Zill Calculo 4e Manual de Solucionario c02

Chapter 2
Limit of a Function
2.1
Limits An Informal Approach

!!
!!
2. lim2 2(x2 1) = 3
1. lim2 2(3x + 2) = 8
x2
x2
(2, 8)
6
(2, 3)
-4
-4
-2
! !
4. lim2 2 x 1 = 2
!!
3. No2 limit
as x 0.
2
x5
5
(5, 2)
-4
-2
-5
-5
-4
2
! !x 1
5. lim2 2
= lim (x + 1) = 2
x1 x 1
x1
2
! !x 3x
6. lim2 2
= lim (x 3) = 3
x0
x0
x
5
(1, 2)
-5
-5
5
(0, 3)
-5
-5
73
74
CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
7. No limit as x 3.
8. No limit as x 0.
-3
-3
-3
x3
=0
x0 x
x4 1
=2
x1 x2 1
9. lim
10. lim
3
(1, 2)
(0, 0)
-3
-3
-3
-3
!!
12. No2 limit

as x 2.
2
11. lim f (x) = 3

x0
(0, 3) 3
-3
-3
-3
-3
14. No limit as x 0.
13. lim f (x) = 0

x2
(2, 0)
3
-3
-3
-3
-3
15.
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 2
16.
(a) 0
(b) 3
17.
(a) 2
(b) -1
18.
(a) doesnt exist
(c) 3
x0
(d) 3
(c) -1
(b) 3
19. Correct
20. Incorrect; lim+
(d) doesnt exist
x=0
(d) -1
(c) -2
(d) doesnt exist
2.1. LIMITS AN INFORMAL APPROACH

21. Incorrect; lim
x1
75
1x=0
22. Correct
23. Incorrect; lim x = 0
x0+
24. Correct
25. Correct
26. Incorrect; lim cos1 x = 0
x0
27. Incorrect; lim
x3
9 x2 = 0
28. Correct
29. (a) Does not exist
30. (a) 2.5
(b) 1
!!
22
31.
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) 2
(c) 3
(e) 0
(d) Does not exist
32.
(e) 0
!!
22
4
2
-4
-4
-2
-2
-4
-4
!!
22
!!
22
33.
34.
2
!
-4
-2
2
2
-4
-2
-2
-2
-4
-4
!!
22
!!
22
35.
36.
0.5
0.5
!
-1
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
The limit does not exist.
-0.5
The limit is 0.
(f) 1
(f) 0
76

!!
22
37.
!!
22
38.
0.5
-0.5
0.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
-2
-0.5
-3
! ! limit is 0.25.
The
! ! limit is 3.
The
22
39.
-0.5
22
40.
0.5
-1
!
-2
The limit is 2.
41.
x1
f (x)
x 1+
f (x)
0.5
-5
-3
-0.5
0.9
3.25536642
1.1
2.79817601
lim f (x) = 3
The limit does not exist.

0.99
3.02276607
1.01
2.97775903
0.999
3.00225263
1.001
2.99775260
0.9999
3.00022503
1.0001
2.99977503
x1
42.
x 1
f (x)
x 1+
f (x)
0.9
1.05360516
1.1
0.95310180
0.99
1.00503359
1.01
0.99503309
0.999
1.00050033
1.001
0.99950033
0.9999
1.00005000
1.0001
0.99995000
lim f (x) = 1
x1
43.
x 0
f (x)
x 0+
f (x)
0.1
0.04995835
0.1
0.04995835
0.01
0.00499996
0.01
0.00499996
0.001
0.00050000
0.001
0.00050000
0.0001
0.00005000
0.0001
0.00005000
lim f (x) = 0
x0
1 cos x
is an even function, it suces to consider only x 0+ .
x2
x 0+
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
f (x)
0.49958347 0.49999583 0.49999996 0.50000000
44. Since
lim f (x) = 0.5
x0
x
sin 3x
x 0+
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
f (x)
0.33838634 0.33338334 0.33333383 0.33333334
45. Since
2.2. LIMIT THEOREMS
77
lim f (x) = 0.33333333
x0
tan x
x
x 0+
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
f (x)
1.00334672 1.00003333 1.00000033 1.00000000
46. Since
lim f (x) = 1
x0
x 4
f (x)
x 4+
f (x)
47.
3.9
0.25158234
4.1
0.24845673
3.99
0.25015645
4.01
0.24984395
3.999
0.25001563
4.001
0.24998438
3.9999
0.25000156
4.0001
0.24999844
lim f (x) = 0.25
x4
x 3
f (x)
x 3+
f (x)
48.
2.9
0.52186477
3.1
0.48008703
2.99
0.50209311
3.01
0.49792633
lim f (x) = 0.5
2.999
0.50020843
3.001
0.49979176
2.9999
0.50002083
3.0001
0.49997917
x3
x 1
f (x)
x 1+
f (x)
49.
0.9
4.43900000
1.1
5.64100000
0.99
4.94039900
1.01
5.06040010
0.999
4.99400400
1.001
5.00600400
0.9999
4.99940004
1.0001
5.00060004
lim f (x) = 5
x1
x 2
f (x)
x 2+
f (x)
50.
2.1
12.61000000
1.9
11.41000000
2.01
12.06010000
1.99
11.94010000
lim f (x) = 12
x2
2.2
Limit Theorems
1. 15
2. cos = 1
3. 12
4. 3
5. 4
2.001
12.00600100
1.999
11.99400100
2.0001
12.00060001
1.9999
11.99940001
78

6. 125
7. 4
8. 136
9. 8/5
10. does not exist

11. 14
12. 4
13. 28/9
x2 6x
x(x 6)
x
6
= lim
= lim
=
x6 x2 7x + 6
x6 (x 1)(x 6)
x6 x 1
5
14. lim
15. 1
16. 16
17. 7
18. 3
19. does not exist

20. 16
y 2 25
= lim (y 5) = 10
y5 y + 5
y5
21. lim
u2 5u 24
= lim (u + 3) = 11
u8
u8
u8
22. lim
x3 1
(x 1)(x2 + x + 1)
= lim
= lim (x2 + x + 1) = 3
x1 x 1
x1
x1
x1
23. lim
t3 + 1
(t + 1)(t2 t + 1)
t2 t + 1
3
=
lim
=
lim
=
2
t1 t 1
t1
t1
(t + 1)(t 1)
t1
2
24. lim
(x 2)(x + 5)
8(15)
=
= 60
x10
x8
2
25. lim
26. lim
x3
2x + 6
2(x + 3)
1
1
= lim
= lim
=
2
x3
x3
4x 36
4(x + 3)(x 3)
2(x 3)
12
x3 + 3x2 10x
x(x + 5)(x 2)
= lim
= lim x(x + 5) = 14
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
27. lim
2x2 + 3x 9
(2x 3)(x + 3)
2(x 1.5)(x + 3)
= lim
= lim
= lim 2(x + 3) = 9
x1.5
x1.5
x1.5
x1.5
x 1.5
x 1.5
x 1.5
28. lim
2.2. LIMIT THEOREMS
79
t3 2t + 1
(t 1)(t2 + t 1)
t2 + t 1
1
=
lim
=
lim
=
3
2
2
2
t1 t + t 2
t1 (t 1)(t + 2t + 2)
t1 t + 2t + 2
5
29. lim
x3
1
1
= lim
=
x0 x4 + 2x3
x0 x + 2
2
30. lim x3 (x4 + 2x3 )1 = lim

x0
(x + 2)(x5 1)3
2(1)
1
=
=
2
16
8
( x + 4)
x0
32. lim x x + 4 3 x 6 = 2 2 3 8 = 4 2
31. lim+
x2
x2 + 3x 1 1
x2 + 3x
+
= lim
= lim (x + 3) = 3
x0
x0
x0
x
x
x
1
6
1
6
34. lim
2
= lim
x2 x 2
x2 x 2
x + 2x 8
(x 2)(x + 4)
x+4
6
= lim
x2 (x 2)(x + 4)
(x 2)(x + 4)
x2
1
1
= lim
= lim
=
x2 (x 2)(x + 4)
x2 x + 4
6
33. lim
35. does not exist

36. 210 or 1024
37. 2
2 2
38.
3
4
39. lim
h4
2
2
h
h 16
h
128
= lim
(h2 + 8h + 16) =
h4
h+5 h4
h+5
3
40. 16
41. lim
x0
x3 64x
= lim
x2 + 2x
x0
x2 64
= 2
x+2
42. 100, 000

43. a2 2ab + b2
44. lim u2 x2 + 2xu + 1 = lim u2 2u + 1 = lim

(u 1)2 = |u 1|
x1
x1
x1
(8 + h)2 64
16h + h2
= lim
= lim (16 + h) = 16
h0
h0
h0
h
h
45. lim
46. lim
h0
1
[(1 + h)3 1] = lim (h2 + 3h + 3) = 3
h0
h
80
x (x + h)
h
= lim
h0
(x + h)x
hx(x + h)
1
1
= lim 2
= 2
h0
x + hx
x
x+h x
x+h x x+h+ x
lim
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
x+h+ x
(x + h) x
1
1
= lim
= lim
=
h0 h( x + h +
2 x
x) h0 x + h + x
t1
t1 t+1
1
1
lim
= lim
= lim
=
t1 t 1
t1 t 1
2
t + 1 t1 t + 1
u+43
u+43 u+4+3
lim
= lim
u5
u5
u5
u5
u+4+3
u5
1
1
= lim
= lim
=
u5 (u 5)( u + 4 + 3)
u5
6
u+4+3

25 + v 5
25 + v 5 25 + v + 5
1+v+1
lim
= lim
v0
v0
1+v1
1+v1
1+v+1
25 + v + 5
v 1+v+1
1
= lim
=
v0 v
5
25 + v + 5
4 x + 15
4 x + 15 4 + x + 15
lim
= lim
2
x1
x1
x 1
x2 1
4 + x + 15
1x
= lim
x1 (x + 1)(x 1)(4 +
x + 15)
(x 1)
= lim
x1 (x + 1)(x 1)(4 +
x + 15)
1
1
= lim
=
x1 (x + 1)(4 +
16
x + 15)
1
47. lim
h0 h
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
1
1
x+h x
53. 32
54. 64
1
55.
2
56.
4
= 2
2
57. does not exist

58. 8
59. 8a
3
60.
2
1
= lim
h0 h
2.3. CONTINUITY
81
x100 1
x100 1
=
lim
x1 x2 1
x1 (x + 1)(x 1)
1
x100 1
1
= lim
= 100 = 50
x1 x + 1
x1
2
x50 1
x50 1 x50 + 1
(b) lim
= lim
50
x1 x 1
x1 x 1
x +1
x100 1
1
1
= 100 = 50
= lim
50
x1 x 1
x +1
2
100
2
100
100
(x 1)
x 1 x 1
(c) lim
= lim
= 100 100 = 10, 000

x1 (x 1)2
x1 x 1
x1
61. (a) lim
lim 1
2x
1
= 2 x0
= 2 lim
=2
sin x
x0 sin x
x0
sin x
lim
x0 x
x
62. (a) lim
1 cos2 x
sin2 x
sin x sin x
=
lim
= lim
=11=1
x0
x0 x2
x0 x
x2
x
8x2 sin x
sin x
sin x
(c) lim
= lim 8x
= lim 8x lim
= 1
x0
x0
x0
x0 x
x
x
sin x
sin x
63. lim sin x = lim x
= lim x lim
=01=0
x0
x0
x0
x0 x
x
2f (x) 5
64.
lim [2f (x) 5] = lim (x + 3)
= 5 4 = 20
x2
x2
x+3
(b) lim
2 lim f (x) lim 5 = 20

x2
x2
lim f (x) =
x2
2.3
20 + 5
= 12.5
2
Continuity
1. Continuous everywhere
3. Discontinuous at 3 and 6
4. Discontinuous at 1 and 1
n
5. Discontinuous at
, for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2
6. Discontinuous at 3 and + n, for n an integer

2
7. Discontinuous at 2
82

10. Discontinuous at x < 0 and
1
2
11. Discontinuous at e2
13. (a) yes (b) yes
14. (a) no (b) yes
15. (a) yes (b) yes
16. (a) yes (b) yes
17. (a) no (b) no
18. (a) yes (b) yes
19. (a) yes (b) no
20. (a) no (b) no
21. Solving 2 + sec x = 0, we obtain cos x = 12 , so x =
is discontinuous on (, ) and on [ 2 , 3
2 ].
2
3
+ 2n or x =
4
3
+ 2n. Thus, f (x)
22. Since sin x1 is discontinuous only at x = 0, it is continuous on [ 1 , ) and discontinuous on

2
[ 2
, ].
23. Since f (x) is discontinuous only at x = 2, it is discontinuous on [1, 3] and continuous on
(2, 4].
24. Since f (x) is defined and continuous exactly on (1, 5], it is continuous on [2, 4] and discontinuous on [1, 5].
25. Since lim f (x) = 4m and lim+ f (x) = 16, we have 4m = 16 and m = 4.
x4
x4
26. Since lim f (x) = lim

x2
x2
(x 2)(x + 2)
= 4 we have f (2) = m and m = 4.
x2
27. Since lim f (x) = 3m, lim+ f (x) = 3, and f (3) = n, we have 3m = 3 = n, so m = 1 and
x3
n = 3.
x3
28. Since lim f (x) = m n, lim f (x) = 2m + n, and f (1) = 5, we have m n = 5 and
x1
x1+
2m + n = 5. Adding, we obtain 3m = 10, so m = 10/3 and n = 5/3.
2.3. CONTINUITY
83
29. Discontinuous at
n
, n an integer
2
-3
-3
30. Discontinuous at every integer

3
-3
-3
x9
( x + 3)( x 3)
31. Since lim

= lim
= lim ( x + 3) = 6, define f (9) = 6.
x9
x9
x 3 x9
x3
x4 1
(x2 + 1)(x2 1)
= lim
= lim (x2 + 1) = 2, define f (1) = 2.
2
x1 x 1
x1
x1
x2 1
2
3
33. lim sin(2x + ) = sin lim (2x + ) = sin
=
3
3
3
2
x/6
x/6
34. lim2 cos x = cos lim2 x = cos = 1

32. Since lim
35.
36.
lim sin(cos x) = sin
x/2
lim cos x
x/2
lim [1 + cos(cos x)] = 1 + cos
x/2
= sin(cos
lim cos x
x/2
) = sin 0 = 0
2
= 1 + cos(cos
) = 1 + cos 0 = 2
2
(t )(t + )
37. lim cos
= cos lim
= cos 2 = 1
t
t
t
t
t

38. lim tan 2
= tan lim
= tan lim
= tan = 3
t0
t0 t(t + 3)
t0 t + 3
t + 3t
3
39. lim t + cos2 t = cos2 = 1 = 1

t2
t
3
40. lim (4t + sin 2t)3 = lim (4t + sin 2t) = (4 + sin 2)3 = 43 = 64
t1
t1
84
41.

lim sin
x3
x+3
x+3
1
= sin
lim
x3 x2 + 4x + 3
x2 + 4x + 3
x+3
1
= sin
lim
x3 (x + 3)(x + 1)
1
1
1
1
= sin
lim
= sin
=
x3 x + 1
2
6
lim cos 3x
42. lim ecos 3x = ex

x
43. Since (f g)(x) =
= ecos 3 = e1
1
, f g is continuous for x + 3 > 0 or on (3, ).
x+3
5(x 2)2
5(x 2)2
5(x 2)2
=
=
, we see that f g is continuous
(x 2)2 1
x2 4x + 3
(x 1)(x 3)
for x = 1 and x = 3 or on (, 1) (1, 3) (3, ).
44. Since (f g)(x) =
45. f (1) = 1, f (5) = 15. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, since 1 8 15, there exists
c [1, 5] such that c2 2c = 8. Setting c2 2c 8 = 0 gives us (c 4)(c + 2) = 0 or c = 2, 4.
On [1, 5], c = 4.
46. f (2) = 3, f (3) = 13. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, since 3 6
13, there exists
1
1 4(1)(5)
c [2, 3] such that c2 + c + 1 = 6. Setting c2 + c 5 = 0 gives us c =
=
2
1 21
1 + 21
. On [2, 3], c =
.
2
2
c [2,
2] such that c3 2x + 1 = 1. Setting c3 2c = 0 gives us c(c2 2) = 0. On [2, 2],
c = 0, 2.
10
5
1
1
1
c [0, 1] such that 2
= 8. Setting c2 + 1 = or c2 = 0 gives us (c + )(c ) = 0
c +1
4
4
2
2
1
1
or c = . On [0, 1], c = .
2
2
49. Since f (0) = 7, f (3) = 242, and 7 50 242, then by the Intermediate Value Theorem
there exists c [0, 3] such that f (c) = 50.
50. Since f (a) > g(a), then (f g)(a) > 0. Since f (b) < g(b), then (f g)(b) < 0. By the
corollary to the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists c (a, b) such that (f g)(c) = 0.
Then f (c) = g(c).
51. The equation will have a solution on (0, 1) if f (x) = 2x7 + x 1 is 0 on (0, 1). Since f (0) = 1
and f (1) = 2, then by the Intermediate Value Theorem f (c) = 0 for some c (0, 1).
x2 + 1 x4 + 1
1 1
1 2
+
. Then f (0) = > 0 and f (1) = < 0. Thus, by the
x+3
x4
3 4
2 3
corollary to the Intermediate Value Theorem, f (c) = 0 for some c between 0 and 1, and hence
between 3 and 4.
52. Let f (x) =
2.3. CONTINUITY
85
53. Let f (x) = ex ln x. Then f (1) = e1 ln 1 = e1 > 0 and f (2) = e2 ln2 < 0. Thus,
by the corollary to the Intermediate Value Theorem, f (c) = 0 for some c (1, 2).
sin
2 = 2 , sin = 0, and 0 1 2 , then by the Intermediate Value Theorem,
54. Since
sin x
1
and such that
= .
there exists c between
2
x
2
3
55. In [2, 1] the zero is approximately 1.21. In [1, 0] the zero is approximately 0.64. In [1, 2] the zero is approximately 1.34.
-3
-3
3
56. In [0, 1] the zero is approximately 0.75.

-3
-3
57. We want to solve f (x) = x5 + 2x 7 = 50 or x5 + 2x 57 = 0. It is easily seen that the

expression on the left side of this equation is negative when x = 2 and positive when x = 3.
Applying the bisection method on [2, 3], we find c 2.21.
58. Applying the bisection method to f (x) = 2x7 + x 1 on [0, 1], we find c 0.75.
59. In the solution of Problem 52 we saw that there is a zero in [0, 1]. Applying the bisection
method on this interval, we find c 0.78.
60. (a) If h is the height of the cylinder, then the volume is given by V = r2 h and the surface
S
area is S = 2r2 + 2rh. Solving the latter equation for h, we obtain h =
r.
2r
1
Substituting into the formula for V , we find V = Sr r3 or 2r3 Sr + 2V = 0.
2
(b)
5000
10
20
-5000
(c) From the graph, we observe zeros in [3, 4] and [14, 15]. The bisection method gives
1800
r 3.48 ft and r 14.91 ft. The corresponding values of h are h =
r 78.84 ft
2r
1800
and h =
r 4.29 ft.
2r
86
61. Since f and g are continuous at a, then lim f (x) = f (a) and lim g(x) = g(a). From this, we
xa
xa
get:
lim (f + g)(x) = lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x)
xa
xa
xa
xa
= f (a) + g(a) = (f + g)(a)

Thus, f + g is continuous at a.
62. Since f and g are continuous at a, then lim f (x) = f (a) and lim g(x) = g(a). From this we
xa
xa
get:
lim (f /g)(x) = lim [f (x)/g(x)] = lim f (x)/ lim g(x)
xa
xa
xa
xa
= f (a)/g(a) = (f /g)(a) (since g(a) = 0)

Thus, f /g is continuous at a.
63. f g will be discontinuous whenever cos x is an integer. In the interval [0, 2), this will be
the case whenever x = 0, /2, , or 3/2. Thus, f g will be discontinuous for x = n/2, n
an integer.
|x + 1|, x < 0
64. (f g)(x) =
is continuous at x = 0.
3
|x 1|, x 0
-3
3
-3
(g f )(x) = |x| 1 is continuous at x = 0.
-3
3
-3
65. (a) For any real a, lim f (x) does not exist since f takes on the values 0 and 1 arbitrarily
xa
close to any real number. Therefore, the Dirichlet function is discontinuous at every real
number.
(b) The graph consists of infinitely many points on each of the lines y = 0 and y = 1. In
fact, between any two real numbers, there are infinitely many points of the graph on the
line y = 1 and infinitely many points of the graph on the line y = 0.
(c) Let r be a positive rational number. If x is rational, then x + r is rational so that
f (x+r) = 1 = f (x). If x is irrational, then x+r is irrational so that f (x+r) = 0 = f (x).
2.4
Trigonometric Limits
1. lim
t0
sin 3t
1
sin 3t
3
= lim
=
2t
2 t0 t
2
2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS

2. lim
sin(4t)
= 4
t
3. lim
sin x
0
=
=0
4 + cos x
4+1
4. lim
1 + sin x
1+0
1
=
=
1 + cos x
1+1
2
5. lim
cos 2x
=1
cos 3x
t0
x0
x0
x0
sin x
1
1
1
= (1 1) =
x
cos x
3
3
1
sin 4t
lim
= lim
cos t = 4 1 = 4
t0 t sec t csc 4t
t0
t
t cos 2t
1
lim (5t cot 2t) = 5 lim
= 5 lim cos 2t
t0
t0 sin 2t
t0
(sin 2t)/t
1
1
5
= 5 lim cos 2t lim
=51 =
t0
t0 (sin 2t)/t
2
2
2 sin2 t
sin t sin t
lim
= 2 lim
=210=0
t0 t cos2 t
t0
t
cos2 t
sin2 (t/2)
sin(t/2) t sin(t/2)
lim
= lim
t0
t0
sin t
t
sin t
sin(t/2)
sin(t/2)
1 0
= lim
lim
= =0
t0
t0
t
(sin t)/t
2 1
2
sin2 6t
sin 6t
lim
=
lim
= 62 = 36
t0
t0
t2
t
t3
t2
1
1
lim
=
lim
t
=
lim
t
lim
=0 2 =0
t0 sin2 3t
t0
t0
t0 [(sin 3t)/t]2
3
sin2 3t
tan x
1
= lim
x0 3x
3 x0
6. lim
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. lim
x1
sin(x 1)
1
sin(x 1)
1
= lim
=
2x 2
2 x1 x 1
2
14. lim
x2
15. lim
x0
16.
x 2
x 2
1
= lim
= lim
=1
x2 sin(x 2)
x2 sin(x 2)/(x 2)
sin x
cos x
does not exist.
x
1 + sin
does not exist.
cos
/2
lim
17. lim
x0
cos(3x /2)
sin 3x
= lim
=3
x0
x
x
87
88

sin(5x + 10)
5 1
sin(5x + 10)
5
sin(5x + 10)
5
= lim
=
lim
=
x2
x2
4x + 8
5 4
x+2
4
5x + 10
4
sin 3t
sin 3t
t
sin 3t
1
1
3
lim
= lim
= lim
lim
=3 =
t0 sin 7t
t0
t0
t0 (sin 7t)/t
t
sin 7t
t
7
7
sin 2t
sin 2t
t
lim sin 2t csc 3t = lim
= lim
t0
t0 sin 3t
t0
t
sin 3t
sin 2t
1
1
2
= lim
lim
=2 =
t0
t0
t
(sin 3t)/t
3
3
sin t
sin t
sin t
lim = lim
t
= lim t
lim
=01=0
+
+
+
+
t
t
t0
t0
t0
t0
t
1 cos t
1 cos u
Letting u = t, we have lim

= lim
= 0.
t0
u0
u
t
t2 5t sin t
sin t
lim
= lim 1 5
= 1 5 = 4
t0
t0
t2
t
18. lim
x2
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
cos 4t
1
= =1
cos 8t
1
(x + 2 sin x)2
x2 + 4x sin x + 4 sin x
25. lim+
= lim+
x
x
x0
x0
4 sin x
= lim+ x + 4 sin x +
=0+0+4=4
x
x0
(1 cos x)2
1 cos x
26. lim
= lim (1 cos x)
lim
=00=0
x0
x0
x0
x
x
cos x 1
cos x 1
1
1
1
27. lim
= lim
lim
=1 =
x0 cos2 x 1
x0 cos x 1
x0 cos x + 1
2
2
sin x + tan x
sin x
sin x
1
28. lim
= lim
+
= 1 + (1 1) = 2
x0
x0
x
x
x
cos x
24. lim
t0
sin 5x2
sin 5u
= lim
= 5.
x0
u0
x2
u
t2
t2
1 + cos t
t
30. lim
= lim
= lim
(1 + cos t)
t0 1 cos t
t0 1 cos t 1 + cos t
t0 sin2 t
1
= lim
lim (1 + cos t) = 12 2 = 2
t0 (sin t)/t
t0
29. Letting u = x2 , we have lim
sin(x 2)
sin(x 2)
as lim
.
x2 (x 2)(x + 4)
x2 + 2x 8
sin u
1
1
1
Letting u = x 2, we get lim
=1 = .
u0
u
u+6
6
6
31. First, rewrite lim
x2
89
x2 9
(x 3)(x + 3)
as lim
. Letting u = x 3:
x3 sin(x 3)
x3
sin(x 3)
1
1
lim
(u + 6) = lim
(u + 6) = 6 = 6
u0 sin u
u0 (sin u)/u
1
2 sin 4x + 1 cos x
2 sin 4x 1 cos x
33. lim
= lim
+
=8+0=8
x0
x0
x
x
x
4x2 2 sin x
2 sin x
34. lim
= lim 4x
= 0 2 = 2
x0
x0
x
x
32. First, rewrite lim
1 + tan x
, producing:
1 + tan x
1 tan x
1 tan x
1 + tan x
lim
= lim
x/4 cos x sin x

x/4 cos x sin x 1 + tan x
1 tan2 x
= lim
x/4 (cos x sin x)(1 + tan x)
35. Start by multiplying the function by
Focusing first on the denominator, we multiply out and simplify:
(cos x sin x)(1 + tan x) = cos x + cos x tan x sin x sin x tan x
cos x
sin x
sin x
= cos x + cos x
sin x
sin x
cos x
cos x
cos x
sin2 x
cos2 x sin2 x
=
cos x
cos x
Substituting this result back into the function, we get:
1 tan2 x
cos x
= (1 tan2 x)
(cos x sin x)(1 + tan x)
cos2 x sin2 x
2
2
sin x
sin x
cos x cos x
cos x
cos2 x
cos x
=
=
2
2
2
cos x sin x
cos x sin2 x
2
2
cos x sin x
1
1
=
=
2
2
cos x
cos x
cos x sin x
= cos x
Finally, returning to the limit, we have:
1 tan x
1
1
lim
= lim
=
= 2
x/4 cos x sin x
x/4 cos x
2/2
36. Using the trigonometric identity cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x, we have:
cos 2x
cos2 x sin2 x
= lim
x/4 cos x sin x
x/4 cos x sin x
(cos x + sin x)(cos x sin x)
= lim
cos x sin x
x/4
= lim (cos x + sin x) = 2

lim
x/4
90
+h f
sin
+ h sin
4
4 = lim
4
4
37. lim
h0
h0
h
h
sin(/4) cos h + cos(/4) sin h sin(/4)
= lim
h0
h
( 2/2) cos h + ( 2/2) sin h ( 2/2)

= lim
h0
h

2
cos h + sin h 1
2
cos h 1 sin h
2
=
lim
=
lim
+
=
h0
h0
2
h
2
h
h
2
f
+h f
cos
+ h cos
6
6 = lim
6
6
38. lim
h0
h0
h
h
cos(/6) cos h sin(/6) sin h cos(/6)
= lim
h0
h
( 3/2) cos h (1/2) sin h ( 3/2)

= lim
h0
h

3 cos h 1
1 sin h
3
1
1
= lim
=
0 1=
h0
2
h
2
h
2
2
2
f
1
1
1, then |x| x sin |x|. Since lim (|x|) = 0 and lim |x| = 0, then
x0
x0
x
x
1
by the Squeeze Theorem, lim x sin = 0.
x0
x
40. Since 1 cos 1, then x2 x2 cos x2 . Since lim x2 = 0 and lim x2 = 0, then
x0
x0
x
x
2
by the Squeeze Theorem, lim x cos = 0.
x0
x
39. Since 1 sin
41. For both limits, we use the result from Problem 39, lim x sin
x0
1
= 0:
x
1
1
1
= lim x2 x sin
= lim x2 lim x sin = 0 0 = 0
x0
x0
x0
x x0
x
x
1
1
1
(b) lim x2 sin2 = lim x sin
lim x sin
=00=0
x0
x0
x0
x
x
x
(a) lim x3 sin
42. |f (x)| B means that B 0 and therefore B f (x) B. Thus, Bx2 x2 f (x) Bx2
in that interval. Since lim (Bx2 ) = 0 and lim Bx2 = 0, then by the Squeeze Theorem,
lim x2 f (x) = 0.
x0
x0
x0
43. Since lim (2x 1) = 3 and lim (x2 2x + 3) = 3, then by the Squeeze Theorem, lim f (x) = 3.
x2
x2
x2
44. Since |f (x) 1| x2 , then f (x) 1 x2 , or f (x) x2 + 1 when f (x) 1 > 0. However,
f (x) x2 + 1 is in fact true for all x, since x2 0 for all x. Similarly, we have x2 f (x) 1,
or x2 + 1 f (x) for all x. Since lim (x2 + 1) = 1 and lim (x2 + 1) = 1, then by the Squeeze
x0
Theorem, lim f (x) = 1.

x0
x0
91
. Thus, x = t + and we have the following substitutions:

4
4
2
2
sin x = sin(t + ) = sin t cos + cos t sin =
sin t +
cos t
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
cos x = cos(t + ) = cos t cos sin t sin =
cos t
sin t
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin x cos x =
sin t +
cos t
cos t
sin t = 2 sin t
2
2
2
2
45. Let t = x
sin x cos x
With these substitutions, lim
= lim
t0
x/4 x (/4)
2 sin t
= 2.
t
46. Let t = x . Thus, x = t + . Substituting, we get:

lim
x
t
t
= lim
= lim
tan 2x t0 tan(2t + 2) t0 tan 2t
1
1
1
1
= lim
= lim
=
=
1
sin
2t
t0
t0
tan 2t
12
2
cos 2t
t
t
47. Let t = (/x). Therefore /x = t and sin(/x) = sin( t) = sin t. In addition, we

t
can derive x 1 =
, giving us:
t
sin(/x)
(sin t)( t)
sin t
= lim
= lim
lim ( t) = 1 =
x1 x 1
t0
t0 t
t0
t
lim
48. Let t =

. Substituting in the same way as in Problem 47, we get:
2
x
lim
x2
cos(/x)
(sin t)( 2t)
sin t
2t
= lim
= lim
lim
=
t0
t0
t0
x2
4t
t
4
4
sin x
= 1 = f (0).
x0 x
49. f is continuous at x = 0 because lim

50. Since |x| =
x,
x,
sin x
x>0
, knowing that lim
= 1 means:
x<0
x0 x
sin |x|
sin x
= lim+
=1
x
x
x0
x0
sin |x|
sin(x)
sin x
sin x
lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
= 1
x
x
x
x
x0
x0
x0
x0
lim+
Since lim
x0+
sin |x|
sin |x|
sin |x|
= lim
, then lim
does not exist.
x0
x
x
x
x0
92
2.5
Limits that Involve Infinity
1.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
x2 3x
1 3/x
1
= lim
=
2
2
x 4x + 5
x 4 + 5/x
4
9. lim
x2
1
= lim
=
x 1 + x2
x 1/x2 + 1/x4
10. lim
11. 5
6
1
+
=0
3
5
x
x
x
8 x
(8/ x) 1
1
= lim
13. lim
=
x 1 + 4 x
x (1/ x) + 4
4
1+73x
1/ 3 x + 7
7
14. lim
=
lim
=
x
x
2
2
23x
3x
x1
3
1 1/x
1
5
15. lim
= lim
=3 =
x x + 2
x 1 + 2/x
2x + 6
2 + 6/x
2
2
12.
lim
3
4x2 + 1
1
4 + 1/x2
1
8
=
lim
= 23 =
x
x 3 + 1/x
2x2 + x
2 + 1/x
3
3
3x + 2
3 + 2/x
1
2
17. lim
= lim
=
=
x
x
6x 8
6 8/x
2
2
16. lim
18.
x
3x + 1
lim
2x 1
= lim
7 16x x
2 1/x
=
7/x 16
2
1
=
16
2
x + x2 + 1
1
19. lim x
+ 1 = lim x
+1
= lim
=0
2
x
x
x
x+ x +1
x + x2 + 1
x2 + 5x + x
2
2
20. lim
x + 5x x = lim
x + 5x x
x
x
x2 + 5x + x
5x
5
5
= lim
= lim
=
2
x
2
x + 5x + x x 1 + 5/x + 1
x2
x2

5
5
= cos lim
=1
x
x x
x
1
22. lim sin
= lim sin
= sin lim
=
x
x
x 3/x 6
3 6x
3/x 6
2
21. lim cos
2.5. LIMITS THAT INVOLVE INFINITY
93

x
x
x
|x|
= lim sin1 x
23. lim sin1

= lim sin1
2
x
x
x
4x + 1
4 + 1/x2
4 + 1/x2
= sin
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
ex ex
x ex + ex
lim
lim
ex
= lim
= lim 1 = 1
x ex
x
x
lim e lim ex
lim ex 0
= x
= x x
lim ex + lim ex
lim ex + 0
x
ex
= lim x = lim 1 = 1
x e
x
= sin
=
2
6
4 + 1/x
x
1
1
lim ln
= lim ln
= ln lim
= ln 1 = 0
x
x
x 1 + 8/x
x+8
1 + 8/x
4x
1
+
4x + 1
4 1/x
|x| |x|
Start with
=
. From this, lim f (x) = lim
= 4 and
2
2
x
x
x +1
1 + 1/x
1 + 1/x2
4 + 1/x
lim f (x) = lim
= 4.
x
x
1 + 1/x2
9 + 6/x2
9 + 6/x2
9x2 + 6
9
Start with
=
=
=
x
x
5x
1
5x 1
5 + 1/x
5
|x| |x|
9 + 6/x2
3
9
3
and lim f (x) = lim
=
= .
x
x
5
5 1/x
5
5
2x
1
+
2x + 1
2 1/x
2
|x| |x|
Start with
=
= =
2
2
2
x
x
3
3x + 1
3 + 1/x
3 + 1/x
2 3
2 + 1/x
2
2 3
and lim f (x) = lim

= =
.
x
x
3
3
3
3 + 1/x2
6
3
5
+
+
5x2 + 6x + 3
5 6/x + 3/x2
|x| x2
Start with
=
=
x
x
x4 + x2 + 1
1 + 1/x2 + 1/x4
1 + 1/x2 + 1/x4
5
5 + 6/x + 3/x2
5
= 5 and lim f (x) = lim
= = 5.
x
x
1
1
1 + 1/x2 + 1/x4
x
x
x
lim
e
lim
e
0
lim
e
x
x
x
ex ex

=
lim x
=
x e + ex
lim ex +
lim ex
0+
lim ex
1
24.
94
30.
lim
2ex
1+ x
e + ex
=1+
lim 2ex

=1+
x
x
lim e +
lim e
x
lim 2e
2ex
= 1 + lim
= 1 + lim 2 = 3
x ex
x
0+
lim ex
x
lim
31.
32.
1+
2ex
x
e + ex
=1+
lim 2ex
0

= 1 + lim x = 1
x e
lim ex + lim ex
x
|x 5|
x + 5
1 + 5/x
= lim
= lim
= 1
x x 5
x 1 5/x
x5
|x 5|
x5
lim
= lim
=1
x x 5
x x 5
lim
|4x| + |x 1|
4x (x 1)
5x + 1
= lim
= lim
x
x
x
x
x
5 + 1/x
= lim
= 5
x
1
|4x| + |x 1|
4x + x 1
5x 1
5 1/x
lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
=5
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
lim
33.
-5
Vertical asymptote:
Horizontal asymptote:
none
y=0
Vertical asymptote:
none
y=0
Vertical asymptote:
x = 1
none
-5
34.
-5
-5
35.
-5
-5
95
36.
-5
Vertical asymptote:
x = 1
y=1
Vertical asymptote:
x = 0, x = 2
y=0
Vertical asymptote:
none
y=4
Vertical asymptote:
x=1
y=1
Vertical asymptote:
x=0
y = 1
Vertical asymptote:
none
y = 1, y = 1
Vertical asymptote:
x = 1, x = 1
y = 1, y = 1
-5
37.
-5
-5
38.
-5
5
-5
39.
-5
-5
10
10
40.
-10
10
41.
-10
10
-10
10
42.
-10
10
-10
96
43.
(a) 2
(b)
(c) 0
(d) 2
44.
(a)
(b)
(c) 1
(d) 3
45.
(a)
46.
(a)
(b) 3/2
(b)
(c)
(c) 0
(d) 0
(d) 0
47.
-5
5
-5
48.
-5
-5
49.
-5
-5
50.
-5
-5
51. lim x sin

x
3
3
3/x
sin 3/x
= lim x sin
= lim x(3/x)
x
x x
x
3/x
3/x
3
sin 3/x
sin 3/x
= lim x
lim
= lim 3
lim
x
x 3/x
x
x 3/x
x
At this point, we substitute t = 3/x, resulting in:
sin 3/x
sin t
lim 3
lim
= 3 lim
=3
x
x 3/x
t0 t
52. lim
vc
m0
1 v 2 /c2
= lim
vc
m0
m0
= lim
; so as v c , m .
1 1 vc 0

53.
x
f (x)
10
1.99986667
lim x2 sin
2
=2
x2
54.
x
10
f (x)
0.95114995
x
1
lim cos
=1
x
x
97
100
1.99999999
1000
2.00000000
10000
2.00000000
100
0.99501240
1000
0.99950012
10000
0.99995000
55.
-5
5
-5
(a)
lim f (x) =
x1+
(b) lim f (x) 2.7

x0
(c) lim f (x) = 1

x
56. (a) The area of the right triangle shown in Figure 2.5.18 is r2 sin cos . Since there are
2
n
n
2n such right triangles, the area of the polygon is:
1 2
1
2
n
2
2
A(n) = 2n
r sin cos
= nr
sin
= r2 sin
2
n
n
2
n
2
n
(b) A(100) 3.1395r2 ;
A(1000) 3.1416r2
(c) Letting x = 2/n (while noting that n = 2/x) and substituting into A(n) above, we
obtain:
2
sin x
2
A(n) = r sin x = r
x
x
From (10) of Section 2.4, we see that:
lim A(n) = r2
sin x
x0 x
lim
= r2
x2
57. (a) lim [f (x) g(x)] = lim
(x 1)
x
x x + 1
2
x
(x 1)(x + 1)
x2 (x2 1)
= lim
= lim
x x + 1
x
x+1
x+1
1
= lim
=0
x x + 1
(b) The graphs of f and g get closer and closer to each other when |x| is large.
(c) g is a slant asymptote to f .
98
58. All points P are of the form (x, x2 + 1) while all points Q are of the form(x, x2 ). When the
y coordinates of P and Q are the same, we have x2P + 1 = x2Q or xQ = x2P + 1, and thus
the horizontal distance between P and Q is |xQ xP | = | x2P + 1 xP |. Thus:

x 2 + 1 + x
2
2
x +1x
lim | x + 1 x| = lim
x
x
x2 + 1 + x
2
x + 1 x2
= 0.
= lim
= lim
2
2
x
x
x +1+x
x + 1 + x
2.6
Limits A Formal Approach
1. |10 10| = 0 < for any choice of .

2. | | = 0 < for any choice of .
3. |x 3| < whenever 0 < |x 3| < . Choose = .
4. |2x 8| = 2|x 4| < whenever 0 < |x 4| < /2. Choose = /2.
5. |x + 6 5| = |x + 1| < whenever 0 < |x (1)| < . Choose = .
6. |x 4 (4)| = |x 0| < whenever 0 < |x 0| < . Choose = .
7. |3x + 7 7| = 3|x 0| < whenever 0 < |x 0| < /3. Choose = /3.
8. |9 6x 3| = |6 6x| = 6|x 1| < whenever 0 < |x 1| < /6. Choose = /6.
2x 3 1 1
1
9.
= |2x 4| = |x 2| < whenever 0 < |x 2| < 2. Choose = 2.
4
4
4
2
10. |8(2x + 5) 48| = |16x 8| = 16 x < whenever 0 < |x 2| < /16. Chose = /16.
2
2
x 25
11.
(10) = |x 5 + 10| = |x (5)| < whenever 0 < |x (5)| < . Choose = .
x+5
2

x 7x + 12
(x 3)(x 4) 1
1
= 1 |x 4 + 1| = 1 |x 3| < whenever
12.
=
+
2x 6
2
2(x 3)
2
2
2
0 < |x 3| < 2. Choose = 2.
5
8x + 12x4
= |8x + 12 12| = 8|x 0| < whenever 0 < |x 0| < /8. Choose = /8.
13.
12
4
x
3

2x + 5x2 2x 5
(2x + 5)(x2 1)
=
= |2x + 5 7| = |2x 2| = 2|x 1| <
14.
2
2
x 1
x 1
whenever 0 < |x 1| < /2. Choose = /2.
15. |x2 0| = |x 0|2 < whenever 0 < |x 0| < . Choose = .
16. |8x3 0| = 8|x 0|3 < whenever 0 < |x 0| < 3 /2. Choose = 3 /2.
2.6. LIMITS A FORMAL APPROACH
99
17. | 5x 0| = 5|x 0|1/2 < whenever 0 < x < 2 /5. Choose = 2 /5.
18. | 2x 1 0| = 2|x 1/2|1/2 < whenever 1/2 < x < 1/2 + 2 /2. Choose = 2 /2.
19. |2x 1 (1)| = |2x| = 2|x 0| < whenever 0 /2 < x < 0. Choose = /2.
20. |3 3| = 0 < whenever x > 1, for any choice of .
21. Note that |x2 9| = |x 3||x + 3| and consider only values of x for which |x 3| < 1. Then
2 < x < 4 and 5 < x + 3 < 7, so |x + 3| < 7. Thus, |x2 9| = |x 3||x + 3| < 7|x 3| <
whenever |x 3| < /7. Choose = min{1, /7}.
22. Note that |2x2 + 4 12| = 2|x2 4| = 2|x 2||x + 2| and consider only values of x for which
|x 2| < 1. Then 1 < x < 3 and 3 < x + 2 < 5, so |x + 2| < 5. Thus |2x2 + 4 12| =
2|x 2||x + 2| < 10|x 2| < whenever |x 2| < /10. Choose = min{1, /10}.
23. Note that |x2 2x + 4 3| = |x 1|2 < whenever |x 1| < . Choose = .

24. Note that |x2 +2x35| = |x5||x+7| and consider only values of x for which |x5| < 1. Then
4 < x < 6 and 11 < x + 7 < 13, so |x + 7| < 13. Thus |x2 + 2x 35| = |x 5||x + 7| < 13|x 5|
whenever |x 5| < /13. Choose = min{1, /13}.
25. We need
to show | x a| < whenever 0 < |x a| < for an appropriate choice of . For
= a, we have
x+ a
|x a|
|x a|
a
=
<
| x a| = | x a|
< =
x+ a
x+ a
a
a
whenever 0 < |x a| < . Thus, lim x = a.

xa
26. We need to show that |1/x 1/2| < , whenever 0 < |x 2| < , for an appropriate choice of
. Without loss of generality, we may assume that < 1. Then |x 2| < 1 or 1 < x < 3. For
these values of x, 1/3 < 1/x < 1. Then, for = 2, we have

1 1 1 1
1
1
=
x 2 2 x |2 x| < 2 (1)|x 2| < 2 (2) =
whenever 0 < |x 2| < . Thus, lim 1/x = 1/2.
x2
27. Assume lim f (x) = L. Take = 1. Then there exists > 0 such that |f (x) L| < 1 whenever
x1
0 < |x 1| < . To the right of 1, choose x = 1 + /2.
0 < |1 + /2 1| = |/2| < ,
Since
|f (1 + /2) L| = |0 L| = |L| < 1,
we must have
1 < L < 1.
or
To the left of 1, choose x = 1 /2.
Since
we must have
or
0 < |1 /2 1| = | /2| < ,

|f (1 /2) L| = |2 L| < 1,
1 < L < 3.
100

Since no L can satisfy the conditions that 1 < L < 1 and 1 < L < 3, we conclude that
lim f (x) does not exist.
x1
x3
0 < |x 3| < . To the right of 3, choose x = 3 + /2.
0 < |3 + /2 3| = |/2| < ,
Since
|f (3 + /2) L| = | 1 L| = |L + 1| < 1,
we must have
2 < L < 0.
or
To the left of 3, choose x = 3 /2.
0 < |3 /2 3| = | /2| < ,
Since
|f (3 /2) L| = |1 L| = |L 1| < 1,
we must have
or
0 < L < 2.
Since no L can satisfy the conditions that 2 < L < 0 and 0 < L < 2, we conclude that
lim f (x) does not exist.
x3
x0
0 < |x 0| < . To the right of 0, choose x = /2.

Since
we must have
or
0 < |/2 0| = |/2| < ,
|f (/2) L| = |2 /2 L| < 1,
1 /2 < L < 3 /2.
To the left of 0, choose x = /2.

Since
we must have
or
0 < | /2 0| = | /2| < ,
|f (/2) L| = | /2 L| < 1,
1 /2 < L < 1 /2.
Since no L can satisfy the conditions that 1 /2 < L < 3 /2 and 1 /2 < L < 1 /2,
we conclude that lim f (x) does not exist.
x0
x0
0 < |x 0| < . Since |f (x) L| < 1 for all x such that 0 < |x| < , we may assume that
< 2. To the right of 0, choose x = /2.
Since
we must have
or
0 < |/2 0| = |/2| < ,
|f (/2) L| = |2/ L| = |L 2| < 1,

2/ 1 < L < /2 + 1.
To the left of 0, choose x = /2.

Since
we must have
or
0 < | /2 0| = |/2| < ,
|f (/2) L| = | 2/ L| = |L + 2/| < 1,

2/ 1 < L < 2/ + 1.
2.6. LIMITS A FORMAL APPROACH
101
Since we assumed < 2, we have

and
1 < 2/
1 > 2/
or
or
0 < 2/ 1
0 > 2/ + 1.
Having established 2/ 1 < L < /2 + 1 and 2/ 1 < L < 2/ + 1, these imply

0 < L < 2 + 1
and
2/ 1 < L < 0.
Since it is impossible for L to satisfy both of these inequalities, lim f (x) does not exist.
x0
31. By Definition 2.6.5(i), for any > 0 we
5x 1
2x + 1
must find an N > 0 such that
5
< whenever x > N.
2
Now by considering x > 0,
5x 1 5 7
7
7
2x + 1 2 = 4x + 2 = 4x + 2 < 4x <
whenever x > 7/4. Hence, choose N = 7/4.
32. By Definition 2.6.5(i), for any > 0 we
2x
3x + 8
must find an N > 0 such that
2
< whenever x < N.
3
Now by considering x > 0,
2x
2 16
16
16
3x + 8 3 = 9x + 24 = 9x + 24 < 9x <
whenever x > 16/9. Hence, choose N = 16/9.
33. By Definition 2.6.5(ii), for any > 0 we must find an N < 0 such that
10x
< whenever x < N.
10
x 3
Now by considering x < 0,
10x
30
30
30
30
x 3 10 = x 3 = (x + 3) = x + 3 < x <
whenever x < 30/. Hence, choose N = 30/.
34. By Definition 2.6.5(ii), for any > 0 we must find an N < 0 such that
x2
x2 + 3 1 < whenever x < N.

Now by considering x < 0,
x2
3
3
3
1
x2 + 3
x2 + 3 = x2 + 3 < x2 <
whenever x2 > 3/ or x < 3/. Hence, choose N = 3/.
102
35. We need to show |f (x) 0| = |f (x)| < whenever 0 < |x 0| = |x| < for an appropriate
choice of . For = ,
|f (x)| =
|x|,
0,
x rational
x irrational
< whenever 0 < |x| < .
Thus, lim f (x) = 0.

x0
2.7
The Tangent Line Problem

10
1.
-10
-5
10
change in x = h = 2.5 2 = 0.5
change in y = f (2 + 0.5) f (2) = 2.75 5 = 2.25

change in y
2.25
msec =
=
= 4.5
change in x
0.5
-10
10
2.
-10
-5
10
change in x = h = 0 (1/4) = 1/4
change in y = f (0 + 1/4) f (0) = 17/16 0 = 17/16
-10
msec =
change in y
17/16
17
=
=
change in x
1/4
4
10
3.
-10
-5
10
change in x = h = 1 (2) = 1
change in y = f (2 + 1) f (2) = 1 (8) = 7

change in y
7
msec =
= =7
change in x
1
-10
4.
-5
change in x = h = 1 0.9 = 0.1
change in y = f (1 + 0.1) f (1) = 10/11 1 = 1/11
-5
msec =
change in y
1/11
10
=
=
change in x
1/10
11
2.7. THE TANGENT LINE PROBLEM
103
5.
!
2
-3
change in x = h =
=
3
2
6

2
change in y = f
+
f
= sin 1 = 3/2 1
2
6
3
2
change in y
3/2 1
3 36
msec =
=
=
change in x
/6
6.
!
3
-3
7.

change in x = h =
=
3
2
6

1
change in y = f +
f
= cos
6
3
6
2
3
3 1
31
=
=
2
2
2
change in y
( 3 1)/2
3 33
msec =
=
=
change in x
/6
f (a) = f (3) = 3; f (a + h) = f (3 + h) = (h + 3)2 6
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 3)2 6] 3 = [(h2 + 6h + 9) 6] 3 = h2 + 6h = h(h + 6)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(h + 6)
= lim
= lim (h + 6) = 6
h0
h0
h0
h
h
With point of tangency (3, 3), we have y 3 = 6(x 3) or y = 6x 15.
mtan = lim
8.
f (a) = f (1) = 7; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = 3(h 1)2 + 10
f (a + h) f (a) = [3(h 1)2 + 10] 7 = [(3h2 + 6h 3) + 10] 7 = 3h2 + 6h = h(6 3h)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(6 3h)
= lim
= lim (6 3h) = 6
h0
h0
h
h
With point of tangency (1, 7), we have y 7 = 6(x + 1) or y = 6x + 13.
mtan = lim
h0
9.
f (a) = f (1) = 2; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = (h + 1)2 3(h + 1)
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 1)2 3(h + 1)] (2) = (h2 h 2) (2) = h2 h = h(h 1)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(h 1)
= lim
= lim (h 1) = 1
h0
h0
h
h
With point of tangency (1, 2), we have y + 2 = (x 1) or y = x 1.
mtan = lim
h0
10.
f (a) = f (2) = 17; f (a + h) = f (2 + h) = (h 2)2 + 5(h 2) 3
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h 2)2 + 5(h 2) 3] (17)
= (h2 + 9h 17) (17) = h2 + 9h = h(9 h)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(9 h)
= lim
= lim (9 h) = 9
h0
h0
h0
h
h
With point of tangency (2, 17), we have y + 17 = 9(x + 2) or y = 9x + 1.
mtan = lim
104
11.

f (a) = f (2) = 14; f (a + h) = f (2 + h) = 2(h + 2)3 + (h + 2)
f (a + h) f (a) = [2(h + 2)3 + (h + 2)] (14)
= (2h3 12h2 23h 14) (14) = h(2h2 12h 23)

f (a + h) f (a)
h(2h2 12h 23)
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
= lim (2h2 12h 23) = 23
mtan = lim
h0
With point of tangency (2, 14), we have y + 14 = 23(x 2) or y = 23x + 32.

12.
f (a) = f (1/2) = 3; f (a + h) = f (1/2 + h) = 8(h + 1/2)3 4
f (a + h) f (a) = [8(h + 1/2)3 4] (3)
= (8h3 + 12h2 + 6h 3) (3) = 2h(4h2 + 6h + 3)

f (a + h) f (a)
2h(4h2 + 6h + 3)
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
2
= lim 2(4h + 6h + 3) = 6
mtan = lim
h0
With point of tangency (1/2, 3), we have y + 3 = 6(x 1/2) or y = 6x 6.
1
f (a) = f (1) = 1/2; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) =
2(h 1)
1
1
1+h1
h
f (a + h) f (a) =

=
=
2(h 1)
2
2(h 1)
2(h 1)
h
1
f (a + h) f (a)
mtan = lim
= lim
h0
h0 2(h 1) h
h
1
1
= lim
=
h0 2(h 1)
2
1
1
x
With point of tangency (1, 1/2), we have y + = (x + 1) or y = .
2
2
2
4
14.
f (a) = f (2) = 4; f (a + h) = f (2 + h) =
(h + 2) 1
4
4 4h 4
4h
f (a + h) f (a) =
4=
=
(h + 2) 1
h+1
h+1
f (a + h) f (a)
4h 1
4
mtan = lim
= lim
= lim
= 4
h0
h0 h + 1 h
h0 h + 1
h
With point of tangency (2, 4), we have y 4 = 4(x 2) or y = 4x + 12.
13.
15.
1
(h 1)2
1
h2 + 2h
h(2 h)
f (a + h) f (a) =
1
=
=
(h 1)2
(h 1)2
(h 1)2
f (a + h) f (a)
h(2 h) 1
2h
mtan = lim
= lim
= lim
=2
h0
h0 (h 1)2
h0 (h 1)2
h
h
f (a) = f (0) = 1; f (a + h) = f (h) =

16.
105
8
f (a) = f (1) = 12; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = 4
1 + h
8
8
8 8h + 8
8h
f (a + h) f (a) = 4
12 =
8=
=
1 + h
1 + h
h1
h1
f (a + h) f (a)
8h 1
8
mtan = lim
= lim
= lim
=8
h0
h0 h 1 h
h0 h 1
h
With point of tangency (1, 12), we have y 12 = 8(x + 1) or y = 8x + 20.
17.
f (a) = f (4) = 2; f (a + h) = f (4 + h) = 4 + h
4+h+2
4+h4
h
f (a + h) f (a) = 4 + h 2 = ( 4 + h 2)
=
=
4+h+2
4+h+2
4+h+2
f (a + h) f (a)
h
1
mtan = lim
= lim
h0
h0
h
4+h+2 h
1
1
= lim
=
h0
4
4+h+2
With point of tangency (4, 2), we have y 2 =

18.
1
1
(x 4) or y = x + 1.
4
4
1
f (a) = f (1) = 1; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) =
h+1
1
1 h+1
1 h+1 1+ h+1
f (a + h) f (a) =
1=
=
h+1
h+1
h+1
1+ h+1
1h1
h
=
=
h+1+h+1
h+1+h+1
f (a + h) f (a)
h
1
mtan = lim
= lim
h0
h0
h
h+1+h+1 h
1
1
= lim
=
h0
2
h+1+h+1
1
1
3
With point of tangency (1, 1), we have y 1 = (x 1) or y = x + .
2
2
2
19.
f (a) = f (/6) = 1/2; f (a + h) = f (/6 + h) = sin(/6 + h)
1
f (a + h) f (a) = sin
+ h = sin cos h + cos sin h
6
2
6
6
2
1
3
1
1
3
= cos h +
sin h = (cos h 1) +
sin h
2
2
2
2
2
f (a + h) f (a)
1 cos h 1
3 sin h
mtan = lim
= lim
h0
h0
h
2
h
2
h
= (1/2)(0) + ( 3/2)(1) = 3/2

1
3
3
3 1
With point of tangency (/6, 1/2), we have y =
x
or y =
x
+ .
2
2
6
2
12
2
106
20.
21.

f (a) = f (/4) =
2/2; f (a + h) = f (/4 + h) = cos(/4 + h)
2
f (a + h) f (a) = cos
+h
= cos cos h sin sin h
4
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
=
cos h
sin h
=
(cos h sin h 1)
2
2
2 2
f (a + h) f (a)
2 cos h 1 sin h
mtan = lim
= lim
h0
h0 2
h
h
h
= ( 2/2)(0 1) = 2/2
2
2
2
2
With point of tangency (/4, 2/2), we have y
=
x
or y =
x+
+
2
2
4
2
8
2
.
2
f (a) = f (1) = 1; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = (h + 1)2
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 1)2 ] 1 = (h2 + 2h + 1) 1 = h(h + 2)
h(h + 2)
f (a + h) f (a)
= lim
= lim (h + 2) = 2
h0
h0
h0
h
h
The slope of the tangent at the blue point (1, 1) is 2. The slope of the line through (1, 1)
and (4, 6) is m = (6 1)/(4 1) = 5/3. Since the slopes are not equal, then this line is not
tangent to the graph.
mtan = lim
22. Since there is more than one line, we first find the slope of the tangent line at the general
point (a, f (a)).
f (a) = a2 ; f (a + h) = (h + a)2
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + a)2 ] (a2 ) = (h2 + 2ha + a2 ) a2 = h(h + 2a)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(h + 2a)
= lim
= lim (h + 2a) = 2a
h0
h0
h
h
Now that we have determined that mtan = 2a, then the slope of the tangent at the blue
point (1, 1) is mtan (1) = 2(1) = 2. The slope of the line through (1, 1) and (1, 3) is
m = (3 1)/(1 + 1) = 2. Since the slopes are equal, then this line is tangent to the graph.
mtan = lim
h0
The slope of the tangent at the blue point (3, 9) is mtan (3) = 2(3) = 6. The slope of the line
through (3, 9) and (1, 3) is m = (9 + 3)/(3 1) = 6. Since the slopes are equal, then this
line is tangent to the graph.
23. We know that the points (2, 0) and (6, 4) are on the tangent line, so its equation is
y0=
04
(x 2)
26
or
y =x2
The lines y-intercept is (0, 2).

24. We know that the points (0, 4) and (7, 0) are on the tangent line, so its equation is
y0=
40
(s 7)
07
or
4
y = x+4
7
107
Since the point of tangency (5, f (5)) is on this tangent line, then
4
48
f (5) = (5) + 4 =
7
7
25.
f (a) = a2 + 6a + 1; f (a + h) = (h + a)2 + 6(h + a) + 1
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + a)2 + 6(h + a) + 1] (a2 + 6a + 1)
= h2 2ha a2 + 6h + 6a + 1 (a2 ) 6a 1
= h2 2ha + 6h = h(h 2a + 6)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(h 2a + 6)
= lim
h0
h
h
= lim (h 2a + 6) = 2a + 6
mtan = lim
h0
h0
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 2a + 6,
yielding 2a = 6 and a = 3. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (3, f (3)) = (3, 10).
26.
f (a) = 2a2 + 24a 22; f (a + h) = 2(h + a)2 + 24(h + a) 22
f (a + h) f (a) = [2(h + a)2 + 24(h + a) 22] (2a2 + 24a 22)
= 2h2 + 4ha + 2a2 + 24h + 24a 22 2a2 24a (22)

= 2h2 + 4ha + 24h = h(2h + 4a + 24)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(2h + 4a + 24)
= lim
h0
h
h
= lim (2h + 4a + 24) = 4a + 24
mtan = lim
h0
h0
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 4a + 24,
yielding 4a = 24 and a = 6. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (6, f (6)) =
(6, 94).
27.
f (a) = a3 3a; f (a + h) = (h + a)3 3(h + a)
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + a)3 3(h + a)] (a3 3a)
= h3 + 3h2 a + 3ha2 + a3 3h 3a a3 (3a)
= h3 + 3h2 a + 3ha2 3h = h(h2 + 3ah + 3a2 3)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(h2 + 3ah + 3a2 3)
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
= lim (h2 + 3ah + 3a2 3) = 3a2 3
mtan = lim
h0
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 3a2 3,
yielding 3a2 = 3 and a = 1. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (1, f (1)) = (1, 2)
and (1, f (1)) = (1, 2).
108

f (a) = a3 + a2 ; f (a + h) = (h + a)3 + (h + a)2
28.
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + a)3 + (h + a)2 ] (a3 + a2 )
= h3 3h2 a 3ha2 a3 + h2 + 2ah + a2 (a3 ) a2
= h3 3h2 a 3ha2 + h2 + 2ah = h(h2 3ah 3a2 + h + 2a)

f (a + h) f (a)
h(h2 3ah 3a2 + h + 2a)
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
2
2
2
= lim (h 3ah 3a + h + 2a) = 3a + 2a
mtan = lim
h0
The tangent line is horizontal when mtan = 0, so we substitute and solve mtan = 0 = 3a2 +2a,
yielding a(3a 2) = 0 and a = 0, 2/3. Thus, the tangent line is horizontal at (0, f (0)) = (0, 0)
and (2/3, f (2/3)) = (2/3, 4/27).
29. vave =
change of distance
290 mi
=
= 58 mi/h
change in time
5h
30. vave =
change of distance
1/2 mi
(1/2 mi)
1/2 mi
=
=
=
= 45 mi/h
change in time
40 s
(40 s)/(3600 s/h)
1/90 h
The car will not be stopped for speeding.

31. vave =
change of distance
3500 km
; 920 km/h =
; t 3.8 h = 3 h 48 min
change in time
t
32. vave =
change of distance
20 mi 10 mi
20 mi 10 mi
10 mi
= 1
=
=
= 6 mi/h
change in time
19/6 h 3/2 h
5/3 h
3 6 h 1 12 h
33. s = s(t0 +t)s(t0 ) = f (3+t)f (3) = [4(3+t)2 +10(3+t)+6]0 = 14t4t2

The instantaneous velocity at t = 3 is
s
14t 4t2
= lim
= lim (14 4t) = 14.
t0 t
t0
t0
t
v(3) = lim
34. s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = f (t) f (0) = t2 +
1
5t3 + t2 5t
1=
= 5
5t + 1
5t + 1
The instantaneous velocity at t = 0 is

s
5t3 + t2 5t
5t2 + t 5
= lim
= lim
= 5.
t0 t
t0
t0
(5t + 1)t
5t + 1
v(0) = lim
35. (a) s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = f (1/2 + t) f (1/2) = 4.9(1/2 + t)2 + 122.5 121.275
= 4.9t2 4.9t
The instantaneous velocity at t = 1/2 is
s
4.9t2 4.9t
= lim
= lim (4.9t 4.9) = 4.9 m/s.
t0 t
t0
t0
t
v(1/2) = lim
109
(b) The ball hits the ground when s(t) = 0:

4.9t2 + 122.5 = 0; t2 = 122.5/4.9; t = 5 s.
(c) Since the ball impacts at t = 5,
s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = f (5 + t) f (5) = [4.9(5 + t)2 + 122.5] [4.9(5)2 + 122.5]
= 49t2 49t
The impact velocity at t = 5 is

s
49t2 49t
= lim
= lim (49t 49) = 49 m/s.
t0 t
t0
t0
t
v(5) = lim
36. (a) Setting 12 gt2 + h = 0 and solving for t > 0, we obtain t =
(b) Earth: timpact = 2(100)/32 = 2.5 s
Mars: timpact = 2(100)/12 4.08 s
Moon: timpact = 2(100)/5.5 6.03 s
2h/g.
1
1
1
(c) s = s(t0 + t) s(t0 ) = g(t0 + t)2 + h ( gt20 + h) = gt2 gt0 t
2
2
2
The instantaneous velocity at timpact is
1
gt2 gt0 t
s
1
2
v(timpact ) = lim
= lim
= lim gt gt0 = gt0 .
t0 t
t0
t0
t
2
(d) The impact velocities are

vEarth = (32)(2.5) = 80 ft/s
vMars (12)(4.08) = 48.96 ft/s
vMoon (5.5)(6.03) = 33.165 ft/s.

37. (a)
s(t) = 16t2 + 256t
s(2) = 16(22 ) + 256(2) = 448 ft

s(6) = 16(62 ) + 256(6) = 960 ft
s(9) = 16(92 ) + 256(9) = 1008 ft
s(10) = 16(102 ) + 256(10) = 960 ft
(b) s(5) = 16(52 ) + 256(5) = 880 ft
s(2) = 448 ft [from (a)]

change of distance
880 ft 448 ft
vave =
=
= 144 ft/s
change in time
5 s2 s
110

(c) s(7) = 16(72 ) + 256(7) = 1008 ft
s(9) = 1008 ft [from (a)]

change of distance
1008 ft 1008 ft
0
vave =
=
= = 0 ft/s
change in time
9 s7 s
2
At t = 7 s, the projectile is at a height of 1008 ft on its way upward. After it reaches
a maximum height, it begins to fall downward and, at t = 9 s, the height is once again
1008 ft. Since distance upward is positive and distance downward is negative, the net
distance is zero.
(d) The projectile hits the ground when s(t) = 0:
16t2 + 256t = 0; 16t2 = 256t; t = 256/16 = 16 s
(e) For some general time t:
s = s(t + t) s(t) = [16(t + t)2 + 256(t + t)] (16t2 + 256t)
= 16t2 + 256t 32tt = t(16t + 256 32t)
The instantaneous velocity at a general time t is
s
t(16t + 256 32t)
= lim
t0
t
t
= lim (16t + 256 32t) = (256 32t) ft/s.
v(t) = lim
t0
t0
(f) From (d), the projectile impacts at t = 16 s. From (e), v(t) = 256 32t so v(16) =
256 32(16) = 256 ft/s.
(g) The maximum height is reached when v(t) = 0: 256 32t = 0 gives us t = 8 s. Since
s(t) = 16t2 + 256t, we have s(8) = 16(82 ) + 256(8) = 1024 ft.
38. (a) s(4) 1.3 ft; s(6) 2.7 ft
s(6) s(4)
2.7 1.3
(b) vave
=
= 0.7 ft/s
64
2
(c) The instantaneous velocity at t = 0 is the slope of the tangent line to the graph at t = 0.
In this case, v0 1 ft/s.
(d) t 3 s
(e) The velocity is decreasing where the slopes of the tangent lines are decreasing; in this
case, for 0 < t < 3.
(f) The velocity is increasing where the slopes of the tangent lines are increasing; in this
case, for 3 < t < 7.
39. The slopes m of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) and m of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) are:
f (a + h) f (a)
f (a + h ) f (a)
; m = lim
h0
h 0
h
h
As defined in Section 1.2, an even function is a function which is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis: f (x) = f (x) for all x. Since f is even, then f (a) = f (a) and f (a + h ) =
f ([a + h ]) = f (a h ), resulting in:
m = lim
f (a h ) f (a)
f (a + [h ]) f (a)
=
lim
h 0
h 0
h
h
m = lim
CHAPTER 2 IN REVIEW
111
Without loss of generality, we apply the substitution h = h to obtain:

f (a + [h ]) f (a)
f (a + h) f (a)
= lim
= m
h 0
h0
h
h
m = lim
40. The slopes m of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) and m of a tangent line at (a, f (a)) are:
f (a + h) f (a)
f (a + h ) f (a)
; m = lim
h0
h 0
h
h
m = lim
As defined in Section 1.2, an odd function is a function which is symmetric with respect to
the origin: f (x) = f (x) for all x. Since f is odd, then f (a) = f (a) and f (a + h ) =
f ([a + h ]) = f (a h ), resulting in:
f (a h ) [f (a)]
[f (a h ) + f (a)]
= lim
h 0
h 0
h
h
m = lim
Without loss of generality, we apply the substitution h = h to obtain:

[f (a h ) + f (a)]
[f (a + h) f (a)]
= lim
=m
h 0
h0
h
h
m = lim
41. To show that the graph of f (x) = x2 +|x| does not possess a tangent line at (0, 0), we examine
f (0 + h) f (0)
[(0 + h)2 + |0 + h|] 0
h2 + |h|
= lim
= lim
h0
h0
h0
h
h
h
lim
From the definition of absolute value, we see that

lim+
h2 + |h|
h2 + h
=
=h+1=1
h
h
whereas
lim
h2 + |h|
h2 h
=
= h 1 = 1
h
h
h0
h0
f (0 + h) f (0)
=
h0
h
Since the right-hand and left-hand limits are not equal, we conclude that lim
h2 + |h|
does not exist, and that therefore f has no tangent line at (0, 0).
h0
h
lim
Chapter 2 in Review
A. True/False
1. True
2. False; lim
3. False; lim
|x|
= 1.
x
x5+
x0
x 5 = 0.
112

2
4. False; lim e2xx = 0.

x
5. False; lim
x0+
tan
1
x
.
2
6. True
7. True
8. False; let f (x) = 0.
9. False; consider f (x) =
1
1
, g(x) = 4 , and a = 0.
x2
x
1
1
, g(x) =
, and a = 0.
2
x
tan2 x
11. False; consider f (x) = x.

12. True
13. True; since f (1) < 0 and f (1) > 0.
14. False; consider f (x) = 1 and g(x) = x 2.
15. True
1,
1,
1,
2,
x<0
x>0
x3
x>3
and a = 0.
18. True; since lim [(x a)f (x)] = [ lim (x a)][ lim f (x)] = 0 f (a) = 0.
xa
xa
xa
19. True
20. False; lim f (x) = 4 = f (5).
x5
21. False; since
x
is undefined for x < 0.
x+1
22. False; the slope m of the tangent line at (3, f (3)) is 1. There is not enough information to
determine the value of f (3).
CHAPTER 2 IN REVIEW
113
B. Fill in the Blanks

1. 4
2. 1
3. -1/5
4. -1/2
5. 0
6. 3/5
7.
8. 0
9. 1
10. 1/4
11. 3
12. 4
13.
14. 0+
15. 2
16. Dividing by x2 we have 1
Theorem we have lim
x0
f (x)
x2
x2
2 1. Since lim 1
= 1 = lim 1, by the Squeeze
x0
x0
3
x
3
f (x)
= 1.
x2
17. 10
18. 8
19. continuous
20. 2
21. 9
22. Since f (x) = x2 is continuous, lim f (g(x)) = f ( lim g(x)) = f (9) = (9)2 = 81.
x5
x5
114
C. Exercises
5
5
1.
2.
-5
-5
-5
-5
3
5
3.
4.
-3
-5
-3
5. (a), (e), (f), (h)

6. (b), (e), (h)
7. (c), (h)
8. (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (i)
9. (b), (c), (d), (e), (f)
10. (a), (g), (j)
5
11.
-5
The function is continuous everywhere.
-5
12.
The function is discontinuous at x = 2 and x = 4.
13. (, 1), (1, 0), (0, 1), and (1, )
CHAPTER 2 IN REVIEW
115
14. [2, 1) and (1, 2]
15. (, 5) and ( 5, )
16. (n, n + ) for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
17. For f (x) to be continuous at the number 3, we must have f (3) = 3k + 1 = lim (2 kx).
x3+
Thus, we must solve for k in the equation 3k + 1 = 2 3k, resulting in k = 1/6. Therefore:
x
+ 1, x 3
f (x) = 6 x
2 , x > 3
6
18. For f (x) to be continuous everywhere, we must have f (1) = 5 = lim+ (ax + b) and f (3) =
x1
3a + b = lim+ (3x 8). Thus, we get two equations 5 = a + b and 1 = 3a + b. Solving for a
x3
an b yields a = 2, b = 7. Therefore:
f (x) =
19.
x + 4,
2x + 7,
3x 8,
x1
1<x3
x>3
f (a) = f (2) = 32; f (a + h) = f (2 + h) = 3(h + 2)2 + 16(h + 2) + 12
f (a + h) f (a) = [3(h + 2)2 + 16(h + 2) + 12] 32
= 3h2 12h 12 + 16h + 32 + 12 32 = 3h2 + 4h = h(3h + 4)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(3h + 4)
= lim
=4
h0
h0
h
h
mtan = lim
20.
f (a) = f (1) = 2; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = (h 1)3 (h 1)2
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h 1)3 (h 1)2 ] (2)
= h3 3h2 + 3h 1 h2 + 2h 1 (2)
= h3 4h2 + 5h = h(h2 4h + 5)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(h2 4h + 5)
= lim
=5
h0
h0
h
h
With point of tangency (1, 2), we have y + 2 = 5(x + 1) or y = 5x + 3.
mtan = lim
21.
1
2(h + 1/2)2
1
1
f (a + h) f (a) =
(2) = 2
(2)
2
2(h + 1/2)
2h + 2h + 1/2
1 + 4h2 + 4h + 1
4h(h + 1)
=
= 2
2
2h + 2h + 1/2
2h + 2h + 1/2
f (a + h) f (a)
4h(h + 1)
mtan = lim
= lim
=8
h0
h0 (2h2 + 2h + 1/2)h
h
f (a) = f (1/2) = 2; f (a + h) = f (1/2 + h) =
116
With point of tangency (1/2, 2), we have y + 2 = 8(x 1/2) or y = 8x 6.
22.
f (a) = f (4) = 12; f (a + h) = f (4 + h) = (h + 4) + 4 h + 4
(h 8) 4 h + 4
f (a + h) f (a) = [(h + 4) + 4 h + 4] 12 = [(h 8) + 4 h + 4]

(h 8) 4 h + 4
(h 8)2 16(h + 4)
h2 16h + 64 16h 64
=
=
(h 8) 4 h + 4
(h 8) 4 h + 4
h(h 32)
=
(h 8) 4 h + 4
f (a + h) f (a)
h(h 32)
32
mtan = lim
= lim
=
=2
h0
h0 [(h 8) 4 h + 4]h
h
16
23.
f (a) = f (1) = 2; f (a + h) = f (1 + h) = 4(h + 1)2 + 6(h + 1)
f (a + h) f (a) = [4(h + 1)2 + 6(h + 1)] 2 = 4h2 8h 4 + 6h + 6 2

= 4h2 2h = h(4h 2)
f (a + h) f (a)
h(4h 2)
= lim
= 2
h0
h
h
With point of tangency (1, 2), we have y 2 = 2(x 1) or y = 2x + 4. Thus, the line
that is perpendicular to this line would have a slope of 1/2 and also passes through (1, 2),
resulting in the equation y 2 = (x 1)/2 or y = (x + 3)/2.
mtan = lim
h0
24. |2x + 5 7| = |2x 2| = 2|x 1| < whenever |x 1| < /2. Thus, we choose = /2 and
so = 0.005 when = 0.01. Finding proves that lim (2x + 5) = 7.
x1

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Chapter 2

Limits An Informal Approach

CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

12. No2 limit

11. lim f (x) = 3

13. lim f (x) = 0

(a) doesnt exist

(d) doesnt exist

(d) doesnt exist

2.1. LIMITS AN INFORMAL APPROACH

27. Incorrect; lim

(d) Does not exist

The limit does not exist.

CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

The limit does not exist.

lim f (x) = 0.5

2.2. LIMIT THEOREMS

lim f (x) = 0.33333333

lim f (x) = 0.25

lim f (x) = 0.5

CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

10. does not exist

19. does not exist

2.2. LIMIT THEOREMS

30. lim x3 (x4 + 2x3 )1 = lim

35. does not exist

42. 100, 000

44. lim u2 x2 + 2xu + 1 = lim u2 2u + 1 = lim

CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

57. does not exist

= 100 100 = 10, 000

61. (a) lim

62. (a) lim

2 lim f (x) lim 5 = 20

6. Discontinuous at 3 and + n, for n an integer

CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

10. Discontinuous at x < 0 and

+ 2n. Thus, f (x)

22. Since sin x1 is discontinuous only at x = 0, it is continuous on [ 1 , ) and discontinuous on

26. Since lim f (x) = lim

2m + n = 5. Adding, we obtain 3m = 10, so m = 10/3 and n = 5/3.

30. Discontinuous at every integer

31. Since lim

34. lim2 cos x = cos lim2 x = cos = 1

lim sin(cos x) = sin

lim [1 + cos(cos x)] = 1 + cos

39. lim t + cos2 t = cos2 = 1 = 1

CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

42. lim ecos 3x = ex

43. Since (f g)(x) =

44. Since (f g)(x) =

52. Let f (x) =

56. In [0, 1] the zero is approximately 0.75.

57. We want to solve f (x) = x5 + 2x 7 = 50 or x5 + 2x 57 = 0. It is easily seen that the

CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

= f (a) + g(a) = (f + g)(a)

= f (a)/g(a) = (f /g)(a) (since g(a) = 0)

(g f )(x) = |x| 1 is continuous at x = 0.

2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS

CHAPTER 2. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

Letting u = t, we have lim

31. First, rewrite lim

2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS