BIO 22.

1 EXERCISE 3 - 4
EXERCISE 3 SCIENTIFIC REPORT

EXERCISE 4 CELL TRANSPORT

Abstract summary of objectives,

methodology, data and conclusions,
no more than 250 words
Introduction what is it about?
Background, purpose and hypothesis
Materials
and
Methods

visualization, past tense, how when

where and what, brand names, data
collection methods
Results data tables and figures
Discussion hypothesis compared to
data, support or reject, findings
explained, errors
Conclusion summary
Recommendations for future work
References citing sources
Journal Articles
Author. Title of article. Journal
name Volume, Pages (Year).
Books
Author.
Book
title
Pages
(Publisher, Place of Publication, Year).
Online Sources
Name
of
Site.
Date
of
posting/revision.
Name
of
institution/organization. Date the site
was accessed <electronic address>.

Diffusion

higher
solute
concentration
to
lower
solute
concentration through a selectively
permeable
membrane;
maintain
internal environment
Factors
Concentration
gradient
Diffusion
Surface Area Diffusion
Temperature Diffusion
Molecular Weight Diffusion
Distance Diffusion
Other molecules Diffusion
Dialysis diffusion of solutes through
a differentially permeable membrane
(allows passage of small molecules)
Osmosis movement from higher
water content to lower content, low to
high osmotic pressure; dilute to
concentrate
ONLY
WATER
MOLECULES
EQUILIBRIATE
Aquaporines channel for water
movement in plant cells
Osmotic Pressure tendency of
solution to attract water; minimum
pressure
needed
to
maintain
equilibrium
Solutions
Hypertonic water move out
of cell; intra < extra
o Crenation cell shrinking
Isotonic inside = outside;
same OP; no net movement
Hypotonic intra > extra; into
the cell
o Hemolysis

rupture;
liberation of hemoglobin

BIO 22.1 EXERCISE 6

EXERCISE 6 TISSUES
Tissues aggregate of cells that carry
out similar functions
Types
Epithelial Tissues closely packed
cells with little intercellular substance;
covers outside of body, lines organs
and cavities
Shape
o Squamous
o Cuboidal
o Columnar
Number of Layers
o Simple
o Stratified
Stratified
Squamous
Pseudostratified
Surface epithelia exposed to air or
fluid; one or more layer of cells
Base resting on a basement
membrane
Basement membrane separates
epithelia from tissues, no blood
vessels
Simple Epithelium single layer;
diffusion,
absorption,
secretion,
minimal protection
Simple Squamous cheek
cells,
air
sacs
of
lungs,
glomeruli, linings of heart,
lymphatic, blood vessels; FLAT;
passage
Simple Cuboidal kidney,
ovary, ducts, small glands,
CYLINDER,
absorption
and
secretion
Simple Columnar digestive
tract, gall bladder, excretory

ducts;
PILLAR;
secretion,
absorption,
movement
of
mucous layer, protection; villi
microvilli goblet cells
Stratified Epithelium 2 layers of
cells
Stratified
Squamous
protection,
little
absorption,
several layers
o Keratinized dry; skin;
no nuclei
o Non

wet;
oral,
esophagus, vagina, anal;
nuclei
Stratified cuboidal 2 layers;
sweat and salivary glands
Stratified columnar male
urethra, conjunctiva
Pseudostratified seemingly
multilayered,
all
cells
at
basement,
bronchi,
uterus;
propel mucus
o Ciliated trachea and
respiratory tract
o Stereociliated

epididymis
Connective
Tissues

provide
structural and metabolic support for
other tissues and organs; contain
blood vessels; exchange of substances
Connective Tissue Proper
o Loose/ Areolar cells >
fibers
o Dense fibers > cells
Regular
Irregular
o Modified Loose
Specialized Connective Tissue
o Cartilage
o Bone
o Blood
Components
Cells
Extracellular Matrix
Fibers
Ground Substance
Structural glycoproteins

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose Areolar CT numerous
fibroblasts produce collagen and
elastic fibers, subcutaneous
layers; wraps organs
Dense Regular CT tendon,
ligaments;
densely
packed,
parallel
Dense Irregular CT dermis;
densely
packed
randomly
arranged
Modified Loose CT lamina
propria
o Adipose
Tissue

adipocytes;
subcutaneous
layer,
cushion
o Reticular
Tissue

supports
homopoetic
organs; spleen liver
Specialized Connective Tissue
Cartilage

chondroblasts/cytes;
ground:
chondroitin, collagen, elastic,
keratin; fiber: collagen II
o Hyaline nose, trachea,
cartilage; support and
reinforcement
Perichondrium outermost part,
chondroblasts
o Elastic collage fibers;
ear, epiglottis; shape and
flexibility
o Fibrocartilage dense
fibers;
cartilage
of
invertebral disc, pubic;
absorbs
compression,
fiber is dominant
Bone

cell:
osteoblasts,
osteocytes, osteoclasts; ground:
CaPO4,
keratin
sulfate,
chondroitin; fiber: collagen I;
support, healing
o Lacunae osteocytes
o Central canal
o Canaliculi

transfer
messages
o Concentric lamella
rings

Blood

erythrocytes,
thrombocytes,
leukocytes;
ground: liquid plasma; fiber:
fibrin
o Erythrocytes RBCs
o Thrombocytes blood
clotting
o Leukocytes WBCs
Leukocytes
o Granulocytes
Neutrophils 3
5 lobes lysosomes;
phagocytosis
Eosinophils 2
lobes; allergy
Basophils

S
lobe, mast cell,
allergy
o Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes

defense,
antibodies, full
Monocytes c
shaped;
phagocytosis

Muscle
Tissues

sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
Skelet
Cardia Smoot
al
c
h
Kind
Striated S, NV
NS, IV
voluntar
y
Locati Skeleto
Heart
Viscera
on
n
l
Shape Cylindri Branch Fusifor
cal
ed
m
Nuclei Many
Single
Single
intercalat
ed

Nervous Tissues for receiving and

transferring stimuli
Parts
Cell body contains nucleus
Nucleus spherical
Axon unbranched; away
Dendrites branched; towards

Neurilemma

membrane
covering fiber
o Axis cylinder central region
of nerve fiber
o Medullary sheath thick
sheath covering fiber bet.
neurilemma and axis cylinder
o Nodes
of
Ranvier

constrictions in MS
Myelinated faster
o

Epineurium

membrane
covering a bundle of fascicule of
nerve fiber
Perineurium covering a
fasciculus of nerve fiber
Endoneurium membrane
covering a nerve fiber