Preparation of Wood

Defects in Wood
Seasoning of Wood

Logging
The harvesting of the tree
crops consisting of a
sequence of operations
such as:
1. Cutting of the tree.
2. Skidding when logs are moved to an

assembly area loaded to transport

equipment then carried out of the forest to
the sawmill.
3. Bucking the process of sawing into
smaller pieces.

Previously, all felling and bucking operations

were done by the use of axe, saw, and
wedges. Lately, however, the felling of
trees were done using motor powered
chain saw.

Terminologies
Skidded when the log is dragged and
carried down to an assembly area.

Yarded when logs are delivered through

the cable or a helium filled balloon.
Lumbering the operation performed in
preparing wood for commercial purposes.
Sawing cutting logs.

Two Methods of Log Sawing

Employed are:
1.The Plain or
Bastard sawing
- is by cutting the logs
entirely through the
diameter with a parallel
chord tangential to the
annual rings.

2. The Quarter of Rift sawing

a.Radial method
b.Tangential
method
c.Quarter
tangential
d.Combined Radial
and Tangential
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Defects in Wood
- Irregularities found in wood are considered

as defects. The most common defects are:

A. Abnormal Growth
B. Due to Deterioration

A. Abnormal Growth are identified as:

1.Heart Shakes
radial cracks
originating at the
heart of the logs.
2. Wind Shakes or
Cup shakes
cracks or breaks
across the annual
rings of timber.

3. Star Shakes
composed of several
heart shakes in a starlike manner.
4. Knots usually occurs
at the starting point of
a limb or branch of the
wood.

B. Due to deterioration caused by:

1.Dry-Rot the
presence of
moisture in
seasoned
wood caused
by fungi.

2. Wet Rot usually takes place

sometime in the growth of trees caused
by water saturation.

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Seasoning of Wood
Seasoning drying of lumber.
The water contained in a freshly cut
wood constitute about one third to more
than two thirds of its weight. The removal
of much of this
moisture is
accomplished by way
of seasoning also
known a conditioning
or curing.

Two Methods of Seasoning Wood

1. The Natural or Air Seasoning
a. Lumber is piled
vertically outdoor
inclined at about
10 degrees.
b. Lumber is piled
in a wellventilated shed.

2. The Artificial Seasoning

- is the process adopted
for quick drying of wood.
Under this method,
lumber are stacked inside
a drying kiln and then
subjected to steam and
hot air under pressure.

Wood that undergone this

process are considered inferior
in quality compared to those
that were dried by natural or air
seasoning process.

The Artificial Seasoning Methods

Employed are:
1.Forced Air Drying fans are used
to booster the circulation of air a
preparatory process to kiln drying.

2. Kiln Drying the lumber is dried in a

specially built chamber wherein
temperature and humidity as well as
the circulation of air is under control.
3. Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying a
very fast method of drying lumber
using a radio frequency dielectric heat.

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