1.

Which substance is the most alkaline, meaning it has more hydroxide ions (OH-) than
hydrogen ions (H+)?
R. Household ammonia (pH = 11)
2. A typical nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a (n)
__________.
R. five-carbon sugar
3. Which organic compounds, containing a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio near 1:2,
function as chemical messengers, coordinating local cellular activities?
R. Eicosanoids
4. Which nitrogenous base is found only in DNA?
R. Thymine
5. What holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?

R. Hydrogen bonding between opposing nitrogenous bases

6. Which statement regarding high-energy compounds is incorrect?

R. The formation of ATP from ADP is an irreversible reaction.

7. Each of the following statements regarding enzymes and enzymatic reactions is true, except
that __________.

R. enzymes are permanently changed or consumed during enzymatic reactions.

8. Which of the following describes the primary level of a protein structure?

R. The sequence of amino acids along the length of a single polypeptide.

9. Which statement regarding matter is true?

R. A gas has neither a constant volume nor a fixed shape.

10. Which of the following is a trace element of the human body?

R. Manganese

11. Which characteristic is true of liquids?

R. Its shape is determined by the shape of its container.

12. Which principal element of the human body functions as a cofactor for many enzymes?

R. Mg (magnesium)

13. The polarity of water is due to which characteristic?

R. The asymmetrical positions of the hydrogen atoms that are attached by polar covalent bonds.

14. Which of the following symbols indicates that the atom has lost one electron?

R. K+

15. Which element functions as a component of hormones of the thyroid gland?

R. Iodine (I)

16. The loss of electrons from the outer energy level results in __________.

R. an atom with a net positive charge.

17. Which of the following is a characteristic of chlorine?

R. Important for blood volume, membrane function, and water absorption

18. Which of the following is a characteristic of ionic bonds?

R. The electrical attraction between the participating atoms involves the transfer of one or more
electrons from one atom to another atom.

19. In body fluids, the production of Na+ and HCO3- from NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) is
which type of chemical process?

R. Dissociation

20. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in their number of which particles?

R. Neutrons

21. Which type of bond is formed when one oxygen atom bonds with a second oxygen atom?

R. Double covalent bond.

22. The formation of a complex molecule, which occurs due to the removal of a water molecule,
is known as __________.

R. dehydration synthesis