2)
The transformer capability is the full load amperes multiplied by the cooling factor
and temperature rise factor, if any.
Transformer inrush current - The transformers draw significant inrush current
during energization. For transformers with fuses in the primary circuit for
protection, the limiting condition has to be observed. The primary fuse has to be
chosen such that the fuse will not melt due to inrush current. Table 16.1 summarizes
the allowable transformer inrush current and the duration as per ANSI Standard
C57.12.
Table 16.1 Transformer Inrush Current and Duration
MVA
Inrush
<3MVA
>3MVA
8 x Rated current
12 x Rated current
Duration, second
0.1
0.1
Article 240-100 of the 1999 National Electrical Code [3] states that, for
overcurrent protection of feeders above a nominal 600 volts, 'In no case shall the
fuse rating in continuous amperes exceed three times, or the long-time trip
element setting of a breaker six times, the ampacity of the conductor'. The code
contains tables of ampacity ratings published by the Insulated Power Cable
Engineers Association (IPCEA). Article 450-3 of the 1999 NEC provides
detailed requirements for transformer protection. These requirements for
protective device ratings or settings in multiples of full load current are presented
in Table 16.2.
Table 16.2 Maximum Current Ratings for Fuse and Circuit Breakers
Transformer
Impedance
All
<6%
It should be noted that NEC code permits a primary feeder protective device to
offer the defined transformer primary protection. In some cases a circuit breaker
and the associated relaying can be used to protect several transformers.
The ANSI curve, which can be shown on the time current curves, represents the
amount of mechanical and thermal stresses a distribution power transformer is
required to withstand without any damage as specified by ANSI Standard
C57.12, 1973 [4]. The ANSI standard C57.109 [5] defines the short circuit
through fault withstand current and time limits for four categories of transformers
(see Table 16.3).
Table 16.3 Transformer Withstand Current and Time Limits [5]
Category
Transformer kVA
Single Phase
Three Phase
5 to 25
15 to 75
40orl/Zt(l)
1250X
37.5 to 100
11 2.5 to 300
35 or l / Z t ( l )
1250X
167 to 500
500
25 or l / Z t ( l )
1250X
II
501 to 1667
501 to 5000
1/Zt
2#
III
1668 to 10000
5001 to 3 0000
l/(Zt + Zs)
2#
IV
Above 10000
Above 30000
l/(Zt + Zs)
2#
Notes:
(1)
Zt
Zs
X
#
Secy.
A^
AT
AA
-< -<
Factor
L-L
0.87
L-G
0.58
L-L
0.87
L-L
0.87
Primary
~~*\
Secondary
Factor.
"""K
L-L
0.87
-< A
- -
7$ A
L-L
0.87
L-L
0.87
L-L
0.87
Cables - The full load current is determined by the size of the cable conductor and
the derating factors as given by the industry standards. There are several types of
cables available for the low-voltage, medium-voltage and high-voltage applications.
The overload capability of the cable depends on the installation media and the
loading factor. The permissible overcurrent setting is as per NEC article 240-3,
1999 [3].
16.4 COMPUTER-AIDED CORDINATION ANALYSIS
There are several computer programs available for the protection coordination
analysis of power system applications. Such programs include short circuit analysis
and device time current characteristics. The main purpose of the protective
coordination software is to produce one-line diagrams, calculation of relay settings
and time current coordination drawings. Software will contain features to model
various protective devices, equipment damage curves and store the data for future
use. Using the software, the device characteristics can be called from the library
and used for the coordination studies. These programs are used in the utility,
industrial, commercial and other power supply installations.
settings, multipliers and other parameters without leaving the program. The edited
data can be stored for future use.
Some of the other features of the computer-aided analysis are:
Incoming circuits.
Transformer voltages, MVA, connection (delta/wye etc.), grounding and
ground protection.
Protection relay designation number.
Fuses or circuit breakers in the incoming lines.
Secondary bus voltage, breakers and fuses.
Circuit breaker specifications.
Feeder and distribution protection devices.
Motor control centers and breaker or fuse ratings.
The short circuit results are needed from the protection coordination study. Some
programs can perform the short circuit calculations and can use the results in the
protection coordination studies. Some of the required data and the corresponding
conversion to get the data suitable for protection study are discussed below.
Transformer data - The transformer nameplate data are required for the relay
coordination analysis. Whenever the complete data are not available, then the
library data can be used knowing the MVA rating of the equipment. An example
of data for the transformer is presented in Table 16.5.
Description
kVA
kV
Transf.
2000
4.16/0.48 278
Inrush
P.U.
Z, %
Connection
8.0
5.75
Del/Wye-g
The transformer nameplate data are then converted to get the necessary details
for the relay coordination studies. Such data include the ANSI curve at the
primary and the secondary inrush current. The transformer damage curve can be
constructed based on the ANSI standard C57.109. An example damage curve for
a 2000 kVA transformer is shown in Figure 16.1. The rated current of this
transformer is 278 A as is shown. The rated secondary current of this transformer
is 2,405 A. The inrush current of this transformer is around 20,000 A and is
shown in the graph.
Motor data - The nameplate details of the motor are collected and the rated
current and locked rotor current values are identified. An examples of data is
presented in Table 16.6.
Table 16.6 Motor Data for Protection Analysis
Description
kVA
Volt
I, A
Efficiency
Motor Ml
250
480
241
0.93
Ind.
0.8
Using these data, the locked rotor current, momentary and interrupting current
contributions for a short circuit are calculated for the protection study.
Cable data - There are several types of cables available for all types of power
system application. The manufacturer data are to be followed closely to ensure
the accurate specifications. An example of cable data is presented in Table 16.7.
Table 16.7 Cable Data for Protection Analysis
Description
Volt
Feeder
4.16W
Qty/
Phase
Size
Length
1/0
120'
Material
Allowed
Temp.
Copper
150deg.C
Using these data, the circuit impedance is evaluated for each section of the cable
in per unit. Also, the cable damage curve is required for the TCC analysis.
Circuit breaker data - For low voltage applications there are circuit breakers
with static trips, ground fault protectors, molded case circuit breakers and power
circuit breakers. The nameplate specifications of the circuit breaker are collected
for the protection study. Sample data are shown in Table 16.8.
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
|278 A
2000.0 kVA
Type: DT
Pri Conn Delta
Pri Tap -2.50 %
Sec Conn Wye-Ground
Sec Tap 0.00 %
100
10
TX Inrush
X
0.10
0.01
0.5
XFMR.tcc
10
Ref. Voltage: 480
100
1K
10K
Figure 16.1 The Transformer Damage Curve and the Related Data
(Courtesy of SKM System Analysis, Inc., Output from Power Tools for Windows
Program)
Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker. All Rights Reserved.
Description
System CB
V
V
Size
A
Bl
480
150
600
Trip
A
Trip Type
600
Static
Using these data, the necessary data for the circuit breaker relaying are identified.
The relaying may be phase overcurrent relay, ground fault relay or both. Sample
time current coordination characteristics of the overcurrent relay for a circuit
breaker are shown in Figure 16.2.
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
100
B-SWBD1
0.01
0.5
B-SWBD1.tcc
10
100
10K
1K
A
Current Scale X 10 1
Relay data - The overcurrent relay is one of the basic devices used in the power
system for the protection from overloads. The relay operates when more than the
set value of current flows through a circuit. The two basic overcurrent relays used
in the power system are instantaneous and the time delay types. The
instantaneous overcurrent relay is designed to operate with no time delay when
the circuit current exceeds the relay setting. The operating time of this type of
relay will be of the order of 0.1 second. The time overcurrent relay has inverse
operating characteristics as shown in Figure 16.3. The specific characteristics
may be moderately inverse, normal inverse, very inverse or extremely inverse as
per ANSI C37.90. The application and relay setting calculations are explained
for various types of relays in Reference [6]. The typical relay data include the
following:
Extremely Inverse
Very Inverse
Inverse
Instantaneous
Multiples of Pickup Current
Circuit
CB1
kV
4.16
ANSI
Device
Mfg
Relay
No.
50/51
50G
ABC
ABC
Rell
Rel2
Relay
Settings
0.9CT, NI, M=l
0.2 CT,0. Is delay
CT
Ratio
1200/5
50/5
M
1
1
Pick Up
Amp
1000
10
Usually the time overcurrent curves are identified for each relay location before
performing the coordination studies.
Fuse data - A fuse is a device with a fixed continuous current rating with a
definite interrupting current rating. There are a variety of fuses available for the
power system applications both in the low-voltage and medium-voltage levels.
There are two types of fuses used in the power system protection, the current
limiting type and the expulsion type. The current limiting fuses are capable of
melting and clearing high fault currents faster than 0.01 second. The expulsion
type fuses in general do not limit current and must wait until the first natural
current zero before the fault clearing. The fuses are used for the protection of
transformers, motors and other loads in individual circuits. Sample time current
coordination curve of a fuse is shown in Figure 16.4.
Example 16.1 - Consider a radial power system supplied from a 13.8 kV source.
The step-down transformer (TX E) is 3,000 kVA, 13.8 kV/4.16 kV, delta/wyegrounded. The high voltage fuse is (F4) is rated to 4.16 kV, frame 250 A. The
distribution transformer (TX G) is 2,000 kVA, 4.16 kV/480 V, delta/wyegrounded. The fuse in the transformer circuit (F TX G) is 600 V, frame 150 A.
The circuit breaker (LVP5) is 600 V and frame 400 A. The motor controller
(M28) is rated for 600 V and frame 250 A. The circuit is connected to a 250 kVA
motor load. Perform a study using computer-aided software.
Solution - The protection coordination problem is solved by using the Power
Tools for Widows (PTW) program from SKM System Analysis, Inc. This is a
popular program the distribution system analysis with library data for
transformers, circuit breakers, reclosers and fuses from various manufacturers. A
one-line diagram of the system is prepared using the graphics program. Then
using the component editor program, the data for various components are edited
or called from the library data. An example window showing the circuit breaker
data display is shown in Figures 16.5. Also, the time current coordination curve
for each of the protection device is extracted from the library data. The TCC
curves of the transformer, circuit breaker and the fuse are shown in Figures 16.1,
16.2 and 16.4 respectively.
CURRENT IN AMPERES
1000
S&C
SM-4, 50E
Sensor/Trip 50.0 A
10
0.01
0.5
Fuse.tcc
10
Ref. Voltage: 4160
100
1K
10K
Current Scale X 10 1
One-line diagram of the system, including the relay settings, shown in Figure
16.6.
The settings of the protective devices, shown in Table 16.10.
The time current coordination curve (TCC), shown Figure 16.7.
The TCC curve of the transformer (damage curve), the fuse (F TX 3), circuit
breaker (B-SWBD1) and the circuit breaker (LVP1) are presented in the same
graph.
Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker. All Rights Reserved.
Figure 16.5 Window for Input Data of a Circuit Breaker with Static Trip
(Courtesy of SKM System Analysis, Inc.)
16.6 CONCLUSIONS
The protection coordination study involves the preparation of the one-line
diagram of the system, identifying the protective relay characteristics of various
devices, calculation of the short circuit results and the relay settings. Though
some these calculations are simple, the overall coordination study involves many
calculations, preparing one-line diagrams, and preparing superimposed TCC
curves for various devices. Therefore, a computer-aided analysis with the aid of a
graphics package and database support is a very valuable tool for this study. In
this Chapter, the approach to the protection coordination study, the data
collection and the presentation of the results are analyzed. It can be seen that
using the computer-aided approach, the protection coordination study can be
performed quickly, though there is a need for training on the use of the given
program. A computer-aided analysis of a small distribution system example is
shown. The analysis was performed using commercially available software and
the program output provides the following:
The final coordination results are to be judged by the manual methods in order to
ensure the accuracy. The protective device number of various items is presented
below for ready reference.
007-TX E PRI
SIEMENS
Pri CT 400 A
Sec CT 1 A
ISGS
Settings
LTPU 2.6
INVERSE 1.85
INST 20.0
T
TXG
GOULD SHAWMUT
CL-14, 250E
Frame 250.0 A
Sensor/Trip 250.0 A
VSJ^AJ
GOULD SHAWMUT
CL-14, 150E
Frame 150.0 A
Sensor/Trip 150.0 A
F TX G SEC
027-DSB 3
GE
TLB4
Frame 400.0 A
Sensor/Trip 300.0 A
Settings
Thermal Curve (Fixed)
INST (4.5-10 x Trip) 9.0
C13B
LVP5
028-MTR 28 B
CUTLER-HAMMER
MCP
Frame 250.0 A
Settings
INST(1250-2500A)2185A
MCP M28 #3
M28#3
Figure 16.6 One Line Diagram of the Example
(Courtesy of SKM System Analysis, Inc.)
Device Name: TX
Description:
Nominal Size:
Impedance (%Z) :
Inrush Factor:
3
Bus Name: 026-TX G PRI
2-Winding Transformer Damage Curve
2000.0kVA
5.7499
8 .Ox
Device Name: F 4
Bus Name: 026-TX G PRI
Manufacture: GOULD SHAWMUT
Sub Type:
CL-14, 5 . 5kv E-Rated
AIC Rating:
Cartridge:
Size:
63kA
CL-14, 250E 5500V 250A 63kA
250A
2.6
1.85
20.0
Shifter: 2.0000
#3
Bus Name: 028-MTR 28 B
Motor Starting Curve
250KVA
(1 of 1 Plotted)
300.7A + O.OA
0.830
0.93
30
MCP 480V 250A 30kA
OA / OA
(1250-2500A)
2185A
Cont . Temp;
Damage Temp:
150 deg C.
190 deg C.
Bus Voltage:
4160.0V
Fault Duty:
7019. 1A
Curve Multiplier: 1.00000
Test Points:
82. OX, 11.334s
(S5.0X, 2.398s
480.0V
21503.0A
1.00000
0.OA
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
Under-Speed Device
Speed-or Frequency-Matching Device
Reserved for future application
Shunting or Discharge Switch
Accelerating or Decelerating Device
Starting-to-Running Transition Contractor
Electrically Operated Valve
Distance Relay
Equalizer Circuit Breaker
Temperature Control Device
Reserved for future application
Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device
Apparatus Thermal Device
Undervoltage Relay
Flame Detector
Isolating Contractor
Annunciator Relay
Separate Excitation Device
Directional Power Relay
Position Switch
Master Sequence Device
Brush-Operating or Slip-Ring Short Circuiting Device
Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Device
Undercurrent or Underpower Relay
Bearing Protective Device
Mechanical Condition Monitor
Field Relay
Field Circuit Breaker
Running Circuit Breaker
Manual Transfer or Selector Device
Unit Sequence Starting Relay
Atmospheric Condition Monitor
Reverse-Phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay
Phase-Sequence Voltage Relay
Incomplete-Sequence Relay
Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay
Instantaneous over Current or Rate-of-Rise Relay
AC Time Overcurrent Relay
AC Circuit Breaker
Exciter or DC Generator Relay
Reserved for future application
Power Factor Relay
Field-Application Relay
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95- 99
PROBLEMS
1.
2.
13.8W
CB4
3.
4.
Identify all the leading programs available for the protection coordination of
industrial systems. Can these programs serve the purpose of performing
similar studies for transmission systems? Explain your answer.
5.
What are the graphical features required for the protection coordination
program?
6.
Compare and discuss the outputs from the protection coordination program
and the output results of manual calculations.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Power Tools for Windows, SKM Systems Analysis, Inc., Manhattan Beach,
California.