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Stock Valuation
Learning Goals
1. Differentiate between debt and equity.
2. Discuss the rights, characteristics, and features
of both common and preferred stock.
3. Describe the process of issuing common stock,
including venture capital, going public and the
investment bankers, and interpreting stock
quotations.
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Common Stock
Common stockholders, who are sometimes referred to
as residual owners or residual claimants, are the true
owners of the firm.
As residual owners, common stockholders receive what
is leftthe residualafter all other claims on the firms
income and assets have been satisfied.
Because of this uncertain position, common
stockholders expect to be compensated with adequate
dividends and ultimately, capital gains.
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Preferred Stock
Preferred stock is an equity instrument that usually
pays a fixed dividend and has a prior claim on the
firms earnings and assets in case of liquidation.
The dividend is expressed as either a dollar amount or
as a percentage of its par value.
Therefore, unlike common stock a preferred stocks par
value may have real significance.
If a firm fails to pay a preferred stock dividend, the
dividend is said to be in arrears.
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Decision Making
and Common Stock Value
Valuation equations measure the stock value at a point in time
based on expected return and risk.
Any decisions of the financial manager that affect these variables
can cause the value of the firm to change as shown in the Figure
below.
Figure 7.4 Decision Making and Stock Value
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2.00
3.0%
$
2.06
10.0%
$ 29.43
2.50
3.0%
$
2.58
3.0%
$
10.0%
$ 36.79
3.00
3.09
10.0%
$ 44.14
2.00
3.0%
$
2.06
10.0%
$ 29.43
2.00
6.0%
$
2.12
10.0%
$ 53.00
2.00
9.0%
2.18
10.0%
$ 218.00
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2.00
3.0%
$
2.06
5.0%
$ 103.00
2.00
3.0%
$
2.06
3.0%
$
7.5%
$ 45.78
2.00
2.06
10.0%
$ 29.43
2.00
3.0%
$
2.06
12.5%
$ 21.68
2.00
3.0%
$
2.06
15.0%
$ 17.17
2.00
3.0%
2.06
17.5%
$ 14.21
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