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CAMPI DAPPLICAZIONE
DELLIPNOSI
LAutore
La mia passione per lipnosi nata casualmente alla tenera
et di 7 anni allorquando mi capit in mano un libro illustrato dal
titolo Ipnosi animale. Mi incuriosii a tal punto che andai sul
terrazzo della mia casa, dove mia madre allevava le galline, ed
eseguii alla lettera le istruzioni per ipnotizzarne una. Conclusa la
procedura la gallina rimase immobile ed io mi spaventai, non
certo per la gallina ma per le sculacciate che avrei preso se mia
mamma avesse saputo che gliela avevo uccisa. Quindi mi
ingegnai per verificare se fosse ancora viva. Presi un bastone, la
provai a smuovere e con mio grande sollievo la gallina si risvegli
dallo stato di ipnosi e si mise a camminare.
Da allora il mio interesse per lipnosi sempre andato
aumentando e, una volta conclusi gli studi universitari in
Medicina e divorati tutti i libri di ipnosi esistenti sul mercato,
iniziai a frequentare i corsi quadriennali tenuti presso le scuole
post-universitarie dellIstituto Italiano Studi di Ipnosi Clinica e
Psicoterapia H. Bernheim (Verona), in quegli anni ancora diretto
dal prof. Gualtiero Guantieri, e del Centro Italiano di Ipnosi
Clinica Sperimentale (Torino), allora diretto dal prof. Franco
Granone. Ottenuti i diplomi di specializzazione, ho continuato per
anni a frequentare le scuole di queste societ delle quali ero nel
frattempo diventato membro. Successivamente completai un
ulteriore corso quadriennale, diplomandomi alla Scuola di
Formazione in Psicoterapia dellIstituto Riza di Medicina
Psicosomatica (Milano), diretta dal dott. Piero Parietti gi mio
insegnante allIstituto Bernheim.
V
Lautore
medici
considerato
organicista.
di
orientamento
esclusivamente
VIII
Indice
Lautore
Indice
Introduzione
1.Lipnosi nella ricerca
2.Lipnosi nella diagnostica
3.Lipnosi nella terapia
4.Preparazione emozionale del personale medico ed
infermieristico
5.Applicazioni extramediche dellipnosi
Conclusioni
Riferimenti bibliografici
IX
V
IX
1
15
19
23
33
35
41
43
Introduzione
Introduzione
Introduzione
(9).
Nella maggior parte delle situazioni, lindividuo pu utilizzare
una serie di modalit di coping, apprese nel corso dellesperienza
personale, che gli consentono di affrontare adeguatamente lo
stress, in modo che i suoi effetti si esauriscano in uno stato di
momentaneo malessere che non altera lequilibrio generale
dellorganismo7 (10).
Differences, Stress and Coping. In C.L. Cooper & R. Payne (eds): Personality
and Stress. Chichester: Wiley, 1991). Sotto stress, peraltro, un individuo tende
ad avere comportamenti reattivi, dettati dallinstinto sullonda delle emozioni,
per cui si limita a reagire anzich agire sulla base di scelte ragionate e
consapevoli; ed anche maggiormente esposto a comportamenti autodistruttivi
come leccessivo consumo di alcol, mangiare troppo, fumare molte sigarette e
cos via. (Yapko, 1990, pp. 268-269).
7
Per ammortizzare il disagio e ridurre la tensione derivanti da una situazione
stressante pu essere utile ad esempio: far valere le proprie ragioni con
lassertivit, esprimendo apertamente le proprie idee ed emozioni, in modo
diretto, ma non aggressivo; rapportarsi con umorismo ai conflitti emotivi o agli
stressori esterni enfatizzandone gli aspetti ironici; considerare la situazione da
una diversa prospettiva; mantenere una posizione di fermezza di fronte alle
avversit, contando di poter superare limpedimento al proprio benessere;
sostituire un obiettivo difficoltoso con uno simile, ma che pu essere raggiunto
pi facilmente (R. Canestrari: Psicologia generale e dello sviluppo. Bologna:
Clueb, 1984). Altri modi efficaci per scaricare lo stress sono lo svolgimento di
attivit fisica, coltivare interessi nel tempo libero, prendersi dei periodi di
vacanza o di riposo. Molti atteggiamenti e comportamenti possono poi
permettere ad una persona di tirare avanti senza necessariamente essere
adattivi: ad esempio distogliere lattenzione da un problema per rivolgerla a
qualcosa di piacevole e gratificante, compensare delusioni, limiti, o frustrazioni
personali attraverso limpegno in determinate attivit, evitare situazioni,
persone, attivit percepite come minacciose.
-6-
Introduzione
PUNTI
100
73
65
63
63
53
50
47
45
45
44
40
39
39
39
38
37
36
35
31
30
29
29
29
28
26
26
25
24
23
20
20
20
19
19
18
17
16
15
15
13
12
11
TOTALE
Se un evento menzionato si verificato nellanno passato oppure atteso nel
prossimo futuro, scrivere il punteggio corrispondente nellapposita colonna
(tante volte quante levento si verificato o atteso).
Fonte: T.H. Holmes & R.H. Rahe: The Social Readjustment Rating Scale.
Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1967. 11: 213-218.
Il passaggio non cos netto, in quanto gli stati emotivi suscitati dallo stress
sono sempre accompagnati da modificazioni fisiologiche mediate dal sistema
nervoso e dal sistema endocrino (alterazioni della pressione arteriosa e della
frequenza respiratoria, variazioni del metabolismo, rilascio di sostanze
ormonali, ecc.), aventi una funzione puramente adattiva, utile allorganismo per
predisporsi ad affrontare le difficolt ambientali (Trombini & Baldoni, 1999,
pp. 162-163, 201; T. Cox, S. Cox, & M. Thirlway: The psychological and
physiological response to stress. In A. Gale & J.A. Edwards (eds):
Physiological Correlates of Human Behavior. London: Academic Press, 1983.
T. Cox & S. Cox: The role of the adrenals in psychophysiology of stress. In E.
Karas: Current Issues in Clinical Psychology. London: Plenum, 1985).
9
Introduzione
10
Introduzione
Introduzione
2) parzialmente modificabili
3) risolvibili.
1)Immodificabili: le opzioni sono alquanto limitate ed il
trattamento diretto principalmente a rafforzare sotto vari aspetti
il paziente, in modo che impari a destreggiarsi al meglio nella
convivenza con fattori stressanti che non si possono modificare. o
2) Parzialmente modificabili: le possibilit di intervento sono
molto pi ampie e lapproccio terapeutico pu essere strutturato in
modo da apportare modifiche in grado di ridurre i fattori di stress.
3)Risolvibili: lobiettivo della terapia diventa la risoluzione del
problema del paziente e il trattamento quindi rivolto
alleliminazione dei fattori stressanti (16) .
Nei prossimi paragrafi tracciamo un quadro generale dei campi di
applicazione dellipnosi in riferimento a quattro ambiti principali:
ricerca
diagnostica
terapia
formazione psico-emotivo-comportamentale del personale
medico e infermieristico.
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- 14 -
la memoria (28)
leffetto Stroop12 (29)
la cecit isterica (30)
le allucinazioni visive (31)
la percezione dei colori (32)
il dolore (33)
il controllo motorio volontario (34)
la simulazione neuropatologica (35)
il dolore e i movimenti dellarto fantasma (36).
- 17 -
- 18 -
15
- 22 -
16
- 32 -
- 33 -
- 34 -
criminologica
(130), come mezzo per la
facilitazione
della
memoria,
la
verifica
dellattendibilit e la veridicit delle deposizioni22
(131) e per alleviare lo stress cui sono sottoposti
testimoni e vittime di atti criminali23. (132).
Sullipnosi forense esiste una letteratura
relativamente ampia (133), ma agli effetti pratici
lutilizzo delle tecniche ipnotiche in ambito
processuale resta ancora poco conosciuto.
LAutore ritiene invece che lipnosi abbia grandi
potenzialit in questo campo in quanto attraverso
lutilizzo della comunicazione non verbale24
possibile svelare quanto non viene detto a parole e
accertare che le deposizioni rese in tribunale
risultino veritiere. Su questo argomento si
suggerisce la lettura del volume dello stesso autore
La grammatica delle emozioni espresse dal
corpo,
disponibile
su
richiesta
a:
ascuoladiautoipnosi@email.it.
e. Economia
Lutilizzo
efficace
della
comunicazione pu portare al successo o alla
rovina unimpresa. Sostituire modelli di
comunicazione rigidi con approcci pi flessibili
22
- 38 -
25
- 40 -
Conclusioni
- 41 -
- 42 -
Riferimenti bibliografici
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2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
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