Final Excavation, N22 Gortatlea To Far Ran Fore, Co. Kerry - 04E0648

Eachtra Journal
Issue 5 [ISSN 2009-2237]
Archaeological Excavation Report

E0648 - Glanbane, Co. Kerry
Medieval enclosure
Final Excavation Report,
N22 Gortatlea to Farranfore (Inchinveema )
Road Improvement Scheme
CONTRACT 2
March 2010
Client: Road Design Office,

Kerry County Council,
The Island Centre,
Castleisland,
Co. Kerry
Licence No.: 04E0648

Licensee: Niamh O’Callaghan
Cork
The Forge,
Written by: Niamh O’Callaghan Innishannon, Co. Cork.
Tel.: 021 470 16 16
Fax: 021 470 16 28
E-mail: info@eachtra.ie
Web Site: www.eachtra.ie
04E0648 N22 Gortatlea to Farranfore (Inchinveema) - CONTRACT 2 ISSUE 5: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ ii
Background..................................................................................................................1
Site location and description.........................................................................................1
Archaeological and historical background.....................................................................1
Methodology.................................................................................................................2
Excavation Results........................................................................................................2
Entrance 2
Northern terminal.......................................................................................................3
Southern terminal and enclosure ditch........................................................................3
Conclusion....................................................................................................................4
Discussion.....................................................................................................................4
References.....................................................................................................................5
Appendix 1: Context Register...................................................................................... 13
Appendix 2: Matrix..................................................................................................... 14
Appendix 3: Radiocarbon Dating Results.................................................................... 15
Appendix 4: Plant Remains......................................................................................... 17
Acknowledgements
Eachtra Archaeological Projects wish to acknowledge the assistance of Kerry County Council, Kerry
National Road Design Office, Project Archaeologist Sébastien Joubert, Martin Reid of National Mon-
uments Section of the Dept. of Environment, Heritage & Local Government and Denis Moriarty
Plant Hire.
Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this report, including
all original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed matter deemed to be the writer’s,
remains the property of the writer and Eachtra Archaeological Projects and so may not be reproduced
or used in any form withoutthe written consent of the writer or Eachtra Archaeological Projects.
Permalink: http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e0648-glanbane-co-kerry/ iii

Background
The National Roads Authority have undertaken a programme of works to upgrade the N22 be-
tween Cork and Tralee. Part of this work involves the realignment of c. 3.8km of the N22 between
Gortatlea and Farranfore, Co. Kerry. Eachtra Archeological Projects carried out an archaeological
assessment followed by a programme of centreline and offset testing on behalf of Kerry County
Council, under licence 04E104, in relation to the N22 road improvement scheme during which
the western section of a ditch on the site of a recorded ringfort, Lisdarrig KE039:071, was un-
covered between chainage 7200 and 7225. This section of the monument was fully excavated
by Eachtra Archaeological Projects, under the direction of the author with the permission of the
licensing authorities, 04E0648, and the results are presented below.
Site location and description

The ringfort, AR05 or KE039:071, is located in the townland of Glanbane and the parish of Cur-
rans (National Grid Reference Q930900/108140) in north Kerry, c. 4km north of Farranfore and
c. 8km south-east of Tralee town (Figure 1). The land is at a general altitude of 40m OD and is
used intensively for pastoral farming. The area is drained to the south and east by the River Maine
and the Little River Maine. The soils in the area are a mixture of brown podzolics and acid brown
earths. These soils are widespread in Cork, Kerry and Waterford. They occur at a range of eleva-
tions from 30-150m OD. They have a wide range of potential uses and are well suited to arable
cropping and grassland (Gardiner et al 1980, 65). Ringforts tend to be sited on local hilltops or
on the mid to upper slopes of ridges and reasonably close to a water source. The major soil series
on which the ringforts are located tend to be acid brown earths or brown podzolics (Monk et al.
1998, 66).
Archaeological and historical background

The archaeological landscape in the general area extends from the Late Neolithic/Bronze Age
to the Medieval Period. Prehistoric monuments in the surrounding landscape include standing
stones and fulachta fiadh. The single Standing Stone or gallaun/gallán is the simplest and most nu-
merous of Irish megalithic monuments (O’Sullivan & Sheehan, 1996). They have been interpreted
in various ways, excavations of some examples showed that they marked burials of a Bronze Age
date (1400 – 700 BC) however excavated examples have not always shown this and it is usually im-
possible to date these features without excavation, although it is generally accepted that they were
erected over a long period of time. Some Standing Stones are interpreted as boundary markers or
ancient routeways or used to commemorate important ritualistic or ceremonial events or possibly
as the remaining evidence of a once more complex feature. Some examples are found in isolation
while others occur in close proximity to other archaeological features eg decorated stones, Wedge
tombs or Ring-barrows (Cuppage, 1986).
The landscape is dominated by the presence of Early Medieval activity characterized by ringforts
and earthen enclosures. Ringforts are the most numerous archaeological monument found in
Ireland, with estimates of between 30 and 50,000 illustrated on the first edition of the Ordnance
Permalink: http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e0648-glanbane-co-kerry/ 1
Survey 6” maps of the 1840’s (Barry, 1987). As a result of continued research these monuments
have a narrow date range during the Early Christian period between the 7th and 9th centuries AD.
Although there are some very elaborate examples of ringforts they often take the form of a simple
earth or stone enclosure and functioned as settlements for all classes of secular society (Stout,
1997).
Enclosures however are quite amorphous and identification is often difficult. They could represent
any of a number of site types dating from Prehistoric to Early Medieval times of ritual or secular
nature.
The most common monument type in the vicinity of the proposed route is the ringfort.
A group of ringforts are clustered on the eastern and southern slopes of Garraundarragh at a height
of 30-50m OD (Figure 2).
KE039:071 (AR05) is marked on all editions of the OS map sheet KE039 as ‘Lisdarrig’ or Lios
dearg the red fort. It is described in the OS Name Books as ‘A small circular fort about one chain
in diameter and two and a half feet high made of earth with a flat green surface’ (1840, 57). The site
is described in the archaeological assessment as ‘substantially destroyed; however a curved section of
bank, incorporated into a field fence to the north does survive and represents the main surviving element
of the fort. This bank is on average 2.6m wide at base, 1.2m high internally and 1.65m high externally.
To the west, southwest and south traces of a low curved bank can be traced and this represents the re-
mains of the enclosing element. The site would have had an internal diameter of c. 33m N-S, and total
dimension of c. 37m N-S (Connolly, 2000, 2).
Methodology
The excavation was undertaken in a four week period in early May 2004 by a team of five archae-
ologists. Topsoil was stripped by machine from Ch7200 to the southern field boundary, c. 60m
north-south by 20m east-west. The remainder of the ditch and the interior of the ringfort were
located outside the road corridor and were preserved in situ. The archaeological features were exca-
vated by hand and recorded with drawings, sections, photographs and an EDM survey. A charcoal
sample was taken for radiocarbon dating and no artifacts were recorded. The ditch was initially
excavated in 3m sections together with the two terminals and the baulks were excavated towards
the end of the project.
Excavation Results
Thirty-eight metres of the west and south-west sections of an enclosing ditch were excavated on
the site of the ‘ringfort’ marked ‘Lisdarrig’ (KE039:071) (Figure 3) which produced a 14C date of
Cal AD 1230 – 1300 (Cal BP 720 to 650, Beta 200763).
Entrance
A splayed entrance, consisting of an undug causeway across the ditch, was recorded on the west-
ern side of the enclosing ditch, facing west-north-west (Plate 1). Internally, at its narrowest, the
entrance measured 2.2m, this expanded to 4m wide externally.
Northern terminal
To the north of the entrance only a short length of the ditch was excavated as it was located close to
the limit of the road corridor. Externally the length of ditch exposed measured 7m while internally
2.8m was revealed. The terminal itself was relatively straight, not curved, and sloped steeply. The
profile of the ditch was ‘U-shaped’, the east side was sloped while the west side was stepped and
the base was almost flat, F6.
This section of the ditch was 2.6m wide and 1.2m deep and had four fills, F2, 3, 4 and 5 (Appen-
dices 1 & 2). Charcoal was recovered from F5 and fragments of oak and hazel/alder were recov-
ered. These wood types are abundant in archaeological deposits from most periods. F. 4 contained
charred seeds, including grains of barley and oats, were recovered from F4. These cereal types are
commonly recovered from deposits dating to the medieval period. The poor state of preservation
of these grains suggested that they were exposed for some time prior to deposition in the ditch.
There were no additional features in this area of the ditch and no artefacts were recorded.
Southern terminal and enclosure ditch

The southern terminal was similar in form to the northern one and had a straight steeply slop-
ing side with sharp rather than rounded corners. The exposed ditch in this area measured 34m
in length (F12), 31m of which was fully excavated, it was 2.65m wide at the top, 0.45m wide and
the base and was from 1 – 1.3m deep, getting notably shallower as it extended south-eastwards
(Figure 4 and Plates 2 - 4). Generally the fills were the same as those in the northern terminal
with two additional fills, F14 and 15. The ditch was also similar in profile to the northern section,
it was U-shaped with sloped sides and rounded base. It is likely that the two sections of the ditch
are contemporary.
From the entrance the first c.14m of the ditch is in line with the northern terminal, orientated
north-north-west/south-south-east, at this point there is a bend in the ditch which then extends
for a further 20m in a south-easterly direction and beyond the limit of the excavation. It is from
this that it is apparent that the enclosure was not circular.
No associated banks or later features were recorded in the excavation area. The distance between
the inner edge of the ditch and the edge of the road corridor varied between 1-6m. No trace of a
bank was recorded in this area. One internal feature was excavated, a
rectangular post-hole (F11) with a post-pipe located c. 1m inside the southern terminal at the en-
trance and may have been associated with an entrance gate.
Conclusion
Thirty-eight metres of the west and south-west sections of an enclosing ditch were excavated on
the site of the ‘ringfort’ marked ‘Lisdarrig’. No trace of a bank was recorded. Agricultural furrows
were recorded within the road corridor to the west but the area of the ringfort was not truncated
by agricultural activities. The fills of the ditch were a mix of sandy and silty clays. The primary
fill (F5) was a compact clay. The fills of the ditch were reasonably sterile and with the exception
of a small amount of grain no evidence of domestic activity was recorded in the fills of the ditch.
Charred plant remains were identified from one of the ditch fills. Barley and oat grains were
recorded in the sample. These two cereal remains are the most frequent present in samples from
ringforts at Killanully, Lisnagun, Lisleagh I and II Co. Cork and cashels at Loher and Ballyegan
Co Kerry (Monk et al. 1998, 66).
Discussion
The site was initially interpreted as a ringfort. The recorded entrance consisted of an undug cause-
way across the fosse, facing west-north-west. A ringfort’s entrance usually consisted of an undug
causeway across the fosse leading to a gap in the banks protected by a gate. The entrance is usu-
ally located in the east or southeast portion of the ringfort (Stout 2000, 18) 47% of entrances in
North Kerry were orientated towards the east and southeast (Toal 1995, 82). In some instances the
orientation of the entrance reflected the different status between two neighbouring ringforts for
example at Lisleagh Co. Cork where the entrance of Lisleagh I faced south-south-east and the en-
trance of Lisleagh II faced towards the former (Stout 2000, 19). A table of dates from 47 ringforts,
none from sites in Co. Kerry, is listed by Stout (2000, 24). The dates indicated that the majority
of the ringforts were occupied from the beginning of the seventh century to the end of the ninth
century. A small percentage of sites returned dates from the twelfth and thirteen centuries.
Having considered the results of the excavation it is alternatively suggested that the ditch,
KE039:071 is part of a Medieval enclosure rather than a ringfort. The enclosure ditch was found
to have straight sides and although its true shape cannot be determined positively it was not circu-
lar, sub-circular or oval in plan, while ringforts are ‘most frequently circular’ (O’Riordain, 1979).
Secondly, within the catchment area of the excavation the enclosure was found to have a splayed
entrance facing west-north-west, while according to Stout (2000) ringforts have entrances usu-
ally located in the east and south-east sides (thus providing protection from the prevailing Irish
south-westerly winds and the colder winds from the north as well as taking optimum advantage
of available sunlight). No bank was recorded within or outside the ditch within the area of excava-
tion. Finally, a charcoal sample from the basal fill (F5) returned a date of Cal AD 1230 – 1300
which, although is not unheard of is very rare, and well outside the general time-frame from dated
examples ie from the beginning of the seventh century to the end of the ninth century (ibid).
References
1st edition ordnance survey sheet KE039 (1841)
2nd edition ordnance survey sheet KE039 (1897) in conjunction with the RMP (1997)
Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Discovery Series Map (No. 71)
Ordnance Survey Name Books
Ordnance Survey Letters
National Museum of Ireland, Topographical files, Antiquities of Kerry Origin
Barry, T.B. 1987 The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland, Routledge, London and New York.
Connolly, M. 2000 Archaeological Assessment of the proposed N22 realignment (Phase 2) from
Gortatlea to Inchinveema. Unpublished report for Kerry County Council.
Cuppage, J. 1986 Dingle Peninsula, Archaeological Survey. Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne,

Ballyferritor.
Monk, M., Tierney, J. and Hannon, M (1998) Archaeobotanical Studies and Early Medieval
Munster in Monk, M. and Sheehan, J. (eds) Early Medieval Munster Archaeology History and
Society. Cork University Press.
O’Riordain, S.P. 1979 Antiquities of the Irish Countyside (5th ed. Revised by R. De Valera),
London.
O’Sullivan, A. & Sheehan, J. 1996 The Iveragh Peninsula; An Archaeological Survey of South Kerry.
Cork University Press.
Stout, M. 2000 The Irish Ringfort, (Paperback edition) Four Courts Press, Dublin.
Toal, C. 1995 North Kerry Archaeological Survey. Dingle
Figure 1: Extract from OS Discovery map showing the existing N22 and the line of the new route.
04E0648
Garraundarragh
Townland
Borrow site
Fulacht Fiadh
04E0646
Fulachta Fiadh
04E0647
Legend
Archaeology
Fulacht Fiadh
Enclosure
Ringfort
Standing Stone
Townland Boundary
New route of N22
Figure 2: Composite extract from RMP sheets KE039 & 048. Line of the new section of the N22, location of the new fulachta
fiadh and area of excavated ditch of KE039-068 indicated.
Enclosure, KE039:71
Enclosure Ditch
250 m
Figure 3: EDM survey indicating location of enclosure KE039:71.
Possible extent of Liscarrig Ringfort

Extent of excavation
Enclosure Ditch
093057, 108106
093047, 108145
Figure 4: EDM survey indicating enclosure KE039:71 pre-excavation.
E100, N100
093047, 108145
Unexcavated
GP1
A
A B
B
Northern F2
terminal, F6 F3
F4
F5
Entrance 0 2m
C D
F2
F1
F3
D C
F5
0 2m
E F F
E
F2 F3 F13
F4
F5
E100, N80
F14 GP2
0 2m
Main enclosure
ditch, F12
H
G H
F3
F15
F5
F14
0 2m
Unexcavated
093057, 108106 E100, N60
0 10 m GP3
Figure 5: Post-excavation plan and sections of enclosure KE039:71.
Plate 1: View of splayed entrance through western side of enclosing ditch pre-excavation, taken from the
northwest.
Plate 2: View of ditch section E-F.
Plate 3: View of ditch section H-G.
Plate 4: View of excavated enclosure ditch, taken from the north-north-west.
Appendix 1: Context Register
Licence Feature Feature Type Dimensions Description

Number Number
04E0648 1 Post-pipe fill 0.6 m N-S x 0.5 m x Mid brown silty clay fill of post-pipe F16, three flat stones set
0.36 m depth on edge at the sides and one on the base to support the post.
04E0648 2 Ditch fill 1.4 m E-W x 0.4 m Mid brown silty clay with frequent small stones and occa-
depth sional charcoal flecks. The upper fill of the enclosure ditch.
04E0648 3 Ditch fill 2.5 m N-S x 0.48 m Compact yellow/brown mottled sandy clay with frequent
depth small stones.
04E0648 4 Ditch fill 1 m E-W x 0.3 m Dark brown compact silty clay with frequent medium stones.
depth
04E0648 5 Ditch fill 1.68 m E-W x 0.7 m Mid-grey/brown compact clay with occasional small stones.
depth Fill of enclosure ditch.
04E0648 6 Cut of Northern 2.75 m NNE-SSW x The cut of the northern terminal of the enclosure ditch. Sharp
terminal of enclo- 2.5 m x 1.15 m depth break of slope top and base, vertical sides on the west and
sure ditch south, slightly stepped on the east, with a flat base, orientated
NNE to SSW. Filled with F2, 3, 4 and 5.
04E0648 7 Topsoil Extensive Mid-brown silt
04E0648 8 Subsoil Extensive Yellow and grey clay
04E0648 9 Fill of F11 0.6 m N-S x 0.6m x Compact orange clay with occasional small stones. Posthole
0.12 m depth fill.
04E0648 10 Fill of F11 0.6 m N-S x 0.6m x Compact redeposited natural with sandstones. Post-hole fill.
0.23 m depth
04E0648 11 Possible post-hole 1.1 m E-W x 0.7 m x Subrectangular cut, possible post-hole (not illustrated), sharp
0.35 m depth break of slope top and base, vertical sides and flat base. Oien-
tated east/west. Filled with F9 & 10. Post-pipe within F11 is
cut F16 filled with F1.
04E0648 12 Cut of enclosure 2.6 m E-W x 1.58 m The cut of the enclosure ditch, filled with F2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14,
ditch depth 15, sloping sides and rounded base.
04E0648 13 Ditch fill 1.33 m E-W x 0.28 m Blackish grey soft silty clay with no inclusions.
depth
04E0648 14 Ditch fill 0.4 m depth Mid orangish brown soft clayey silt with frequent coarse sub-
angular pebbles and small stones.
04E0648 15 Ditch fill 0.2 m depth Soft, mottled mid-yellow with grey flecks clayey silt with oc-
casional coarse sub-angular pebbles.
04E0648 16 Post-pipe 0.6 m N-S x 0.5 m x Postpipe cut, filled and packed in place with F1.
0.36 m depth
Appendix 2: Matrix
2 1
3 16
9
13
10
4 11
15
14
6
12
Appendix 3: Radiocarbon Dating Results
Beta Analytic Inc.

4985 SW 74 Court
Miami, Florida 33155 USA
Tel: 305 667 5167
Fax: 305 663 0964
Beta@radiocarbon.com
Www.radiocarbon.com
Consistent Accuracy...
Delivered On Time.
Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional

Radiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)
B eta - 200761 3220 +/- 40 B P -26.3 o/oo 3200 +/ - 40 B P

SAM PLE : 04E0646: 2:1
ANALYSIS : AM S-Standard delivery
MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid
2 SIGM A C A LIB R A TION : Cal B C 1530 to 1400 (C al B P 3480 to 3350)
____________________________________________________________________________________
B eta - 200762 2730 +/- 70 B P -26.3 o/oo 2710 +/ - 70 B P

SAM PLE : 04E0647: 5:5
ANALYSIS : Radiom etric-Standard delivery
2 SIGM A C A LIB R A TION : Cal B C 1000 to 790 (C al B P 2950 to 2740)
____________________________________________________________________________________
B eta - 200763 760 +/- 40 B P -26.3 o/oo 740 +/ - 40 B P

SAM PLE : 04E0648: 5:0
ANALYSIS : AM S-Standard delivery
2 SIGM A C A LIB R A TION : Cal AD 1230 t o 1300 (C al B P 720 to 650)
____________________________________________________________________________________
C A LIB RA TION O F R AD IOC AR B O N A GE TO C ALE N D A R Y E A R S

( Va riable s: C13/C12=-26.3:lab. mult=1)
La bor ato ry num be r: Bet a-2007 63
Convent io nal radioc arb on age: 740± 40 BP
2 S igma c alib r ate d r esu lt: Cal AD 1230 t o 130 0 ( Cal BP 720 t o 650 )
(95% p rob ab ility)
In te rc ep t data
Inter ce pt of r adioc ar bon age
with c alibr ation cur ve: Cal AD 1280 (Cal BP 67 0)
1 S igma ca libra ted re sult: Cal AD 1260 to 1290 (Cal BP 690 to 6 60)
(68% pr oba bility)
7 4 0 ± 40 B P C h ar re d m a te ri al
88 0
86 0
84 0
82 0
80 0
78 0
Radiocarbon age (BP)
76 0
74 0
72 0
70 0
68 0
66 0
64 0
62 0
60 0
1210 1220 1 2 30 1 24 0 1 25 0 12 6 0 1270 1280 1 2 90 1 30 0
Cal A D
Re ference s:
Database u sed
I NTC AL 98
Calibration D atabase
Ed itorial Co m m ent
Stui ver, M., v an de r Pl icht, H ., 1998, R adi oc arbon 40( 3) , pxii -xi ii
INT CAL 98 Radiocarbon Age C al ibration
Stui ver, M., e t. al., 1998, R adiocarbon 40( 3), p1041-1083
M athe m atics
A Sim pl ifi ed App roac h to Calibratin g C14 D ates
T alma, A . S., V ogel, J . C., 1993, R adiocarbon 35( 2), p317-322
B e ta Ana lytic R adio ca rbo n D atin g La bor atory

4 98 5 S.W . 7 4th Co ur t, M iam i, Flor id a 33 15 5 • T el: (3 05 )66 7- 51 67 • F ax: (3 05 )6 63 -09 64 • E-M ail: b eta@ r a dio car bo n.co m
Appendix 4: Plant Remains
Plant remains report for Gurrandarragh, 04E0648
By Abigail Brewer and Penny Johnston
Introduction
A segment of a ditch that formed part of a possible ringfort or lios was excavated at Gurrandarragh
(04E0648). Two samples from ditch fills (C.4 and C.5) were scanned for macro-plant remains and
one (C.4) contained the remains of charred cereal grains.
Methodology
The soil samples were processed using manual wash over and sieves with meshes of 1mm, 500µm
and 250µm. The samples that contained charred material were then scanned using a binocular
microscope at x10 to x40 magnification. The plant remains were identified using a combination of
reference books and plant reference material. The remains were identified to species when possible
but when this was not possible intermediate terms were used e.g. Avena sp. indicates oat, whereas
Avena strigosa denotes the species bristle oat.
Results
Only one sample from the site produced plant remains other than charcoal. This was the sample
from C.4, which contained two barley (Hordeum sp.) grains, two possible grains of barley (cf
Hordeum sp.), two oat (Avena sp.) grains and broken fragments of undifferentiated cereal grains
(Cerealia). The poor state of preservation of these grains suggests that they were exposed for some
time prior to deposition in the ditch.
The charcoal from C.5 was identified and it included possible oak and possible hazel/alder. These
wood types are abundant in archaeological deposits from most periods. The remains were possibly
hearth waste that was cast into the ditch with other refuse.
Context: 5
Sample:
Weight: <1g
Fragments: 4
cf Oak 1
cf Hazel/Alder 3
Sample weight for C14: <1g
Table of identified charcoal from Gurrandarragh, 04E0648
Discussion
All the plant remains recovered from 04E0648 were preserved by charring. This is most com-
mon way in which plant remains are preserved and almost all archaeological sites will contain
some charred remains. However this method of preservation entails a bias towards certain species,
mainly woody seeds and particularly cereal grains and arable weeds.
As the ditch excavated at the site was from a possible ringfort, this small assemblage can be com-
pared to other early medieval assemblages from similar sites in Co. Kerry. Barley and oats were
common at ringforts excavated in Ballyegan and Loher, although there were also very low inci-
dences of wheat (Triticum sp.) and rye (Secale cereale) (Monk, Tierney & Hannon 1998, 69-72).
While ringforts are usually considered early medieval, the radiocarbon date from Gurrandarragh
(AD 1230-1300) indicated later activity; published archaeobotanical data for this period (mostly
from urban excavations) indicates that barley and oats were also frequent at this time. Both oats
and barley were present in thirteenth century deposits from Cork city (McClatchie 2003, 395)
and in thirteenth century deposits at Waterford city, but breadwheat (Triticum aestivum) was also
common (Tierney & Hannon 1997, 890). A few medieval rural sites have produced plant remains.
At a Medieval moated site excavated in Ballyveelish, Co. Tipperary, oats and wheat were found
to be the most common cereal types (Monk 1987, 87) and at a corn-drying kiln associated with a
ringwork at Ballysimon, Co. Limerick, barley and wheat were the dominant species (Brewer 2001,
48). In conclusion, the small amounts of cereal remains have general comparisons across a range
of Irish medieval sites.
Bibliography
Brewer, A. 2001 “Plant Remains”, in: Collins, T. and Cummins A. Excavation of a Medieval
Ringwork at Ballysimon, Limerick, 48-9. Aegis Archaeology. Limerick
McClatchie, M. 2003 “The Plant Remains”, in: Cleary R. and Hurley, M. Cork City Excavations
1984-2000, 391-413. Cork City Council. Cork.
Monk, M. Tierney, J. and Hannon, M. 1997 “Archaeobotanical Studies and Early Medieval
Munster” in: Monk, M and Sheehan, J. (eds) Early Medieval Munster Archaeology, History
and Society, 65-75. Cork University Press. Cork.
Tierney, J. and Hannon. M. 1998 “Plant Remains”, in: Hurley, M. and Scully, O. Late Viking and
Medieval Waterford Excavations 1986-1992, 854-93. Waterford Corporation. Waterford.

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Eachtra Journal

Issue 5 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation Report

Client: Road Design Office,

Licence No.: 04E0648

Permalink: http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/e0648-glanbane-co-kerry/ iii

Site location and description

Archaeological and historical background

entrance measured 2.2m, this expanded to 4m wide externally.

Southern terminal and enclosure ditch

Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Discovery Series Map (No. 71)

Ordnance Survey Name Books

Ordnance Survey Letters

National Museum of Ireland, Topographical files, Antiquities of Kerry Origin

Cuppage, J. 1986 Dingle Peninsula, Archaeological Survey. Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne,

Toal, C. 1995 North Kerry Archaeological Survey. Dingle

Possible extent of Liscarrig Ringfort

Figure 4: EDM survey indicating enclosure KE039:71 pre-excavation.

Figure 5: Post-excavation plan and sections of enclosure KE039:71.

Plate 2: View of ditch section E-F.

Plate 3: View of ditch section H-G.

Plate 4: View of excavated enclosure ditch, taken from the north-north-west.

Appendix 1: Context Register

Licence Feature Feature Type Dimensions Description

Appendix 3: Radiocarbon Dating Results

Beta Analytic Inc.

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional

B eta - 200761 3220 +/- 40 B P -26.3 o/oo 3200 +/ - 40 B P

B eta - 200762 2730 +/- 70 B P -26.3 o/oo 2710 +/ - 70 B P

B eta - 200763 760 +/- 40 B P -26.3 o/oo 740 +/ - 40 B P

C A LIB RA TION O F R AD IOC AR B O N A GE TO C ALE N D A R Y E A R S

B e ta Ana lytic R adio ca rbo n D atin g La bor atory

Appendix 4: Plant Remains

Plant remains report for Gurrandarragh, 04E0648

By Abigail Brewer and Penny Johnston

Table of identified charcoal from Gurrandarragh, 04E0648

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