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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specimen preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reporting of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Additional interpretative comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Co-ordinators
0148-9062/99/$ - see front matter # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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A Second Series of Suggested Methods is being produced by the ISRM Commission on Testing Methods from 1998 onwards.
In this Second Series, for each SM two versions are published:
1. A Draft SM written by the Working Group Co-ordinator(s);
2. A Final SM also produced by the Working Group Co-ordinator but with amendments resulting from the Draft SM review by
the Working Group Members and other comments received after publication of the Draft SM.
A suite of the new Suggested Methods is currently being published in this Journal. These started with an Indentation
Hardness Index SM written by T. Szwedzicki and published in June 1998. Several more will be published in 1999.
Please send written comments on this SM to the
President of the ISRM Commission on Testing Methods:
Professor J A Hudson, 7 The Quadrangle,
Welwyn Garden City, Herts AL8 6SG, UK
1. Introduction
1.1 The subject of this suggested method is obtaining
the complete force-displacement curve for intact rock
in a laboratory test. The terms `force' and `load' are
synonymous in this context, as are the terms `displacement' and `deformation'. Thus, a force-displacement
curve is the same as a load-deformation curve. When
the measured force is scaled by the original specimen
area and the measured displacement is scaled by the
original specimen length, a nominal stressstrain curve
can be plotted. The term `complete stressstrain curve'
refers to the displacement of the specimen ends from
initial loading, through the linear elastic prepeak
a
MTS Systems Corp., 14000 Technology Drive, Eden Prairie, MN,
USA.
b
T.H. Huxley School of Environment, Earth Sciences and
Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine,
London SW7 2BP, UK.
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C.E. Fairhurst, J.A. Hudson / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 279289
283
5 MN/mm are commonly available and are recommended. The stiness of the entire load train (i.e.
load frame, platens, spacers, load cell, etc.) should also
be maximized. Replacing an in-line load cell (which by
design is `soft') with a steel spacer, and measuring
axial load by an alternative method such as a dierential pressure transducer, will increase load train stiness, but may compromise force readout accuracy,
especially at relatively low loads. Moving the loading
piston (or actuator) to the most retracted position
prior to testing also increases load train stiness by
reducing the hydraulic uid `spring' under the piston.
The load frame capacity should exceed the estimate of
the strongest specimen to be tested. The calibrations of
the load frame transducers should be veried at suitable time intervals and should comply with accepted
national requirements such as prescribed in either
ASTM methods E4: verication of testing machines or
British standard 1610, grade A.
Hydraulics
3.3 A close-coupled hydraulic manifold (i.e.
mounted to or located as close as possible to the loading piston) is recommended to minimize the response
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Fig. 3. Example of simultaneous mounting of one circumferential and two axial extensometers.
C.E. Fairhurst, J.A. Hudson / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 279289
285
4. Specimen preparation
4.1 Test specimens shall be right circular cylinders
having a height-to-diameter ratio of between 2.0 and
3.0 and a diameter preferably of not less than approximately 50 mm. The diameter of the specimen shall be
at least 20 times the largest grain in the rock microstructure.
4.2 The ends of the specimen shall be at to 20.01
mm and shall not depart from the perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the specimen by more than 0.001
rad (about 3.5 mm) or 0.05 in 50 mm.
4.3 The sides of the specimen shall be smooth and
straight to within 0.3 mm over the full length of the
specimen.
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the axial strain rate to 0.001 mm/mm/s until a complete force-displacement curve is obtained. The forcedisplacement curve can be considered to be complete
in the testing context when the load carrying capacity
of the specimen declines to less than approximately
3040% of peak load carrying capacity.
Specimens that generally exhibit brittle behavior
(severe, small strain failure behavior)
5.5 Switch the control mode to axial strain control,
and load the specimen at an axial strain rate of 0.001
mm/mm/s. until reaching approximately 70% of
expected peak force. At 70% of peak force, switch the
control mode to circumferential control, at a rate of
0.0001 mm/mm/s, until the applied force falls to 50%
of peak force. Then switch back to an axial strain rate
of 0.001 mm/mm/s until a complete force-displacement
curve is obtained. If the test is unsuccessful due to
abrupt specimen failure, alternative control modes may
be considered, such as a computed channel feedback
loop [8,9].
5.6 Force and axial and circumferential strains or
displacements shall be recorded at a frequency of 1
Hz.
6. Calculations
6.1 The force will be obtained from the built-in load
cell information. Axial strain and diametric strain may
be recorded directly from strain indicating equipment
or may be calculated from displacement readings
depending upon the type of instrumentation used.
6.2 The compressive stress, s, is calculated as,
s P=A0 ,
where, P is the compressive force on the specimen, and
A0 is the initial cross-sectional area, and in this test
procedure, compressive stresses and strains are considered positive.
6.3 Axial strain, ea, is calculated as
ea Dl=l0 ,
where Dl is the change in measured axial length (positive for a decrease in axial length) and l0 the axial
length of specimen prior to loading.
6.4 Diametric strain is determined either by measuring the changes in specimen diameter or by measuring
the circumferential strain. In the case of measuring the
changes in diameter, the diametric strain, ed, is calculated as
ed Dd=d0 ,
where Dd is the change in diameter (negative for an
C.E. Fairhurst, J.A. Hudson / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 279289
287
Fig. 4. Complete stressstrain curve for a rock specimen showing the prepeak Young's modulus, compressive strength and postpeak Young's
modulus.
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ev ea 2ec :
8. Additional interpretative comments
7. Reporting of results
The testing report should include the following.
Rock sample information (note that the term
`sample' refers to the block of rock obtained in the
site investigation; the term `specimen' refers to the
specic piece of rock prepared and tested).
(a) A lithologic description of the rock, including
grain size.
(b) Orientation of the axis of loading with respect
to rock anisotropy, e.g. bedding planes, foliation.
(c) Source of the sample, including: geographic
location, depth and orientations, dates and
method of sampling, storage history and environment.
(d) Number of specimens obtained from a given
rock sample.
Specimen information (for each specimen tested)
(e) Specimen diameter and height.
(f) Water content and degree of saturation of the
specimen at the time of testing.
(g) Date of testing and test duration.
(h) Values of applied force, stress and strain as
tabulated results or as recorded on a chart.
(i) Prepeak Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio,
expressed to three signicant gures.
8.1 It is helpful to have a good conceptual understanding of the complete stressstrain curve when conducting the tests. This understanding should be based
on the control variable.
8.2 Axial force cannot be used as the control variable to obtain the complete stressstrain curve. If the
axial force is programmed to linearly increase with
time, the inevitable result is uncontrolled failure at the
compressive strength when the machine attempts to
increase the force on the rock specimen which cannot sustain more force.
8.3 Axial displacement is the most widely used control variable. This means that axial displacement is the
independent (or control) variable and axial force is the
dependent (or response) variable. Note that when the
force and displacement are scaled to nominal stress
and strain as described in this Suggested Method, the
stressstrain curve is plotted with the independent
value on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the
y-axis, as is conventional in science.
8.4 If, however, the complete force-displacement
curve does not monotonically increase in axial displacement (the class II curve in Fig. 1), then axial displacement is not suitable as the control variable. Often
circumferential displacement has been used because
this does monotonically increase even if the axial displacement does not. In this latter case, the circumfer-
C.E. Fairhurst, J.A. Hudson / International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36 (1999) 279289
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to F.A. Bezat (USA) for
help provided during the preparation of this suggested
method draft.
289
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