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MATRIX METHODS OF
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ABINS AZIZ
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
ABINS AZIZ
ats786mcivil@gmail.com
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Statically indeterminate structures
Element flexibility matrix Beam element

=
2
6 1
1
2
Element flexibility matrix Truss element
E = Modulus of elasticity
I = Moment of inertia
Type of structure
Degree of indeterminacy (Ds)
Plane pin-jointed
Ds = (m + r) 2j
Space pi-jointed
Ds = (m + r) 3j
Plane rigid jointed
Ds = (3m + r) 3j
Space rigid jointed
Ds = (6m + r) 6j
Continuous beams
Ds = r No. of equilibrium conditions
A = Area of cross section
J = No. of joints; M = No. of members;
l = length of the member
r = No. of reaction components available.
ABINS AZIZ
FLEXIBILITY METHOD

Analysis procedure
1.
Equilibrium equation
= [ ]
=
4.
1
=

[] = [ ] Force transformation matrix

R Equivalent joint load (Reaction)
X Redundant force
2.
3.
Element flexibility matrix for the structure, f

0 .
= 0 .
. . .
Flexibility influence coefficient ,
=
Redundant forces, X
5.
Final moments, =
FEM Fixed end moments
ABINS AZIZ
FLEXIBILITY METHOD

Standard cases of fixed end moments
Case
(Clockwise: +ve)
Sl.
No.
Both ends fixed

MAB
MBA
l/2
l/2
2
2
2
+ 2
ABINS AZIZ
Case
(Clockwise: +ve)
Sl.
No.
MAB
MBA
Both ends fixed
(+)
(+)
W/m
12
2
+
12
(6 2 8+32 )
12 2
2 (4 3)
+
12 2
W/m
A
a
ABINS AZIZ
Case
(Clockwise: +ve)
Sl.
No.
W=
6
MAB
w
W=
Both ends fixed
15
10
W/m
B
l/2
MBA
30
+
10
20
+
15
5 2
5

96
48
2
+
20
2
+
30
5 2
5
+
+
96
48
ABINS AZIZ
Case
(Clockwise: +ve)
Sl.
No.
Both ends fixed

MAB
MBA
+
4
+
4
(3)
+
2
(3)
+
2
4
A
2
A
l/2
l/2
10
11
ABINS AZIZ
Case
(Clockwise: +ve)
Sl.
No.
12
13
Both ends fixed
MAB
MBA
6
2
6
2
14
6
2
6
2
ABINS AZIZ
FLEXIBILITY METHOD

Standard cases of slope and deflections
Case
(Clockwise: +ve)
Sl.
No.
Both ends fixed

Deflection (y)
3
3
4
8
w/m
Slope (i)
2
2
3
6
ABINS AZIZ
Case
(Clockwise: +ve)
Sl.
No.
Both ends fixed

MAB
M
2
2
C =
3
48
C =
5 4
384
MBA
l/2
l/2
C
w/m
2
;
16
3
;
24
16
24
ABINS AZIZ
Case
(Clockwise: +ve)
Sl.
No.
Both ends fixed

MAB
MBA
l/2
l/2
3
192
= o; = o
C =
5 4
384
= o; = o
W/m
ABINS AZIZ
1. Analyze the continuous beam shown in figure by the flexibility method

Ds = [3 2] = 1
1 = 1 2 = 1
1
0
b=
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1 0.5
=
0
0
0.5
1
0
0
3 = 1 1 = 1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0.75
0.375
0
0
0.375
0.75
X1 = 0.4821
1.125
= 1.125
1.5
1T
1.5 T/m
0.649
:
=
Tm
0.649
1.5
3m
1.125
2I
1.5m
4.5m
1.125
1.5
Fixed end moments

R1=1
i
R3=1
R2=1
i
Equivalent joint loads
X1=1
Redundant forces
ABINS AZIZ
Ds = [4 2] = 2
1 = 1 2 = 1
0
0
b=
0
0
1
0
0
1
2.667
1 1.333
=
0
X1 = 1
1
0
0
0
1.333
2.667
0
0
0
0
2
1
1 T/m
2 = 1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
X1 = - 0.2082; X2 = 0.4167
2.333
3
5.538
4.9133
:
=
Tm
4.9133
8m
5.33
5.33
6m
Fixed end moments
R1=1
i

X1=1
X2=1
Redundant forces
R2=1
j
ABINS AZIZ
Ds = [4 2] = 2

1 = 1 2 = 1
1
0
0
1
b=
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
R3 = 1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
0
1
0
0
1.333
=
0
0.666
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
=
0.5
4.5
X1 = 0.133;
X2 = -0.7168
R4 = 1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1 = 1 2 = 1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.666
0
0
1.333
0
0
0
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
3.867
3.867
:
=
Tm
5.216
5.216
4 T/m
3m
6T
4T
I
2I 6m
2I
8m
4.5
4.5
Fixed end moments
R1=1
i
R2=1
j
R3=1
j

X1=1
X2=1
Redundant forces
R4=1
j
ABINS AZIZ
4. Analyze the frame shown in figure by the flexibility method
Ds = (3m + r) 3j = 1
R1=1
1 = 1 1 = 1
0
0
b=
0
2
1
=
6 0
0
1 =
3
4
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 1
1 2
:
=

= Mo
0
3
4
Mo
a
Tm
X1=1
Redundant forces
ABINS AZIZ
5. Calculate the horizontal reaction at D, for the frame shown in figure by flexibility method.
200kg
Ds = (3m + r) 3j = 1
1 = 1 1 = 1
0
0
5
20
b=
5
20
15
20
15
20
0
0
9.42 4.71
4.71 9.42
1
0
0
=
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
= 200;
0
0
13.33
6.66
0
0
20m
20m
R1=1
j i
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.66
0
0
13.33
0
0
0
9.42 4.71
0
4.71 9.42
1 = 99.988 kg
40m
20m
0.25
0.75
X1=1
Redundant forces
ABINS AZIZ
6. Analyse the two hinged gable frame shown in figure by flexibility method.
Ds = (3m + r) 3j = 1
1 = 1 1 = 1
0
0
10
10
10
10
b=
5
16
5
16
0
10
0
10
0
0
2
1
0
10 0
=
6 0
0
0
0
1 0
2
0
0
2
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
b
6m
10 T
R1=1
10m
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0
0
2
0
0
0
2 1
0 1 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
d
16m
= 10;
1 = 3.9772 T
0.625
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
60.28
60.28
13.63
:
=
13.63
39.77
39.77
0
0.625
X1=1
1
Redundant forces
ABINS AZIZ
7. Analyze the frame shown in figure by the flexibility method.

Ds = (3m + r) 3j = 1
2 = 1 1 = 1
0.5
0
0.5
0
0.5
0
0
2 1
1 2
=
0
6 0
0
0
2
= 12
1 =
l/2 2I
w T/m
1 = 1
1
b=
1
0
0
R2=1
0.346
0.153
:
= 2
0.153
R1=1
2
12
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.25
0.25
0.5
4
13
2
12
Fixed end moments
R2=1
X1=1
Redundant forces
ABINS AZIZ
8. Analyse the two hinged frame shown in figure by flexibility method.

Ds = (3m + r) 3j = 1
3 = 1 1 = 1
0
0
0
0
2 1 0
0
0
0
1 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 1 0
0
=
0 1 2
0
0
6 0
0
0
0
0
2 1
0
0
0
0 1 2
0.225
11
0.225
:
= 2
1 =
0.275
40
0.275
2
12
l
2
12
Fixed end moments
R3=1
R2=1
Due to R3
1 = 1 2 = 1
1
0
1
0
b=
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
X1=1
R1=1
Redundant forces
ABINS AZIZ
9. Analyse the two rigid frame shown in figure by flexibility method.

Ds = (3m + r) 3j = 2
4m
10 T
1 = 1 1 = 1 2 = 1
b=
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
4
0
2 1 0
0
0
0
1 2
0
0
0
0
4 0
0
2 1 0
0
=
0 1 2
0
0
6 0
0
0
0
0
2 1
0
0
0
0 1 2
18.18
12.70
R = 10
1 = 5.452 : = 12.70
9.10
X2 = 2.275
9.10
R1=1
4m
X1=1
Redundant forces
X2=1
ABINS AZIZ
9. Analyse the two rigid frame shown in figure by flexibility method.

Ds = (3m + r) 3j = 2
1 = 1
6
6
b=
6
0
0
0
6m
2 = 1
2
2
2
2
2
0
8 4 0
0
0
4 8
0
0
0
1 0
0 12 6 0
=
0 6 12 0
6 0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0 2
R = 0; 1 = 0; X2 = 0
2m
b
4m
c
a
0
0
0
0
2
4
X2=1
Redundant forces
X1=1
Redundant forces
ABINS AZIZ
10. Find the forces in the hinged frame given figure below by the flexibility method. Length, area of
cross section and Youngs modulus are the same for all the members.
Ds = m 2 = 1
R1=1
1 = 1 1 = 1
1
0.57
b=
0
1
0
0.57
1
=
0
0
1
=
2
3
5
0 0
1 0
0 1
3
1 =
5
0.8
: = 0.34
0.20
30o
60o
60o
30o
Redundant forces
60o
ABINS AZIZ
11. Find the bar forces of the truss in figure by the force method. Assume = 1 for all members.
Ds = (m + r) 2j = 1
1 = 1
1
0.75
b=
1
0
0
1.25
X1 = 1
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.6
1
1
1
0
0
=1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
12 T
c
9m
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
R = 12; 1 = 9.9 (Tension)
R1=1
12m

c
4.08
3.06
4.08
:
=
5.94
9.9
5.10
e
a
Redundant forces
ABINS AZIZ
12. A statically indeterminate frame is shown in figure carries a load of 10 T at A. Find the bar
forces. The cross sectional area A and E are the same for all the members.
Ds = (m + r) 2j = 1
1 = 1
1
1
b = 1.414
0
0
0
1
0
0
=
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
X1 = 1
0.707
0.707
1
0.707
0.707
1
0
0
1.41
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
e
2m
10 T
R1=1
b
2m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0 1.41
R = 10; 1 = -7.07 (Comp.)
7.07
:
=
7.07
Redundant forces
ABINS AZIZ
FLEXIBILITY METHOD

Two mark questions and answers
1.
What is meant by indeterminate structures?
Structures that do not satisfy the conditions of equilibrium are called indeterminate structure. These
structures cannot be solved by ordinary analysis techniques.
2.
What are the conditions of equilibrium?
The three conditions of equilibrium are the sum of horizontal forces, vertical forces and moments at any
joint should be equal to zero.
i.e. H = 0; V = 0;
3.
M = 0
Differentiate between determinate and indeterminate structures.
Determinate structures can be solving using conditions of equilibrium alone (H = 0; V = 0; M = 0).

No other conditions are required.
ABINS AZIZ
Indeterminate
structures
cannot
be
solved
using
conditions
equilibrium because ( H 0; V 0; M 0). Additional conditions
of
are
required for solving such structures.

4.
Define degree of indeterminacy.
The excess number of reactions that make a structure indeterminate is

called degree of Indeterminacy. Indeterminacy is also called degree of
redundancy.
Indeterminacy
consists
of
internal
and
external
indeterminacies. It is denoted by the symbol i

Degree of redundancy (i) = I.I. + E.I.
Where I.I. = internal indeterminacy and E.I. = external indeterminacy.
5.
Define internal and external indeterminacies.
Internal indeterminacy (I.I.) is the excess no of internal forces present in a

member that make a structure indeterminate.
ABINS AZIZ
External indeterminacy (E.I.) is excess no of external reactions in the

member that make the structure indeterminate.
Indeterminacy = I.I. + E.I.
E.I. = r e
where r = no of support reactions and e = equilibrium conditions
I.I. = i EI
e = 3 (plane frames) and e = 6 (space frames)

6.
Write the formulae for degree of indeterminacy for:
(a) Two dimensional pin-jointed truss (2D Truss)
i = (m + r) 2j
where m = no of members; r = no of reactions; j = no of joints
(b) Two dimensional rigid frames/plane rigid frames (2D Frames)
i = (3m+r) 3j; where m = no of members; r = no of reactions; j = no of joints
ABINS AZIZ
(c) Three dimensional space truss (3D Truss)

i = (m + r) 3j
where m = no of members r = no of reactions; j = no of joints
(d) Three dimensional space frames (3D Frame)

i = (6m+r) 6j
where m = no of members r = no of reactions; j = no of joints; r = no of
reactions; j = no of joints
7.
What are the different methods of analysis of indeterminate structures?
The various methods adopted for the analysis of indeterminate structures

include:
Flexibility matrix method.
Stiffness matrix method.
Finite Element method
ABINS AZIZ
8.
Briefly mention the two types of matrix methods of analysis of

indeterminate structures.
The two matrix methods of analysis of indeterminate structures are:

(i)
Flexibility matrix method: This method is also called the force method in
which the forces in the structure are treated as unknowns. The no of equations
involved is equal to the degree of static indeterminacy of the structure.

(ii)
Stiffness matrix method: This is also called the displacement method in which
the displacements that occur in the structure are treated as unknowns. The no
of displacements involved is equal to the no of degrees of freedom of the
structure.
9.
Define a primary structure.
A structure formed by the removing the excess or redundant restraints from an
indeterminate structure making it statically determinate is called primary

structure. This is required for solving indeterminate structures by flexibility matrix
method
ABINS AZIZ
10.
Define kinematic indeterminacy (Dk) or Degree of Freedom (DOF)
Degree of freedom is defined as the least no of independent displacements

required to define the deformed shape of a structure. There are two types of DOF:
a. Nodal type DOF

b. Joint type DOF
11.
Briefly explain the two types of DOF.
(a)
Nodal type DOF This includes the DOF at the point of application of
concentrated load or moment, at a section where moment of inertia changes,
hinge support, roller support and junction of two or more members.
(b)
Joint type DOF This includes the DOF at the point where moment of inertia
changes, hinge and roller support, and junction of two or more members.
12.
Define compatibility in force method of analysis.
Compatibility is defined as the continuity condition on the displacements of the
structure after external loads are applied to the structure.
ABINS AZIZ
13.
Define the Force Transformation Matrix.
The connectivity matrix which relates the internal forces Q and the external forces
R is known as the force transformation matrix. Writing it in a matrix form,
{Q} = [b] {R}

Where, Q = member force matrix/vector; b = force transformation matrix; R =
external force/load matrix/ vector
14.
What are the requirements to be satisfied while analyzing a structure?
The three conditions to be satisfied are:

(i)
Equilibrium condition
(ii)
Compatibility condition
(iii)
Force displacement condition
15.
Define flexibility influence coefficient (fij)
Flexibility influence coefficient (fij) is defined as the displacement at joint i due to
a unit load at joint j, while all other joints are not load.
ABINS AZIZ
16.
Write the element flexibility matrix (f) for a truss member & for a beam
element.
The element flexibility matrix (f) for a truss member is given by
f=
The element flexibility matrix (f) for a beam element is given by
2 1
6 1 2
ABINS AZIZ
STIFFNESS METHOD
Element stiffness matrix Beam element
Type of structure Degree of kinematic indeterminacy
4 2
=
2 4
Plane pin-jointed
Dk = 2j r
Element stiffness Truss element
Space pi-jointed
Dk = 3j - r
E = Modulus of elasticity
I = Moment of inertia
Plane rigid jointed
Dk = 3j (r + m)
Space rigid jointed
Dk = 6j (r + m)
Continuous beams
Dk = r No. of unrestrained reactions
A = Area of cross section
J = No. of joints; M = No. of members;
r = No. of independent external reaction components
ABINS AZIZ
STIFFNESS METHOD

Analysis procedure
1.
Compatibility equation
3.
Displacement/ rotation r
=[]
= 1
Displacement transformation matrix
R - Equivalent joint loads
r Displacement/rotations at joints
2.
4.
Element stiffness matrix for the structure, k

0 .
= 0 .
. . .
Total stiffness matrix K
=
5.
Final moments/member forces, Q

Q = k r + FEM
= .
FEM Fixed end moments
ABINS AZIZ
STIFFNESS METHOD

Two mark questions and answers
1.
What are the basic unknowns in stiffness matrix method?
In the stiffness matrix method nodal displacements are treated as the basic unknowns for the solution of
indeterminate structures.
2.
Define stiffness coefficient kij.
Stiffness coefficient kij is defined as the force developed at joint i due to unit displacement at joint j while all
other joints are fixed.
3.
What is the basic aim of the stiffness method?
The aim of the stiffness method is to evaluate the values of generalized coordinates r knowing the structure
stiffness matrix k and nodal loads R through the structure equilibrium equation.
{R} = [K] {r}
ABINS AZIZ
4.
What is the displacement transformation matrix?
The connectivity matrix which relates the internal displacement q and the
external displacement r is known as the displacement transformation matrix

a.
{q} = [a] {r}
5.
How are the basic equations of stiffness matrix obtained?
The basic equations of stiffness matrix are obtained as: Equilibrium forces
Compatibility of displacements Force displacement relationships
6.
What is the equilibrium condition used in the stiffness method?
The external loads and the internal member forces must be in equilibrium at
the nodal points.
7.
What is the compatibility condition used in the flexibility method?
The deformed elements fit together at nodal points.
ABINS AZIZ
8.
What is meant by generalized coordinates?
For specifying a configuration of a system, a certain minimum no of

independent coordinates are necessary. The least no of independent
coordinates that are needed to specify the configuration is known as
generalized coordinates.
9.
Write about the force displacement relationship.
The relationship of each element must satisfy the stress-strain relationship of

the element material.
10.
Compare flexibility method and stiffness method.
Flexibility matrix method:
The redundant forces are treated as basic unknowns.
The number of equations involved is equal to the degree of static
indeterminacy of the structure.
ABINS AZIZ
The method is the generalization of consistent deformation method.
Different procedures are used for determinate and indeterminate
structures.
Stiffness matrix method:
The joint displacements are treated as basic unknowns
The number of displacements involved is equal to the no of degrees of

freedom of the structure
The method is the generalization of the slope deflection method.
The same procedure is used for both determinate and indeterminate

structures.
11.
Is it possible to develop the flexibility matrix for an unstable

structure?
In order to develop the flexibility matrix for a structure, it has to be stable and
determinate.
ABINS AZIZ
12.
What is the relation between flexibility and stiffness matrix?
The element stiffness matrix k is the inverse of the element flexibility matrix f
and is given by
f = 1/k or k = 1/f.
13.
What are the types of structures that can be solved using stiffness matrix
method?
Structures such as simply supported, fixed beams and portal frames can be solved
using stiffness matrix method.

14.
Give the formula for the size of the Global stiffness matrix.
The size of the global stiffness matrix (GSM) = No: of nodes x Degrees of freedom
per node.
15.
List the properties of the stiffness matrix
The properties of the stiffness matrix are:

It is a symmetric matrix The sum of elements in any column must be equal to zero.
It is an unstable element therefore the determinant is equal to zero.
ABINS AZIZ
16.
Why is the stiffness matrix method also called equilibrium method or

displacement method?
Stiffness method is based on the superposition of displacements and hence is
also known as the displacement method. And since it leads to the equilibrium
equations the method is also known as equilibrium method.
17.
Write then stiffness matrix for a 2 D beam element.

12 2
6 2
=
12 3
6 2
16.
6 2
4
6 2
2
12 3
6 2
12 3
6 2
6 2
2
6 2
4
Write the element stiffness matrix (k) for a truss member & for a
beam element.
For truss element, k =
4 2
For beam element, =
2 4
Prepared by
ABINS AZIZ

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MATRIX METHODS OF

Statically indeterminate structures

Element flexibility matrix Beam element

Element flexibility matrix Truss element

Degree of indeterminacy (Ds)

Plane rigid jointed

Space rigid jointed

Ds = r No. of equilibrium conditions

A = Area of cross section

J = No. of joints; M = No. of members;

l = length of the member

r = No. of reaction components available.

Statically indeterminate structures

[] = [ ] Force transformation matrix

Element flexibility matrix for the structure, f

FEM Fixed end moments

Statically indeterminate structures

Both ends fixed

Both ends fixed

Both ends fixed

Both ends fixed

Both ends fixed

Statically indeterminate structures

Both ends fixed

Both ends fixed

Both ends fixed

1. Analyze the continuous beam shown in figure by the flexibility method

Fixed end moments

2. Analyze the continuous beam shown in figure by the flexibility method

Fixed end moments

Equivalent joint loads

3. Analyze the continuous beam shown in figure by the flexibility method

Fixed end moments

Equivalent joint loads

4. Analyze the frame shown in figure by the flexibility method

Equivalent joint loads

Equivalent joint loads

7. Analyze the frame shown in figure by the flexibility method.

Equivalent joint loads

Fixed end moments

8. Analyse the two hinged frame shown in figure by flexibility method.

9. Analyse the two rigid frame shown in figure by flexibility method.

Equivalent joint loads

9. Analyse the two rigid frame shown in figure by flexibility method.

R = 12; 1 = 9.9 (Tension)

Equivalent joint loads

R = 10; 1 = -7.07 (Comp.)

Equivalent joint loads

Statically indeterminate structures

What is meant by indeterminate structures?

What are the conditions of equilibrium?

Differentiate between determinate and indeterminate structures.

Determinate structures can be solving using conditions of equilibrium alone (H = 0; V = 0; M = 0).

equilibrium because ( H 0; V 0; M 0). Additional conditions

required for solving such structures.

Define degree of indeterminacy.

The excess number of reactions that make a structure indeterminate is

indeterminacies. It is denoted by the symbol i

Define internal and external indeterminacies.

Internal indeterminacy (I.I.) is the excess no of internal forces present in a

External indeterminacy (E.I.) is excess no of external reactions in the

e = 3 (plane frames) and e = 6 (space frames)