Wireless Channel Modelling Slides 4up

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Wireless Channel Modeling
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Summary
Narrow-band wireless channels;
- An Overview -
Propagation path-loss;
Shadowing slow fading;
Fast fading;
Lie-Liang Yang
Power-budget design in wireless communications systems.
Communications Research Group

School of Electronics and Computer Science,
University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
Tel: +44 23 8059 3364, Fax: +44 23 8059 4508
Email: lly@ecs.soton.ac.uk
Wideband (frequency-selective) fading channels;

(Time-selective) fast fading channels;
http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk
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School of ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk, L.-L.
Yang
Wideband (time-frequency-selective) fast fading channels;
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Factors Affecting Wireless Signal

Transmission
Propagation path-loss: The strength of radio wave decreases as the distance

between the transmitter and receiver increases;
Reflection: When a radio wave propagating in one medium impinges upon
another medium having different electrical properties, the wave is partially
reflected and partially transmitted;
Diffraction : Radio wave bends when it passes around an edge or through a
slit. This bending is called diffraction;
Scattering: When a radio wave impinges on a rough surface, the reflected
energy is spread out (diffused) in all directions due to scattering;
Doppler effect: When radio wave travels between two objects, the wavelength
changes if one or both of them are moving. The Doppler effect is observed
whenever the source of waves is moving with respect to an observer.
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Ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) channels.
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Propagation Path-Loss - Free Space

Propagation
The free space propagation model is usually used to predict

received signal strength, when the transmitter and receiver have
a clear, unobstructed line-of-sight (LoS) path between them.
In free-space propagation environments the received signal
power decays with the square of the propagation path length,
and the received signal power can be expressed as
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2 #

Pr (d) = 10 log10 Pt GT GR
dBm (dBW)
(1)
4d
where Pt , Pr (d): transmitted and received power, GT , GR :
antenna gains, d: distance between the transmitter and receiver,
and : wavelength of the radio signal.
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Yang
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Shadowing Slow Fading
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Shadowing Slow Fading - Continued

Shadowing slow fading is mainly caused by terrain and
topographical features in the vicinity of the mobile receiver, such
as small hills and tall buildings;
In slow-fading analysis, the effects of both fast-fading and
path-loss must be removed;
Local-mean: The fast fading is removed by deriving the so-called
local-mean, which is obtained by averaging the signal level over
a distance of typically some 20 wavelengths.
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Figure 1: Illustration of the shadowing phenomenon.

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Shadowing Slow Fading - Continued
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0.8
Based on empirical measurements, it has been shown that the

local mean follows a lognormal distribution;
0.6
=8 dB
PDF
Let t represents the local-mean. Then, t obeys the lognormal

distribution having the PDF given by

(10 log10 r t )2
exp
, r>0
(2)
pt (r) =
22 t
2t r
=0 dB,
0.4
Lognormal distributed PDF

0.2
where
0.0
= 10/ ln 10 = 4.3429;
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Yang
Local Mean,
t (dB) and t (dB) are the mean and standard deviation of

10 log10 t , t ranges from 5 dB to 12 dB.
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Figure 2: Lognormal distributed PDF seen in (2).

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Fast Fading

Fast fading is also referred to as small-scale fading, which accounts

for the rapid variation of signal levels, when the user terminal moves
within a small or local area. There are many physical factors in the
radio propagation channel, which result in fast fading, which
typically include

BS
MS
Multipath propagation;
Figure 3: Illustration of multipath propagation of radio signals, where the received

signal at the MS consists of N multipath signals generated by the reflecting objects
around the mobile terminal.
Doppler effect;
Carrier-frequency, bandwidth and symbol rate of the transmitted
signal, etc.
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Narrowband - Fast Fading
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Fast Fading - Continued
Consider the transmission of a narrowband signal, which is

expressed as
In (4) y(t) can be expressed as

s(t) = < {s(t) exp (j2fc t)}
(3)
y(t) =
where < {x} denotes the real part of x, s(t) is the complex
baseband signal depending on the specific baseband modulation scheme employed, fc represents the carrier-frequency.
n=1
r(t) =
n=1
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< {y(t) exp (j2fc t)} + n(t)
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(5)
(6)
where
n (t) = n (t) + 2 [(fc + fDn (t)) n (t) fDn (t)t]
(7)
Hence, the received signal consists of a series of attenuated,

time-delayed, phase shifted replicas of the transmitted signal.
(4)
where n(t) denotes the AWGN.
n (t) exp (jn (t)) s(t n (t))
= yI (t) jyQ (t)
Due to multipath propagations and Doppler frequency shifts,

the received signal can be expressed as
N
X
N
X
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Yang
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r(t)=r1(t)+r2(t)+r3(t)+r4(t)
r1(t), r2(t), r3(t), r4(t)
Fast Fading - Important Concepts
Amplitude, A(t)
Maximum delay spread, Tm ;
Maximum Doppler frequency shift, fD ;

-2
-4
0.0
Coherence bandwidth of a wireless channel, (f )c 1/Tm ;

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Coherence time of a wireless channel, (t)c 1/(2fD )
3.0
time, t
Figure 4: Illustration of constructive and destructive effects of multipath signals.
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Envelope (dB)
The envelope and phase of a wireless channel are given by

q
2
(t)
(8)
(t) = yI2 (t) + yQ

yQ (t)
(9)
(t) = tan1
yI (t)
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Correlated Rayleigh-distributed envelope
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Fast Fading - Envelope and Phase

Distribution
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-10
-20
-30
-40
100
200
300
400
Time
Figure 5: Envelope distributions of a Rayleigh fading channel, when assuming

that the normalized Doppler frequency shift is fD T = 0.1, where T represents the
sampling spacing.
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Fast Fading - Rayleigh Fading
Phase distribution of correlated fading channels
Rayleigh fading channels belong to a class of channels,

where the received envelopes of faded signals obey Rayleigh
distribution;
3
2
Phase
Rayleigh distribution is commonly employed for describing

the statistical time varying nature of the received envelope in
isotropic scattering environments, where exists no LoS propagation path between the transmitter and the receiver;
-1
-2
-3
-4
100
200
300
400
Time
Figure 6: Phase distributions of a Rayleigh fading channel, when assuming that

the normalized Doppler frequency shift is fD T = 0.1.
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1.0
(10)
where = E[2 (t)].
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Fast Fading - Rician Fading
Rician distribution is commonly used for describing the statistical time

varying nature of the received envelope, when a signal is transmitted over
an environment, where, in addition to many reflecting objects around the
receiver, exists a LoS propagation route between the transmitter and the
receiver;
0.8
PDF
0.6
It can also be used for describing the envelope distribution of the received
signal, when it contains a dominant non-faded component, although this
dominant component is not the LoS one;
0.4
0.2
0.0
The Rayleigh PDF is given by

2
2y
y
p(t) (y) =
, y0
exp
The Rician PDF is given by

0

2(K + 1)y
(K + 1)y 2
I0
exp K
p(t) (y) =
Amplitude, y
Figure 7: Illustration of the Rayleigh distributed PDF associated with = 1.

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2y
K(K + 1)
(11)
where K represents the ratio of the power in the specular component and
that in the scattering components of the received signal.
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Fast Fading - Nakagami Fading

4
Nakagami-m distribution is a generalized distribution, which

often gives the best fit to land-mobile and indoor-mobile multipath propagation environments;
K=50
PDF
K=10
K=5
K=1
K=0
A good fit to these widely varying propagation scenarios is

achieved by varying single parameter of m in the Nakagamim distribution;
Nakagami-m distribution offers features of analytical convenience, which makes it possible to evaluate wireless systems performance by using both analytical and numerical approaches.
Amplitude, y
Figure 8: Illustration of the Rician distributed PDF of (11) associated with = 1.
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Fast Fading - Nakagami Fading (Continued)
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(12)
m=10
m=5
m=2
m=1.5
m=1
m=0.5
PDF
The Nakagami-m distribution is given by

2 m m 2m1
my 2
, y0
y
exp
p(t) (y) =
(m)
where () is the gamma function;

m = 1: Rayleigh fading;
m : Gaussian PDF;
m = 1/2: one-side Gaussian fading, the worst fading condition;
The Rician and lognormal distributions can also be closely

approximated by the Nakagami distribution in conjunction
with m > 1 values.
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Amplitude, y
Figure 9: Illustration of the Nakagami-m distributed PDF associated with = 1.

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Power (dBm)

Base station
Transmitted power required, PTx (dBm)
Mobile terminal
Distance

Power-Budget Design
Path-loss

Power-loss due to path-loss

P L(d) (dB)

Slow fading margin or
power-loss due to slow
fading, Lslow (dB)
Factors affecting the power-budget design:

Outage probability 1% - 2%

Propagation path-loss;
Fast fading margin or

power-loss due to fast
fading, Lf ast (dB)
Shadowing slow fading;

Fast fading.
Minimum received power required, PRx (dBm)
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Wideband (Frequency-Selective) Fading

Channels
For wideband signal, the signal bandwidth, Ws , may be significantly higher

than the coherence bandwidth (f )c = 1/Tm of the corresponding wireless channel, i.e., Ws /(f )c = Ws Tm >> 1;
Consequently, two frequency components separated by a frequency of
the coherence bandwidth or beyond may behave significantly differently;
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Assume Nakagami fading channels. Then, when the excess

delay-spread obeys the exponential distribution, it can be shown
that the correlation coefficient as a function of the frequency separation f = fv fu , for the envelopes at fu and fv , can be
expressed as

2 m + 12
1

(13)
E (f )
1
2
2
2
4m m (m) m + 2 1 + (2f )2
Narrowband channel belongs to flat fading channels, where all the frequency components of the transmitted signal behave similarly;
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Figure 10: Power-budget design for mobile systems, where the transmitted power
must satisfy PTx RRx + Lf ast + Lslow + P L(d)
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Envelope Correlation as A Function of

Frequency Separation
For narrowband signal, the signal bandwidth, say Ws , is sufficiently small

in comparison with the coherence bandwidth (f )c = 1/Tm of the corresponding wireless channel, i.e., Ws /(f )c = Ws Tm << 1;
Hence, wideband channels are typically frequency-selective fading channels.
Outage probability 1% - 2%
where represents the mean value of the excess delay spread.

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Envelope correlation coefficient
Tapped-Delay-Line (TDL) Wideband

Channel Model
1.0
m=0.5
m=1
m=150
The channel impulse response (CIR) of a wideband channel

can be expressed as
0.6
E(
f)
0.8
0.4
H(t, ) =
l=0
0.2
0.0
-1
Figure 11: Illustration of the envelope correlation coefficient of (13), when the
excess delay-spread of the channel obeys the exponential distribution.
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x(t)
1
Ws
1
Ws
h(t, 0)

h t,
1
Ws
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1
Ws

h t,
l
h (t, )
Ws
(14)
The number of resolvable multipaths can be estimated by

Tm
+1
(15)
L = [Ws /(f )c ] + 1 = [Ws Tm ] + 1 =
1/Ws
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L1
X
L1
Ws
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(Time-Selective) Fast Fading Channels
Let the transmitted signal be a narrowband signal with the

symbol duration Ts , and the coherence time of the channel be
(t)c ;
When (t)c > Ts resulting in 2fD Ts < 1, the fading amplitude

within one symbol duration is highly correlated or simply the
same. This type of fading process is referred to as time nonselective fading or slow fading;
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y(t)
Figure 12: Tapped-delay-line (TDL) channel model for wideband wireless channels.
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When (t)c < Ts resulting in 2fD Ts > 1, the front and rear
parts of a given symbol may experience independent fading.
Correspondingly, a fading process having this characteristics
is referred to as time-selective fading or fast fading.
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Envelope correlation coefficient
1.0
Envelope Correlation as A Function of Time

Separation
m=0.5
m=1
m=150
t)
0.8
0.6
E(
Assuming a Nakagami fading channel, the envelope correlation coefficient E (t) with a time-spacing t can be expressed as

2 m + 12 2t

(16)
E (t)
4m m2 (m) 2 m + 12
0.4
0.2
0.0
-1
fD t
where t = J0 (2fD t).
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Figure 13: Illustration of the envelope correlation coefficient of (16), when the
channel is assumed to be WSSUS.
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Tapped-Frequency-Shift-Line (TFSL) Fast

Fading Channel Model

X F +
For fast fading channel, the frequency-domain CIR can be

expressed as
(L1)/2
Y (F ) =
l=(L1)/2

l
h (F, f ) f
Ts
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Yang
L1
2Ts

h F, L1
2Ts
1
Ts
1
Ts

h F, L1
2Ts + 1
1
Ts

X F

h F,
L1
2Ts
L1
2Ts
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(17)
+
y(t)

fD
Ts
+ 1 2 [fD Ts ] + 1 = 2
+1
(18)
L
1/2fD
1/Ts
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Figure 14: Tapped-frequency-shift-line (TFSL) channel model for time-selective

fading channels.
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Wideband (Time-Frequency Selective) Fast

Fading Channels
Envelope Amplitude, (dB)

5
In practice, a wireless channel may simultaneously satisfy the

frequency-selective fading condition of Ws Tm > 1 and the
time-selective fading condition of 2fD Ts > 1;
0
5
10
15
In this case, a signal transmitted over this type of wireless

channels experiences both frequency-selective fading and
time-selective fading;
20
This type of channels is classified as time-frequency-selective

fading channels.
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20
40 60
80 100
Time In
120
dex
20
120
80 100
60
40
ndex
ency I
u
q
e
r
F
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E (f, t)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
21.5
10.5
fD t 0 0.5
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1 1.5
0
1 0.5
2 2 1.5
0.5 1
f
1.5 2
Figure 16: Illustration of the envelope correlation coefficient of wireless channels.
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1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Assuming Nakagami fading channels and that the excess

delay-spread obey the exponential distribution with the parameter of , then, the envelope correlation coefficient as a
function of f and t can be expressed as

2 m + 12
J02 (2fD t)

(19)
E (f, t)
4m m2 (m) 2 m + 12 1 + 2 (2f )2
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Yang
Figure 15: Illustration of the time-frequency selectivity of a 10-path wireless channel associated with the normalized Doppler frequency spread of f D T = 0.02.
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Envelope Correlation as A Function of

Time-Frequency Separations
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5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
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Two-Dimensional (2-D) Channel Model for

Time-Frequency Selective Fading
Channels.
1/Ws
1/Ts
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1/Ws
h10
h11
h1(L1)
............
x(t)
1/Ws
1/Ws
+
1/Ws
............
1/Ts
h00
h01
h0(L1)
1/Ws
1/Ws
y(t)
............

Ts
Ws
+1
+1
ML
1/Tm
1/2fD
= ([Ws Tm ] + 1) (2 [fD Ts ] + 1)
(21)
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Yang
1/Ws
............
For wideband time-frequency-selective fast fading channels,

the CIR can modeled as

L1
M
1 X
X
m
l
f
(20)
h (t, f, )
H(t, f, ) =
Ws
Ts
m=0 l=0
&
1/Ws
............
h10
h11
h1(L1)
............
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Ultrawide Bandwidth (UWB) Systems Characteristics
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UWB Indoor Channel Modeling
UWB characterizes transmission systems with instantaneous spectral occupancy in excess of 500 MHz, or a fractional bandwidth of more than
20%;
The measurements in UWB channels show that the envelope

amplitudes do not follow a Rayleigh distribution. Either lognormal or Nakagami distribution can equally be used for fitting
the measurement data;
Currently, UWB is mainly recommended for short-range (such as indoor and sensor networks), high-speed (which may be upto hundreds of
Mbits/s) multiple-access communications;
Multipath components arrive at the receiver in group (clusters). Cluster arrival time obeys Poisson distribution;
High processing gain and low power spectral density;

Fine delay resolution probably resulting in a huge number of multipath
components;
The arrival time of the multipath components within a cluster

also obeys Poisson distribution;
Accurate position location and ranging;

Property of material penetration due to low frequency components.
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Multipath UWB Indoor Channel Model (IEEE

802.15.3a)
The multipath amplitude |hml | can be modeled by lognormal

or Nakagami distribution, with the power given by

Tm ml
2
2
, >
(23)
E[|hml | ] = E[|h00 | ] exp
The channel impulse response (CIR) of the multipath UWB channel is

recommended as
M
1 L1
X
X
m=0 l=0
hml (t Tm ml )
(22)
where
The distributions of the cluster arrival time and the multipath

(within a cluster) arrival time are given by
Tm + ml denotes the arrival time of the lth multipath component of the

mth cluster;
p(Tm |Tm1 ) = exp[(Tm Tm1 )], m > 0
hml = |hml | exp(jml ) is the channel gain of lth multipath component

of the mth cluster;
M is the number of clusters, while L is the number of multipath com& ponents within a cluster.
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Multipath UWB Indoor Channel Model (IEEE

802.15.3a) - Continued
Let the cluster arrival rate be , and the arrival rate of the multipaths within
a cluster be . Usually, we have > .
h(t) =
'
&
p(ml |ml1 ) = exp[(ml m(l1) )], l > 0
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Yang
(24)
(25)
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'

Wireless Channel Modeling

Narrow-band wireless channels;

Power-budget design in wireless communications systems.

Communications Research Group

Wideband (frequency-selective) fading channels;

Wideband (time-frequency-selective) fast fading channels;

Factors Affecting Wireless Signal

Propagation path-loss: The strength of radio wave decreases as the distance

Ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) channels.

Propagation Path-Loss - Free Space

The free space propagation model is usually used to predict

Shadowing Slow Fading

Shadowing Slow Fading - Continued

Figure 1: Illustration of the shadowing phenomenon.

Shadowing Slow Fading - Continued

Based on empirical measurements, it has been shown that the

Let t represents the local-mean. Then, t obeys the lognormal

Lognormal distributed PDF

t (dB) and t (dB) are the mean and standard deviation of

Figure 2: Lognormal distributed PDF seen in (2).

Fast fading is also referred to as small-scale fading, which accounts

Figure 3: Illustration of multipath propagation of radio signals, where the received

Narrowband - Fast Fading

Fast Fading - Continued

Consider the transmission of a narrowband signal, which is

In (4) y(t) can be expressed as

< {y(t) exp (j2fc t)} + n(t)

Hence, the received signal consists of a series of attenuated,

where n(t) denotes the AWGN.

n (t) exp (jn (t)) s(t n (t))

= yI (t) jyQ (t)

Due to multipath propagations and Doppler frequency shifts,

Fast Fading - Important Concepts

Maximum delay spread, Tm ;

Maximum Doppler frequency shift, fD ;

Coherence bandwidth of a wireless channel, (f )c 1/Tm ;

Coherence time of a wireless channel, (t)c 1/(2fD )

Figure 4: Illustration of constructive and destructive effects of multipath signals.

The envelope and phase of a wireless channel are given by

Correlated Rayleigh-distributed envelope

Fast Fading - Envelope and Phase

Figure 5: Envelope distributions of a Rayleigh fading channel, when assuming

Fast Fading - Rayleigh Fading

Phase distribution of correlated fading channels

Rayleigh fading channels belong to a class of channels,

Rayleigh distribution is commonly employed for describing

Figure 6: Phase distributions of a Rayleigh fading channel, when assuming that

where = E[2 (t)].

Fast Fading - Rician Fading

Rician distribution is commonly used for describing the statistical time

The Rayleigh PDF is given by

The Rician PDF is given by

Figure 7: Illustration of the Rayleigh distributed PDF associated with = 1.

Fast Fading - Nakagami Fading

Nakagami-m distribution is a generalized distribution, which

A good fit to these widely varying propagation scenarios is

Figure 8: Illustration of the Rician distributed PDF of (11) associated with = 1.

Fast Fading - Nakagami Fading (Continued)

The Nakagami-m distribution is given by

where () is the gamma function;

m = 1/2: one-side Gaussian fading, the worst fading condition;

The Rician and lognormal distributions can also be closely

Figure 9: Illustration of the Nakagami-m distributed PDF associated with = 1.