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B)
birth; death
C)
D)
conception; death
4INCORRECT Which philosophical view assumes that the child's mind at birth is a "blank
tablet"?
A)
original sin
B)
tabula rasa
C)
D)
determinism
innate goodness
5INCORRECT Contrary to the view held centuries ago, today we believe that:
A)
B)
C) children ought to be treated as small adults in need of training but little else.
D)children are autonomous and may be expected to grow and develop with very little parental
support.
D)extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, then decline in late
old age.
C)
D)
8INCORRECT Allan spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He
also has been thinking about how his personal relationship is going and considering whether it
could be long-term and lead to establishing a family. Allan is MOST LIKELY in:
A)
late adolescence.
B)
early adulthood.
C)
middle adulthood.
D)
late adulthood
9INCORRECT The period of development during which school readiness skills are developed
and most free time is spent playing with friends is called:
A)
B)
infancy.
early childhood.
C)
middle childhood.
D)
late childhood.
late childhood.
middle childhood.
C)
early childhood.
D)
infancy.
middle childhood
B)
C)
late childhood
adolescence
D)
early adulthood
12INCORRECT Many older persons become wiser with age, yet perform more poorly on
cognitive speed tests. This supports the life-span perspective notion that development is:
A)
multidirectional.
B)
multidimensional.
C)
lifelong.
D)
plastic.
contextual.
multidirectional.
C)
multidimensional.
D)
plastic.
contextual.
multidirectional.
C)
multidimensional.
D)
plastic.
15INCORRECT In one study, the reasoning abilities of older adults were improved through
retraining. This is an example of how development is:
A)
B)
contextual.
multidirectional.
C)
multidimensional.
D)
plastic.
16CORRECT Differences in families, neighborhoods, cultures, and even time periods affect
development. This statement supports Baltes' assertion that development is:
A)
B)
C)
contextual.
multidirectional.
multidimensional.
D)
plastic.
17CORRECT In many cultures, people retire from their careers in their fifties or sixties. This
is an example of a:
A)
B)
D)
18INCORRECT Like many others her age, Velma does not know how to use a computer, but
her six-year-old grandson has no problem navigating the Internet and using a word processing
program. This is an example of a:
A)
B)
D)
19INCORRECT When Ben was thirteen when his father was killed in a car accident. This is
an example of a:
A)
B)
D)
B)
D)
storm-and-stress events.
B)
D)
storm-and-stress event.
22CORRECT The number of years since a person was born is a key element in the definition
of:
A)
B)
C)
chronological age.
biological age.
psychological age.
D)
developmental age.
23INCORRECT The expectations society has that a person will act his or her age refers to:
A)
biological age.
B)
C)
social age.
psychological age.
D)
historical age.
24INCORRECT Rozee is 86 years young. She continues to learn phrases in new languages,
she writes poetry, and she enjoys going to museums to see the latest up-and-coming artists. These
examples of her adaptive capacities demonstrate:
A)
chronological age.
B)
biological age.
C)
psychological age.
D)
social age.
theories.
B)
hypotheses.
C)
D)
models.
scientific methods.
contextual theories
B)
ecological theories
C)
psychoanalytical theories
D)
ethological theories
27INCORRECT Callie is learning about the psychoanalytic perspective and understands there
are three parts to the personality. According to Freud, they are the:
A)
B)
B)
32CORRECT According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, the three factors that
reciprocally influence development involve:
A)
B)
C)
D)
33CORRECT Because Dr. Samuels is a cognitive theorist, we know that she stresses the
importance of _______ for understanding development.
A)
B)
C)
D)
thought processes
repressed memories
reciprocal interactions
34INCORRECT Which theory would be BEST to consider if you wanted to understand how
and why children copy the behaviors they see in TV cartoons?
A)
Skinner's behaviorism
B)
C)
D)
ethological theory
B)
ecological theory
C)
behavioral theory
D)
D)
macrosystem; mesosystem
B)
exosystem; microsystem
C)
exosystem; chronosystem
D)
microsystem; chronosystem
38CORRECT Alex believes people are primarily influenced by the environment and learned
experiences, so he believes _______ plays a more powerful role in human development.
A)
B)
nurture
maturation
C)
D)
change
nature
B)
D)
cognitive development.
affective processes in development.
nondescript.
B)
C)
eclectic.
quasi-experimental.
D)
pseudoscientific.
it is artificial.
real-world validity.
B)
C)
B)
45INCORRECT Dr. Somberg is using a method of gathering information that gives an indepth look at one individual. She is using the:
A)
B)
interview.
emic approach.
C)
participant observation.
D)
case study.
it is difficult to administer.
B)
C)
D)
48CORRECT A _______ design compares individuals of different ages (e.g., 30-year-olds, 40year-olds, and 50-year-olds) at one testing time.
A)
cross-sectional
B)
longitudinal
C)
Latin squares
D)
correlational
49INCORRECT Which measure allows a researcher to compare one person's score with the
scores of a large group of similar people?
A)
case study
B)
questionnaire
C)
D)
standardized test
naturalistic observation
life-history record
B)
C)
case study
sequential approach
D)
interview
A)
B)
C)
D)
experimental
correlational
observational
standardized test
Biological Beginnings
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a
INCORREC
T
The process of natural _______ favors individuals of a species that are best able
to survive and reproduce.
A)
progression
B)
distinction
C)
D)
INCORREC
T
selection
accommodation
David Buss believes that _______ not only shapes our physical features but also
influences our decision making, aggressive behavior, fears, and mating patterns.
A)
adaptation
B)
C)
D)
INCORREC
T
instinct
evolution
genetics
A)
B)
CORRECT
Albert Bandura would argue that evolutionary psychology focuses too much on
_______ and not enough on _______.
A)
biology; environment
B)
evolution; regression
INCORREC
T
culture; learning
The units of hereditary information that act as a blueprint for cells to reproduce
themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life are:
A)
chromosomes.
B)
C)
D)
CORRECT
DNA.
genes.
ribosomes.
INCORREC
T
A)
46 paired chromosomes.
B)
46 unpaired chromosomes.
C)
23 paired chromosomes.
D)
INCORREC
T
23 unpaired chromosomes.
A)
B)
XX.
C)
XY.
D)
INCORREC
T
A)
dominant.
B)
recessive.
D)
INCORREC
T
XXY.
Traits that are produced by the interaction between two or more genes are
called:
C)
1
0
YY.
monogenic.
polygenic.
A)
phenotype.
B)
zygote.
C)
genome.
D)
1
1
INCORREC
T
DNA map.
A)
2; 2
B)
4; 2
C)
2; many
D)
1
2
INCORREC
T
many; 2
A)
cell
B)
C)
D)
1
3
INCORREC
T
gene
gamete
chromosome
A)
cells.
B)
1
4
INCORREC
T
C)
chromosomes.
D)
DNA molecules.
Both of Brian's parents are farsighted, but Brian wears glasses for
nearsightedness. Which genetic principle can explain this difference?
A)
B)
reaction range
D)
INCORREC
T
sex-linked genes
If you are looking at someone's brown hair, you are observing that person's
A)
B)
C)
D)
1
6
INCORREC
T
mitosis
dominant-recessive genes
C)
1
5
genes.
genotype.
phenotype.
reaction range.
Amanda was born with Down syndrome. The doctor tells her parents that she
will be mentally retarded. If her parents keep her at home without educational
or training programs, the doctor predicts that her IQ might go as low as 35, but
he predicts it could go as high as 70 if they provide such programs for Amanda.
This variability in Amanda's potential IQ provides an example of the:
A)
B)
canalization of intelligence.
reaction range for intelligence.
1
7
CORRECT
A)
canalization.
B)
C)
D)
1
8
INCORREC
T
meiosis.
phenotype.
heredity.
A)
B)
1
9
INCORREC
T
A)
fraternal twins.
B)
adopted twins.
C)
dizygotic twins.
D)
2
0
INCORREC
T
identical twins.
A)
B)
2
1
A)
Down syndrome
B)
Turner syndrome
C)
sickle-cell anemia
D)
2
2
phenylketonuria (PKU)
A)
B)
C)
D)
sickle-cell anemia
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome
2
3
INCORREC
T
Mary begs her parents to allow her to take piano lessons. After her first several
lessons, it quickly becomes apparent that Mary has a natural talent for music.
This example best illustrates:
A) passive genotype-environment correlation.
B) evocative genotype-environment correlation.
C) active genotype-environment correlation.
D) active genotype-phenotype correlation.
2
4
INCORREC
T
Children who are highly active, easily distracted, and move quickly often elicit
adult attempts to quiet them down, punishment for lack of concentration, and
angry warnings to slow down. This describes an example of a(n) _______
genotype-environment interaction.
A)
passive
B)
C)
niche-picking
D)
2
5
CORRECT
active
evocative
Rachel has always enjoyed reading. Now that she is a parent, she provides her
daughter with many books to read, hoping the child also will learn to enjoy
reading. How do behavior geneticists refer to this type of interaction between
heredity and environment?
A) passive genotype-environment interactions
B) evocative genotype-environment interactions
C) influential genotype-environment interactions
D) active genotype-environment interactions
2
6
INCORREC
T
A)
B)
2
7
INCORREC
T
amniocentesis
ultrasound sonography
C)
D)
2
8
INCORREC
T
A)
a blastocyst.
B)
C)
D)
INCORREC
T
an egg.
an embryo.
a zygote.
The period of prenatal development that occurs in the first two weeks after
conception is called the _______ period.
9
A)
B)
C)
D)
3
0
CORRECT
fetal
germinal
embryonic
blastocystic
3
1
CORRECT
A)
embryonic period
B)
C)
D)
3
2
INCORREC
T
zygotic period
fetal period
blastocystic period
The human body develops from three layers of cells in the embryo. These layers
are the:
A)
3
3
CORRECT
A)
organogenesis.
B)
C)
D)
3
4
INCORREC
T
3
5
CORRECT
3
6
INCORREC
T
A)
D)
3
7
INCORREC
T
lower birthweights.
Phillip is 5 years old and has a poor attention span. He often fidgets and is
impulsive. It is quite possible that Phillip's mother used _______ while pregnant.
A)
nicotine
B)
cocaine
C)
D)
3
8
INCORREC
T
caffeine
marijuana
A)
B)
decreased intelligence
increased risk of prematurity
C)
D)
3
9
INCORREC
T
Which of the following statements about the relationship between age and
pregnancy outcome is most accurate?
4
0
INCORREC
T
Now that Eric and Luz have established their careers and are in their midtwenties, they are planning to have a baby. In terms of the paternal factors that
may affect his child, Eric should be most concerned about:
A)
4
1
his age.
A)
B)
C)
anoxia
oxytocin
teratology
D)
4
2
INCORREC
T
toxoplasmosis
Drugs used to block sensation in one area of the body or to block consciousness
during delivery are:
A)
analgesics.
B)
4
3
INCORREC
T
anesthestics.
C)
epidurals.
D)
oxytocics.
Linda's baby is about to be born. The baby's head is at the top of the uterus,
and the baby's lower extremities are on the cervix. This situation is:
A)
B)
C)
D)
4
4
INCORREC
T
called afterbirth.
called a breech position.
A)
psychological status.
B)
C)
D)
reflexes.
physiological health.
responsivity to people.
4
5
CORRECT
A)
4
6
INCORREC
T
A)The newborn must have sufficiently close contact to bond with the
mother in the first few days of life to develop optimally.
B)Bonding between infant and mother can only occur after standard
childbirth.
C)Bonding with mothers is helpful to preterm infants and adolescent
mothers.
D)Bonding with the mother is more important for the infant's
development than bonding with the father.
Physical Development
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a
INCORREC
T
D)An infant coos, then babbles, then speaks single words, then uses
language.
INCORREC
T
CORRECT
A)
top to bottom.
B)
bottom to top.
C)
outer to middle.
D)
middle to outer.
Two important factors that can produce individual differences in height are:
A)
CORRECT
By the end of early childhood, boys have more _______, whereas girls have
more _______.
C)
D)
A)
muscle; fat
B)
fat; muscle
strength; endurance
CORRECT
B)
C)
INCORREC
T
Why are boys generally stronger than girls during middle childhood?
A)
B)
C)
D)
INCORREC
T
Alice wants to know how early her daughter Barbara will go through puberty.
Which of the following is the best indicator?
A)
INCORREC
T
Alice's weight
B)
C)
D)
The age at which puberty arrives is _______ with each passing decade.
A)
increasing
B)
decreasing
C)
D)
INCORREC
T
slowing down
Endocrine gland(s) important for controlling growth and regulating other glands
is/are the:
A)
hypothalamus.
B)
pituitary gland.
C)
thalamus.
D)
1
0
CORRECT
_______ are the dominant class of hormone in males, whereas _______ are the
dominant class of hormone in females.
A)
1
1
INCORREC
T
gonads.
Testosterones; estradiols
B)
Estrogens; androgens
C)
Estradiols; estrogens
D)
Androgens; estradiols
The hormonal and body changes of puberty occur about ______ year(s) earlier
in girls than they do in boys.
A)
B)
1
1 1/2
C)
D)
2
2 1/2
1
2
INCORREC
T
1
3
INCORREC
T
1
4
INCORREC
T
Recent research has found that early-maturing girls are more likely than latematuring girls to:
be depressed.
1
5
INCORREC
T
A)
B)
more positively.
C)
D)
1
6
INCORREC
T
less positively.
A)
1
7
INCORREC
T
The average adult in middle adulthood _______ height and _______ weight.
A)
loses; loses
B)
loses; gains
C)
gains; gains
D)
gains; loses
1
8
INCORREC
T
A)
1
9
INCORREC
T
faster
B)
happier
C)
thinner
D)
shorter
D)
2
0
CORRECT
joint stiffness.
INCORREC
T
1
A)
stepping reflex.
B)
2
2
INCORREC
T
C)
D)
neuronal interconnections.
A)
laterals.
B)
hemispheres.
C)
cortexes.
D)
2
3
INCORREC
T
lobes.
A)
2
4
INCORREC
T
2
5
INCORREC
T
A)
2
6
INCORREC
T
A)
25 percent
B)
50 percent
C)
75 percent
D)
2
7
90 percent
The most rapid growth in the brain for children aged 3 to 6 takes place in the:
CORRECT
A)
B)
2
8
INCORREC
T
parietal lobe.
D)
occipital lobe.
2
9
INCORREC
T
3
0
A)
unknown factors.
B)
premature birth.
C)
D)
3
1
INCORREC
T
respiratory infections.
A)
B)
C)
3
2
INCORREC
T
3
3
INCORREC
T
A)
B)
3
4
INCORREC
T
All of the following are recommendations to help older adults sleep better at
night, EXCEPT:
A)
avoid caffeine.
3
5
INCORREC
T
A)
B)
C) expectancy has stayed the same, but our lives are healthier.
D) expectancy has dropped, but the quality of life has improved.
3
6
INCORREC
T
Researchers in the New England Centenarian study have found that _______
contributes to living a long life.
A)
lack of stress
B)
good genes
3
7
INCORREC
T
a healthy lifestyle
A)
life expectancy
B)
C)
life development
D)
3
8
life experience
A)
B)
C)
D)
3
9
life span
INCORREC
T
ability to cope.
Which of the following countries has the lowest rate of life expectancy?
A)
Australia
B)
C)
India
Kenya
D)
4
0
INCORREC
T
Philippines
4
1
4
2
INCORREC
T
INCORREC
T
According to Hayflick's cellular clock theory, cells can divide a maximum of:
A)
50 to 60 times.
B)
65 to 70 times.
C)
75 to 80 times.
D)
80 to 100 times
Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age
because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?
A)
B)
free-radical theory
C)
D)
telomerase-injection theory
hormonal stress theory
CORRECT
INCORREC
T
A)
B)
INCORREC
T
a genetic blueprint.
environmental stimuli.
C)
unconscious motivations.
D)
INCORREC
T
A)
B)
D)
INCORREC
T
rolls over
Which of the following reflexes occurs when an infant's cheek is stroked or the
side of his or her mouth is touched?
A)
sucking
B)
blinking
C)
D)
INCORREC
T
Moro
rooting
Diane notices that sudden stimulation causes her 2-month-old to arch his back,
throw his head back, fling out his arms and legs, and then rapidly close them to
the center of his body. Diane's baby is exhibiting the reflex.
A)
rooting
B)
Babinski
C)
tonic neck
D)
INCORREC
T
Moro
A)
arms; feet
B)
C)
D)
cephalocaudal; top-to-bottom
E)
INCORREC
T
INCORREC
T
A)
1
0
INCORREC
T
C)
D)
1
1
INCORREC
T
A)
B)
C)
1
2
INCORREC
T
Hallie is active. She loves to tumble and show off. She is not afraid of doing what
her parents consider to be hair-raising stunts. She also loves to run and believes
she is faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is MOST
characteristic of the:
A)
2-year-old.
B)
3-year-old.
C)
4-year-old.
D)
1
3
INCORREC
T
skip rope.
5-year-old.
A)
B)
C)
tool-use skills
fine motor skills
neural myelination
D)
1
4
INCORREC
T
A)
in early adolescence.
B)
in late adolescence.
C)
in early adulthood.
1
5
INCORREC
T
Which of the following statements BEST summarizes physical changes during the
thirties?
A Young adults have more diseases than children due to bad health
) habits.
B Young adults are less healthy than they will be during middle
) adulthood.
C Young adults are healthy and fit but are beginning to decline in some
) areas.
D Young adults show peak performances in most sports but show
) significant declines in sensory systems.
1
6
INCORREC
T
A)
B)
C)
walking
raising a hand
buttoning a shirt
D)
1
7
1
8
INCORREC
T
INCORREC
T
kicking a ball
During middle and later childhood, girls usually excel at _______ skills, whereas
boys are better at _______ skills.
A)
physical/mental
B)
mental/physical
C)
D)
1
9
INCORREC
T
A)
perceptual processes.
B)
ecological functions.
C)
D)
affordances.
sensory function.
2
0
INCORREC
T
_______ give people such information as when to duck, when to turn their body
through a narrow passageway, and when to put their hand up to catch
something.
A)
Sensations
B)
Perceptions
C)
Affordances
D)
2
1
Proprioceptions
2
2
INCORREC
T
What is the main difference between an adult's ability to hear and an infant's
ability to hear?
A)
2
3
CORRECT
2
4
INCORREC
T
A)
B)
20/100.
C)
20/400.
D)
2
5
20/20.
20/600.
2
6
CORRECT
In Gibson and Walk's (1960) experiment, infants placed on one side of a visual
cliff refused to go to their mothers who coaxed them from the other side,
demonstrating:
A)
B)
C)
depth perception.
failure of visual acuity.
2
7
INCORREC
T
inability to crawl.
Rozee's eyes have cloudy, opaque areas in the lens that prevent light from
passing through, causing her to have blurred vision. The visual problem she has
is:
A)
macular degeneration.
B)
cataracts.
C)
glaucoma.
D)
2
8
INCORREC
T
presbyopia.
A)
more
B)
C)
less
equally
2
9
INCORREC
T
3
0
INCORREC
T
3
1
A)
B)
C)
D)
3
2
INCORREC
T
before birth.
3
3
INCORREC
T
3
4
INCORREC
T
Recognizing that decreasing volume in the sound of a car engine goes with the
sight of a car moving away rather than moving toward you is an example of:
A)
ecological perception.
B)
C)
D)
3
5
INCORREC
T
depth perception.
intermodal perception.
constructivist perception.
Jessica turned her head when she heard footsteps in the hall, then she smiled
when she saw her mother come into the room. This demonstrates _______
perception.
A)
B)
depth
intermodal
C)
auditory
D)
3
6
INCORREC
T
visual