UNDERSTANDING MASTER UNIT

The Master Unit is a common base structure of the equipment ordered by

you. It is an electronic desk with ergonomically designed compartmental ABS
enclosure with sleek looking desk shape with central slotholding replaceable
experiment panels (439 mm x 209 mm).Basically for the subject matter
being experimented upon, you would like to have following facilities available
on your table viz; Toggle switches to apply high or low input signals for the
digital circuit that you want to build up,buffered LEDs to check output status
level for your circuit.Along with this youmay need pulser to provide clean
clock pulse to counter ,probe to detect one shot occurrence of narrow pulse
during a carry over, or a DPM to measure output or a function generator to
provide some signals for an analog circuit, or a 7 segment display to observe
measured count etc.
The transformer used inside has many secondaries; some of these windings
are used to generate other DC power supplies. Of course one cannot forget
the myriad range of various stabilized DC power supplies that you will need
to complete your lab experiments All of these are gathered on a single PCB
called as Power supply PCB, which is located just below the Top board of
Master unit. Of these, the variable power supplies are kept isolated from
eachother as well rest of the power supplies.This facilities you to make them
function as +/- DC power source, adjusting the settings as per your
requirements e.g. +/-3V or +/-10V DC etc.
Too provide variable power supplies (3 to 18 V DC -2 nos.) you have been
provided with two variables carbon potentiometers mounted on the Top
board and are labeled appropriately. The 5V,+12 V,-12VDC, power supplies
have common ground. These power supplies are made available to user at
right hand corner of Top board as mentioned above. Also these +/-12V &
+5V are used for working of op-amps & TTL circuits as power supply , on CIA
III , on TB pcbs inside the master unit.

COMPUTER INTERFACE: A PC parallel port or USB ( using optional USB IO

module refer appendix A)based pc interface is supported using VC++GUI
(optionally Graph utility based exe) It provides for 24 DIO& 4AI &1AO.This
facilities

on

line

data

acquisition

&

display;

using

appropriate

programmes/exes (need to be purchased separately); for many user

experiments;This is specially more useful in biomedical electronics Lab
thereby combining routine hands-on approach with power of animated pc
based tutorials thus enhancing understanding manifold.
These common resources are made available in this base unit hence can be
called as MASTER UNIT.

GRAPH UTILITY SOFTWARE

Graph Utility .exe
1. Windows installer 3.1
In Software CD go into BMI Folder, and double click on Windows
installer 3.1icon and follow instructions as per Setup during
installation .After successful installation go to Start-Setting Control
Panel menu double click on add remove & check Windows installer
3.1(KB893803).
2. Installation of Dotnetfx3.5 Software
In Software CD go into BMI Folder, and double click on Dotnetfx3.5
icon and follow instructions as per Setup during installation .After
successful installation goto Start-Setting Control Panel menu double
click on add remove & check MICROSOFT .NET FRAMEWORK3.5.
3. Installation of Graph utility Software
In BMI CD go into Graph utility Folder, and double click on Setup
Graph utilityicon and follow instructions as per setup during
installation .After successful installation s shortcut will be created PC
desktop & on CD Double click on Redist& click on DXSETUP.exe
icon and follow instructions as per Setup during installation.
4. Starting Graph utility software
On the desktop,double click on the Graph Utility .exe shortcut icon
to start Graph Utility .exe.
Step 1) Connect USB IO Module to 25 Pin D type connector (on Master
Unit).

Step 2) Double click on your

Graph Utility.exe icon. Following

window will open.(Confirm USB Device is connected) shown following

screen below.
Step 3)Connect Replaceable module to BM1 PCB depends upon which
Experiments you have Perform.
Step

4)

Prepare

wiring

sequence

as

per

you

have

perform

experiments.
Step 5)Switch ON Master Unit.
Step 6) Change setting click on setting button following screen shall
be seen on your PC monitor.
Step 7)There are two types of graphi)
ii)

Online Graph
Burst Graph

Step 8) Click on Save setting.

Step 9) Click on start graph button to start graph & click on stop graph
button to stop graph.
Step 10) Click on Save button to save graph
Step 11) Click on Select parameter to select channel it should be ch0
Bipolar I/P1 on top board.
Step 12) Observe waveform on PC as shown below.
Step 13) Click on Measurement button.
Step 14) Click at any first peak and then click on second peak on the graph.
Step 15) Now you will be observe X-difference at the left hand button. Use
this difference for calculating Heart Rate.

EXPERIMENT NO.6
AIM: To acquire real time ECG using surface electrode and calculate heart
beat.
APPARATUS REQUIRED : Master unit (Xpo-BOM) , RRM/BIA Experimental
panel, digital multimeter, patch chords ,ECG/EMG experimental panel,
electrodes (limbs).
THEORY:
A. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a recording of the electrical activity on
the body surface generated by heart.ECG measurement information is
collected by skin electrodes placed at designated locations on the
body. The ECG signal is characterized by six peaks and valleys labeled
with successive letters of the alphabet P , Q , R , S , T , and U.
Experiment configuration is envisaged for use with a personal
computer . Although this panel is made with patient safety in mind,
any ideas presented are not by themselves necessarily compatible with
all system safety requirements.
B. REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH :
The front end of an ECG must be able to deal with extremely weak
signals ranging

from 0.5 mV to 5.0 mV , combined with a dc

component of up to 300 mV , resulting from

the

electrode skin

contact -plus a common mode component of up to 1.5 mV , resulting

from the potential between the electrodes and ground .The useful
bandwidth of an ECG signal , depending on the application , can range
from 0.5 HZ to 20 HZ for a monitoring application in intensive care
units up to 1 KHZ for late-potential measurements (pacemaker
detection) . A standard clinical ECG application has a bandwidth of 0.05
HZ to 100 HZ.BW means if you do Fourier analysis of the ECG signal
which is non-sinusoidal signal but repetitive & hence it will have
fundamental at around 1.1 HZ while other harmonics up to 20 HZ etc
may be present wiyh diminishing contribution . hence as per
ShanonsLaw , sampling at double the maximum harmonics frequency

i.e. 20 x 2=40 HZ will suffice to reconstruct

the original signal.ECG

signals may be corrupted by various kinds of noise.

The main sources of noise are:
Electrode contact noise :Variable contact between the
electrode and the skin , causing baseline drift.
Motion artifacts: Shifts in the baseline caused by changes in
the electrode skin impedence.
Muscle contraction: Electromyogram type signals (EMG) are
generated and mixed with the ECG signals.
Respiration, causing drift in the baseline.
Electromagnetic interference from other electronic devices ,
with the electrode wires serving as antennas, and
Noise coupled from other electronic devices,usually at high
frequencies.
For meaningful and accurate detection , steps have to be taken to
filter out or discard all these noise source.
C.
1)
2)
3)

LIMB LEAD PLACEMENT :

RA (Yellow) Right Arm electrode is placed near the wrist.
LA (Black) - Left Arm electrode is placed near the wrist.
RL (Green) - Right Leg electrode is placed on a distal portion of the

lower leg , above the ankle.

4) LL(Red)
- Left Leg electrode is placed on a distal portion of the
lower leg,above the ankle.
BIPOLAR LEADS: By convention ,lead I has the positive electrode on
the left arm , and the negative electrode on the right arm ,and therefore
measures the potential difference between the two arms.In this and the
other two limbs leads, an electrode on the right leg serves as a reference
electrode for recording purposes . In the lead II configuration, the
positive electrode is on the left leg and the negative electrode is on the
right arm . Lead III has the positive electrode on the left leg and the
negative electrode on the left arm.These three bipolar limb leads roughly
from an equilateral triangle (with the heart at the center) that is called
EINTHOVENS triangle in honor of willemEinthoven who developed the

electrocardiogram in 1901.Whether the limb leads

are attached to the

end of the limb (Wrists and ankles) or at the origin of the limb (shoulder or
upper thigh) makes no difference in the recording because the limb can
simply be viewed as a long wire conductor originating from the point on
the trunk of the body.
Based upon universally

accepted ECG rules a wave a depolarization

heading toward the left arm gives a positive deflection in lead I because
the positive electrode is on the lest arm.Maximal positive ECG deflection
occurs in lead I when a wave of depolarization travels parallel to the axis
between the right and left arms . If a wave of depolarization heads away
from the left arm , the deflection is negative. Also by these rules , a wave
of repolarization moving away from the left arm is recorded as a positive
deflection . Similar statements can be made for leads II and IIIin which
the positive electrode is located on the left leg. For example , a wave of
depolarization traveling toward the left leg produces a positive deflection
in both leads II and III because the positive electrode for both leads is
on the left leg. A maximal positive deflection is recorded in lead II when
the depolarization wave travels parallel to the axis between the right arm
and left leg .Similarly , a maximal positive deflection is obtained in lead
III when the depolarization wave travels parallel to the axis between the
left arm and left leg.
PROCEDURE:
Wiring Sequence :Connect BS5 1-2 , 12 BS5 4,-12-BS5 6 , GND-BS5 5,
BS5-(Top board ADC2 is CH3 or ADC1 is CH2).
1. Use clamp type surface electrodes.
2. Apply Gel to surface electrodes & Connect surface Electrodes 4 nos.to
body as shown in figure &colour coding as mentioned . Insert 4mm
plugs from 9 pin D connector located on left hand side of panel.
3. Switch ON SW4 (Battery P ON, UP position) & Master unit.
4. Confirm SW5 switch is left position to save Battery.
5. Calculate Heart rate as fllows:

HEART RATE =

{ Samples ( Xdifference )0.0025 } x 60

6. Select rotary switch S1 to position as shown in table a.

7. Observe waveform on CRO or PC as shown below:
SR.N

S1

O.

switch

Betwee Between

1
2
3

position
1
2
3

Lead I
Lead II
Lead

n
RA-LA
RA-LL
LA-LL

LA,RL
RA,RL

LL
-

III
aVR

LALL-

aVL

RA
RALL-

aVF

LA
RALA-

4
5
6

5
6

Rotary LEAD

Signal

Short

Open

LL
CONCLUSION:
1) Shifting of the Baseline: A wandering baseline as seen in adjoining
figure but otherwise normal ECG trace is usually due to the movement
of the patient or electrodes. The baseline shift can be eliminated by
ensuring that the patient lies relaxed& the electrodes are properly
attached.
2) Muscle Tremor: Irregular trembling of the ECG trace in figure A
without wondering of the baseline occurs when the patient is not
relaxed or is cold. It is found in the case of older patients.
3) Interface from the power line: Power line interference is easily
recognizable since the interfacing voltage in the ECG would have a
frequency of 50 HZ. This can be verified by bypassing notch filter &
observe interference.
4) In all the bipolar lead positions ,QRS of a normal heart is such that the
R wave is positive & is generated in lead II.

EXPERIMENT NO. 7
AIM: To acquire real time EMG using surface electrode and study its
characteristics.
MATERIAL REQUIRED :BPM , EMG experimental panel , patch chords , pc
(graph utility software), Limb electrodes.
THEORY: Typically externally measured action potential from a single muscle
fibre produces a characteristic biphasic waveform. Imagine what happens
when a recording is made externally to the muscle in a living subject. Instead
of recording from a single muscle fibre you are recording from thousands of
muscle fibres and instead of recording just next to the fibre you are recording
some distance away through various layers of connective tissue and skin.
This means that instead of a nice clean signal of about 100 mV you get a
much more complex signal of about 5 mV.The actual size of the signal is
highly variable and depends on the thickness of the connective tissue, the
quality of the contact between the electrode and the skin ,the size of the
action potentials .These will vary from experiment to experiment so the size
of an EMG is a largely qualitative measure although it does increases in size
with the activation level of a muscle.
When there is little muscle tension there is virtually zero electrical activity. As
the EMG increases after a short lag the tension increases. A surface electrode
may be used to monitor the general picture of muscle activation, as opposed
to the activity of only a few fibres as observed using a needle. This technique
is used in a number of setting; for example in the physiotherapy clinic ,
muscle activation is mentioned using EMG & patients have an auditory or

stimulus to help them know they are activating the muscle (biofeedback). A
motor unit is defined as on motor neuron and all of the muscle fibree in
innervates. When a motor unit fires , the impulse ( called an action
potential ) is carried down the motor neuron to the muscle. The area where
the nerve contacts the muscle is called the Neuromuscular junction or the
motor end plate. After the action potential is transmitted across the neuro
muscular junction ,an action potential is elicited in all of the innervated
muscle fibers of that particular motor unit.
The sum of all this electrical activity is known as a motor unit action potential
(MUAP). This electro physiologic activity from multiple motor units is typically
evaluated during an EMG.
PROCEDURE:
Wiring Sequence : Connect BS5 1-2 , 12 BS5 4,-12-BS5 6 , GND-BS5 5,
BS5-(Top board ADC1 is CH3 or ADC1 is CH2).
1. Use clamp type surface electrodes
2. Apply Gel to surface electrodes & Connect surface Electrodes 3 nos.to
body as shown in figure&colourcoding as mentioned. Insert 4mm plugs
from 9 pin D connector located on left handside of panel.To left forearm
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

which should be kept facing up on your lap in a relaxed fashion.

Switch ON SW4 (Battery P ON, UP position) & Master unit.
Confirm SW5 switch is left position to save Battery.
Keep Rotary switch (S1) at position one.
Now flex your wrist of left arm up & down.
Observe waveform on CRO or PC.

CONCLUSION:
a) EMG provides good semi quantitative data on muscle use.
b) A 3 electrode system is necessary to cancle out background noise.
c) Linear envelope processing with a 50 (60) HZ Notch filter is a good
processing option.
d) There is a variable (-50 ms) time delay between the electrical activity
and tension.
RESULT:
The EMG wavelength from armmuscle have been studied.

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
AIM: To acquire real time EOG using surface electrodes and study its
characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Ag/AgCl electrodes, Xp-BOM, EOG experimental
panel, patch chord, PC (graph utility software).
THEORY:
The electrooculogram signals or simply EOG represent the eye balls
movements. The waveform contains useful information about the movement
of the eye balls and generally it may also represent the overall condition of
the human subject such as the state of drowsiness of the subject. The EOG
signal when extracted and analyzed using computers , are highly useful in
detecting changes in the states of the subject

and could be useful in

applications such as Wake sleep detection and human-computer interface

(HCL) [ 1,2 ] .Such application can be further enhanced if some form of
prediction is available.
EOG is the recording of the standing corneal retinal potential arising from
hyperpolarizations and depolarizations existing between the cornea and the
retina.This potential can be considered as a steady electrical dipole with a
negative pole at the fundus and a positive pole at the cornea. This standing
potential in the eye can thus be estimated by measuring the voltage induced
across a system of electrodes placed around eyes as the eye gaze changes.
EOG signal varies from 50 to 3500 mV in magnitude with a frequency range
of about dc 100 HZ . Its behavior is practically linear for gaze angles of +
300. It should be pointed out that the variables measured in the human body
(any bio-potential) are rarely deterministic. Its magnitude varies with time
even when all possible variables are controlled. Most of these bio-potentials
vary widely even under similar measuring conditions which means that the
EOG readings variability are due to other biopotentials such as EEG ,
electromyogram (EMG) and those of the acquisition system devices.

Additional causes include positioning of electrodes ,skin-electrode contacts,

lighting conditions ,head movements, blinking etc.
PLACEMENT OF EOG ELECTRODES
The reference Surface electrode is placed on a distal portion of the lower
leg,above the ankle (RL Green).
PROCEDURE
Wiring Sequence: Connect BS5 1-2 , 12 BS5 4,-12-BS5 6 , GND-BS5 5,
BS5-(Top board ADC1 is CH3 or ADC1 is CH2).
1. Apply Gel on your Right Leg electrode RL (Green) & is placed on a
distal portion of the lower leg, above the ankle.
2. Connect Disposal sticker type electrodes Ag/Agcl 2 nos. to both sides of
your forehead (temples) near eyebrows but in the line of your upper
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

ears as shown in figure 7.1.

Switch ON SW4 (Battery P ON,Up position) &Master Unit.
Confirm SW5 switch is left position to save Battery.
Keep rotary switch (S1) at position one.
Now flex your eye lid or eye balls sidewise.
Observe waveform on CRO or PC.

CONCLUSION:
Evoked potentials elicited by electrical stimulation of the oculomotor nerves
and obtained from the surface electrodes originate in the extraocular
muscles. They do not derive from the eye and thus EOG doesnot provide an
appropriate representation.

EXPERIMENT NO.9
AIM: To measure blood pressure of a subject using automatic BPM.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Automatic blood pressure machine.
THEORY:
A) DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN

SYSTOLIC

AND

DIASTOLIC

BLOOD

PRESSURE: Blood pressure is always recorded as 2 numbers, such as

120/80, where the top number is the systolic pressure and the bottom
number is the diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the pressure on
the arteries as the heart contracts and pumps blood. The diastolic
pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest in
between heart beats.
B) HOW IS BLOOD PRESSURE MEASURED? When a pressure pad is
wrapped around a patients upper arm and inflated using hand pump,
the brachial artery is occluded (i.e. blood flow through the artery has
been stopped).As the pressure pad is gradually deflated, blood flow is
re-established and accompanied by sounds of tapping (thumping)
that can be detected with a stethoscope held over the brachial artery
just below the pressure pad at the concavity.When the first sound of
tapping is heard, that signifies the systolic pressure and when the
tapping ceases, that signifies the diastolic pressure.
C) KOROTKOFF SOUNDS: Korotkoff
sounds (or K-Sounds) are the
tapping sounds heard through a stethoscope as the cuff is gradually
deflated. Traditionally, these sounds have been classified into five
different phases (K-1, K-2, K-3, K-4,K-5) and are shown in the figure
I.

below:
Phase 1(K-1): The appearances of the clear tapping sounds as the
cuff is gradually deflated.The first clear tapping sound is defined as

II.

the Systolic Pressure.

Phase 2(K-2): The sounds in K-2 become softer and longer and are
characterized by a swishing sound since the blood flow in the artery
increases.

III.

Phase 3(K-3): The sounds become crisper and louder in K-3 which is

IV.

similar to the sounds heard in K-1.

Phase 4(K-4): As the blood flow starts to become less turbulent in

V.

the artery, the sounds in K-4 are muffled and softer.

Phase 5(K-5): In K-5,the sounds disappear completely since the
blood flow through the artery has returned to normal.The last
audible sound is defined as the diastolic pressure.

Phase 1

Phase 2
A

Silence

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5

A soft

Regular

Trapping

Swishing

Crisp

Blowing

Soft HB

sound

sound

Sound

sound
Sound
(Begin sound)

(Peak sound)

180

120

110

100

90

80

mmHg
Peak pressure

Systolic

Diastolic

cuff pressure mmHg

pressure Drop
Pressure

pressure
Fig.9.1: Blood Pressure levels
D) CATEGORIES FOR BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS IN ADULTS: (IN
mmHg , millimeters of mercury)
TABLE 4.1: BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS
S.N

CATEGORY

O.
1
2

Normal
Prehypertensio

3a

n
High

SYSTOLIC

DIASTOLIC

( TOP NUMBER)

(BOTTOM

Less than 120

120-139

NUMBER)
Less than 80
80-89

Blood 140-159

90-99

Pressure
3b

Stage 1
High

Blood 160 or higher

100 or higher

Pressure Stage
2
PROCEDURE:
A) CALIBRATION

OF

ELECTRONIC

PRESSURESENSOR

USING

SPHYGMAMANOMETER
Wiring Sequence: Connect BS5 +12-1,-12-3, GND-2, 11-9,
12-10, 13-DMM.
1. One end of Sphygmomanometer is connected to T Socket while one of
the other two ends is connected to pressure sensor located on the
underside of BMI panel &second goes to wrappable pressure pad.
2. Keep SW3 lower position (down) for low gain of instrumentation OPAmp.
3. Switch ON power supply of master unit.
4. Connect DMM to BS5 no.13.
5. Set 0V by using zero pot(P5) at BS5-13 when no pressure is applied to
pressure pad.
6. Create 100 mmHg pressure by using Sphygmamomanometer/Blood
Pressure module. (Need not wrap)
7. Set 100mV on DMM at BS5 13 & GND.
8. Repeat this procedure two times & observe reading by applying
different pressure in between.
B) BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT USING KOROTKOFFS
Wiring

Sequence:

Connect

BS5

+12-1,-12-3,GND-2,14-I/P

Preamplifier (on Hind plate of MU), O/P of amplifier (on Hind plate of MU)15.16-I/P L/S (on Hind plate of MU), CH1 or CH2 on TB-O/P L/S (on Hind
plate of MU)
1. One end of Sphygmomanometer is connected o T- socket while one of
the other two ends is connected to pressure sensor located on the
underside of BM 1 panel & other two goes to wrap able pressure pad.
2. Keep SW3 lower position for low gain of instrumentation OP-Amp.

3. Connect Electronic stethoscope probe / module using electret MIC to J3

KBD connecter on PCB.
4. Electronic stethoscope probe are placed vein of left hand as shown in
5.
6.
7.
8.

figure.
Switch ON power supply of master unit.
Connect headphone on hind plate of headphone socket.
Headphone placed on the ear.
Increase the pressure by using hand pump nearly equal to 210 mmHg

& slowly decrease the pressure by using hand pump knob.

9. Hear the first sound of pulses ( i.e. Korotkcoff sound K-1) at that time
press hold button on DMM &Note down that reading as systolic
pressure (systolic pressure for normal person is 120 mmHg)
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE = ---------------------mmHg.
10.

Hear the last peak sound of pulses (i.e. Korotkcoff sound K-5) at that

time press Hold button on DMM & note down that reading as Diastolic
pressure (Diastolic pressure foe normal person is 80 mmHg.
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE =
------------------------mmHg.
CONCLUSION: You need to do some practice to pick up sound of heart beat
using electret MIC as in the din of various noises around you:the faint sound
of heart is difficult to hear. Correct placement of ear is important.

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
AIM:To measure the blood glucose level using electronic glucometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: ACCU-Check.
THEORY:
ACCU-check

active

blood

glucose

meter

is

used

foe

quantitative

determination of blood glucose valves in fresh capillary blood by using ACCUcheck active test strips.
FEATURES:
1) FAST TESTING: The meter needs only approximate 5 seconds for each
testing.
2) EASY TESTING: The person need not to press a single for testing just
insert a test strip into meter, which switches it as apply blood to test
strip , read the valve and then pull test strip out of the meter.
3) BLOOD VOLUME CHECKING: To preform test, the meter requires 1-2 l
blood. The meter requires 1-2 l blood is sufficient or not.
4) FLAGGING RESULT: We can flag results with different symbols, which
indicate particular situation during the test.
5) MEMORY: The meter automatically saves upto 350 results with time
and data of the test and any other information i.e. important for the
test.

6) INTEGRATED DATA ANALYSIS: From the stored test results our neter can
calculate over average values for the last 7,14 or 30 days.
7) DATA TRANSFER: The meter has an infrared part enabling us to
download stored test result to a computer.
8) APPLYING BLOOD OUTSIDE THE METER: When the meter prompts us to
apply blood, we can remove the test strip from the meter, apply the
blood and insert it back into the meter.
PROCEDURE:
1) Preparing to test blood glucose.
TO CARRY OUT THE TEST
a) Meter with code strip inserted.
b) The parts of ACCU check active test strips that belong to code
chop.
c) A laming device to collect blood.
TESTING BLOOD GLUCOSE
i) TURNING THE METER ON:
a)Take a test strip from the container and close the container
again gently.
b) Hold the test strip so the arrows pointed on this and the
orange face ( square) upwards.
c) Without bending it,gently push the test strip into the test strip
guide in the direction of arrows.
ii)

APPLY BLOOD WITH TEST STRIP OUTSIDE THE METER:

a) Remove the test strip from the meter.
b) Prick the slide of a finger tip with a lancing device.
c) Encourage a drop of blood to form by gently managing your
fingertips.
d) Apply the drop of bloodat the centre of orange field.
e) Push the test strip back into the test strip guide in the
direction of arrow.
f) After test, the meter turns itself OFF by removing the test strip
from the meter.

PRECAUTIONS:

A) Always use a new lanut each time when taking blood.

B) Wash hands with warm water and soap and dry well before taking
blood.
C) Donot prick the ------------- device until the person is ready to take blood.
D) Dispose of used lanuts so they cannot cause injury.
RESULT:
The level of blood glucose measured for subject id 85.

EXPERIMENT NO.11
AIM:To generate breathing speed waveform using surface electrode.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Temperature module with T3 connector cord,DSO.
THEORY: