ABSTRACT

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) have been considered as

one of the most promising smart materials. They can provide
novel solution in several fields, for various applications (e.g.
actuator, biomedical application, clamping systems, ect.).
Shape Memory Alloys demonstrate a unique ability to
recover their initial shape after deformation through a
reversible thermo-elastic phase transformation, it allows
Shape Memory Alloys to recover large strains, either
spontaneously (pseudoelasticity) or through an increase in
temperature (Shape Memory Effect).
The effect of embedded shape memory alloy (SMA)
wires on the natural frequency, flutter, limit cycle oscillation
(LCO) amplitude and aeroelastic stability margin of a
rectangular cantilever wing are investigated.
Wings are modeled in accordance to classical plate
theory (CPT) as well as first-order shear deformation plate
theory (FSDT) and large deflection Von Karman plate theory.
The effects of pre-strain, temperature and number of SMA
wires on aeroelastic characteristics are considered.
Significant improvements in aeroelastic behaviors due
to the in-plane load of the SMA wires are obtained.

Table of Contents
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1. PRELIMINARY: SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

1.1. History of Shape Memory Alloy:
The first reported steps towards the discovery of the shape memory effect were
taken in 1930s. According to Otsuka and Wayman (Otsuka and Wayman 1998), A.
Olander discovered the pseudo elastic behavior of the Au-Cd alloy in 1932. Greninger &
Mooradian observed the formation and disappearance of a martensitic phase by
decreasing and increasing the temperature of a Cu-Zn alloy. The basic Phenomenon of the
memory effect governed by the thermo elastic behavior of the martensite phase was
widely reported a decade later by Kurdiunov & Khandros. Workers at the U.S. naval
Ordnance Laboratory discovered the shape memory effect in an equiatomic alloy of
nickel and titanium, which can be considered an alloy named Nitinol (Nickel-Titanium
Naval Ordnance Laboratory). Many efforts had been made since then, but not until the
mid-1990s, that the first breakthrough in medicine utilizing SMA in commercial stent
applications. Nitinols completely new properties of superelaticity and shape memory
effect, compare to conventional metal alloys, fascinate many biomaterial scientists.
(Harrison and Hodgson 1975)

1.2 Two Main Characteristics of Shape Memory Alloys:

Two main characteristics of Shape Memory Alloys are shape memory effect and
pseudo elasticity. SMA is a unique class of alloys which are able to remember their shape
and are able to return to that shape even after being deformed. The phenomenon is called
Shape Memory Effect. Pseudo elasticity (Super elasticity) refers to the ability of NiTi to
return to its original shape upon unloading after a substantial deformation. (Funankubo
1987)
The super elastic effect of memory alloys is characterized by the impressive
amount of possible elastic strain, which is more than 20 times higher compared to
conventional materials; it is beyond elasticity, therefore called super elasticity. The
effect is based on an internal transformation of the crystal structure, which is called
austenite in the initial condition and which transform to the martensite (this phase is wellknown from steel hardening) if external stresses affect the material. The phase
transformation is related to the appearance of a pseudo-elastic strain, giving the effect its
name super elasticity. After releasing the stress the material recovers the initial shape and
temperature changes are not necessary for the occurrence of the effect. (Suzuki 1976;
Owen and al. 1979; Delaey and Chandrasekaran 1982; Tamura 1987)
A reversible, solid phase transformation known as mastensitic transformation is
the driving force behind shape memory alloys. When nickel and titanium atoms are
present in the alloy, in a given proportion, the material forms a crystal structure, which is
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capable of undergoing a change from one form of crystal structure to another. The
transformation from one form of crystalline structure to another creates the mechanism by
which the shape change occurs in SMAs. This change involves transition from a
monoclinic crystal form (martensite) to an ordered cubic crystal form (Austenite). The
Austenite phase is stable at high temperature, and the martensite is stable at lower
temperature. In the martensite phase, atoms orient themselves in rows that are tilted left or
right. This phenomenon is referred to as twining, as the atoms form mirror images of
themselves or twins. The martensite twins are able to flip their orientation, in a simple
shearing motion, to the opposite tilt, creating a cooperative movement of the individual
twins. The atoms reorient themselves to straight up the lattice when the deformed SMA is
heated. Ordinary metals cant reverse the deformation once deformation occurs by
dislocation motion and atomic planes sliding over one another, taking on a new crystal
position and results in permanent damage to the crystalline order.
Unlike regular metals, SMAs deform by detwinning which changes the tilt
orientation of twins and doesnt cause any dislocation. Detwinning allows the martensite
phase to absorb dislocation to a given extent. Shape recovery only occurs to detwinning,
but not to a deformation process involving slip which is not irreversible. (Chu and Tu
1994; Ren and Otsuka 1997)
SMA in its Austenite phase exhibits a high elastic behavior. This allows the
material to deform up to 7% and then fully recover the resulting strain by simply
removing the load. This is psudoelastic effect or pseudo elasticity, it is also referred as
super elasticity. Deformed psudoelastic material is in the formation of martensite crystal,
it is called stress-induced martensite. Applications using the Shape Memory Effect results
of temperature induced transformation. The transformation temperature depends on the
composition of the alloy and can vary from 100C down to cryogenic temperatures. (kato
and Mori 1976; Otsuka and Shimizu 1982; Pelton, Hodgson et al. 1995)

Fig: 1.1- Microscopic and Macroscopic Views of the Two Phases of Shape Memory
Alloys
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1.3 Temperature Transformation in Shape Memory Alloys:

For almost any use of a Shape Memory Alloy, it is highly desirable knows the
Transformation Temperatures (TTRs) of the alloy. The TTRs are those temperatures at
which the alloy changes from the higher temperature Austenite to the lower temperature
Martensite and vice versa.
SMAs do not undergo their phase transformation from martensite to austenite or from
austenite to martensite at one specific temperature. The transformations begin at one
temperature and stop at another. These start and finish temperatures are different
depending on the material is heating or cooling.
In order of lowest to highest temperature, are defined:
Matensite finish (Mf): Temperature at which the material is completely twinned
martensite which does not entail a change in shape if unloaded.
Martensite start (Ms): Temperature at which, when austenite is cooled, it begins
to change into martensite.
Austenite start (As): Temperature at which martensite begins to change in
austenite.
Austenite finish (Af): The temperature at which the change in austenite is
complete.
Assume that a strip of SMA begins at an initial temperature where it
is completely martensite. Increasing the temperature to as will cause
the material to start transforming in austenite. Once the temperature
reaches Af, the material is completely in austenite.
Assume that a strip of SMA begins at an initial temperature where it
is completely in austenite. Decreasing the temperature to Ms Causes
the material to start transforming to martensite. Once the temperature
is cooled to Mf, the material is completely twinned martensite.
Fig. 2 shows the transformation temperatures and their relation to
martensite and austenite in the material.

Fig: 1.2 -Phase Transformation Temperatures of SMA material

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Fig: 1.3- Microscopic Diagram of the Shape Memory Effect

1.4 One-way vs. two-way shape memory:
Shape-memory alloys have different shape-memory effects. Two common effects are
one-way and two-way shape memory. A schematic of the effects is shown below.

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Fig. 1.4: Macroscopically Mechanism of One Way Shape Memory Effect: (a)
Martensite, (b) Loaded and Deformed in martensite phase T Mf, (c) Heated
above T G As(austenite),(d) Cooling to martensite T Mf.
1.4.1 ONE-WAY MEMORY EFFECT:
When a shape-memory alloy is in its cold state (below As), the metal can be bent
or stretched and will hold those shapes until heated above the transition temperature.
Upon heating, the shape changes to its original. When the metal cools again it will remain
in the hot shape, until deformed again.
With the one-way effect, cooling from high temperatures does not cause a
macroscopic shape change. A deformation is necessary to create the low-temperature
shape. On heating, transformation starts at As and is completed at Af (typically 2 to 20 C
or hotter, depending on the alloy or the loading conditions). As is determined by the alloy
type and composition and can vary between 150 C and 200 C.
1.4.2 TWO-WAY MEMORY EFFECT:
The two-way shape-memory effect is the effect that the material remembers two
different shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the high-temperature shape. A
material that shows a shape-memory effect during both heating and cooling is called twoway shape memory. This can also be obtained without the application of an external force
(intrinsic two-way effect). The reason the material behaves so differently in these
situations lies in training. Training implies that a shape memory can "learn" to behave in a
certain way.
Under normal circumstances, a shape-memory alloy "remembers" its hightemperature shape, but upon heating to recover the high-temperature shape, immediately
"forgets" the low-temperature shape. However, it can be "trained" to "remember" to leave
some reminders of the deformed low-temperature condition in the high-temperature
phases. There are several ways of doing this. A shaped, trained object heated beyond a
certain point will lose the two-way memory effect; this is known as "amnesia".

1.5 Application of SMA:

Shape memory component can be designed to exert force over a considerable

range of motion, often for many cycles. Such an application is the circuit board edge
connector made by Beta Phase Inc. (Krumme 1987). In this electrical connector system,
the SMA component is used to force open a spring when the connector is heated. This
allows force free insertion or withdrawal of a circuit board in the connector. Upon
cooling, the NiTi actuator becomes weaker and the spring easily deforms the actuator
while it closes tightly on the circuit board and forms the connections. Based on the same
principle, CuZnAl shape memory alloys have found several applications in this area.
(Waldbusser 1987) Among the SMA force actuator, SMA spring is mostly used. (Baz,
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Iman et al. 1990; Lee and Lee 2000)

It is possible to use only a part of the shape recovery to accurately position a

mechanism by using only a selected portion of the recovery because the transformation
occurs over a range of temperature rather than at a single temperature. A device has been
developed by Beta Phase Inc. (Hodgson 1988) in which a valve controls the rate of fluid
flow by carefully heating a shape-memory alloy component just enough to close the valve
the desired amount.
A number of products have been brought to market that use the psudoelastic (superelastic)
properties of these alloys. Eyeglasses frames use superelastic NiTi to absorb large
deformations without damaging the frames are now marketed, and guide wires developed
for steering catheters into vessel in the body using NiTi wire, which resists permanent
deformation if bent severely. Arch wires for orthodontic correction using NiTi have been
used for many years to give greater rapid movement of teeth.

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2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 Aeroelasticity:

Aeroelasticity is the science which studies the interactions among inertial, elastic,
and aerodynamic forces. It was defined by Arthur Roderick Collar in 1947 as "the study
of the mutual interaction that takes place within the triangle of the inertial, elastic, and
aerodynamic forces acting on structural members exposed to an airstream, and the
influence of this study on design.
Airplane structures are not completely rigid, and aeroelastic phenomena arise when
structural deformations induce changes on aerodynamic forces. The additional
aerodynamic forces cause an increase in the structural deformations, which leads to
greater aerodynamic forces in a feedback process.
Aeroelasticity can be divided in two fields of study:
Steady (static) and
Dynamic aeroelasticity.
2.2

Static Aeroelasticity:

Static aeroelasticity is the study of the deflection of flexible aircraft structures

under aerodynamic loads, where the forces and motions are considered to be independent
of time. Consider the aerodynamic lift and moment acting upon a wing to depend solely
upon the incidence of each chord wise strip. These loads cause the wing to bend and
twist, so changing the incidence and consequently the aerodynamic flow, which in turn
changes the loads acting on the wing and the deflections, and so on until an equilibrium
condition is usually reached.
The interaction between the wing structural deflections and the aerodynamic loads
determines the wing bending and twist at each flight condition, and must be considered in
order to model the static aeroelastic behavior. The static aeroelastic deformations are
important as they govern the loads in the steady flight condition, the lift distribution, the
drag forces, the effectiveness of the control surfaces; the aircraft trim behavior and also
the static stability and control characteristics. The aeroelastic wing shape at the cruise
condition is of particular importance as this has a crucial effect on the drag and therefore
the range.
There are two important phenomenons for static aeroelasticity. They are
divergence and control surface reversal.

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2.3

Dynamic aeroelasticity:
Flutter is the most important dynamic aeroelastic instability phenomenon. This
phenomenon happens due to the interactions of the inertial force, elastic force and
aerodynamic load. Flutter can occur in any object within a strong fluid flow, under the
conditions that a positive feedback occurs between the structure's natural
vibration and the aerodynamic forces.
That is, the vibrational movement of the object increases an aerodynamic load,
which in turn drives the object to move further. If the energy input by the
aerodynamic excitation in a cycle is larger than that dissipated by the damping in the
system, the amplitude of vibration will increase, resulting in self-exciting oscillation.
The amplitude can thus build up and is only limited when the energy dissipated by
aerodynamic and mechanical damping matches the energy input, which can result in
large amplitude vibration and potentially lead to rapid failure. Because of this,
structures exposed to aerodynamic forces including wings and aerofoils, but also
chimneys and bridges are designed carefully within known parameters to avoid
flutter.
While the supersonic airflow crosses over one face of the wing, an aerodynamic
load is exerted on that wing. Flutter increases the amplitude of vibration which causes
high in-plane cyclic stresses and failure of the wing. Due to the different nonlinearity
sources, aeroelastic system exhibits nonlinear phenomenon such as limit cycle,
internal resonances, jumping etc.

2.3

Literature survey:
In recent decades, suppression of fluttering plate by passive/active control using
smart materials has become an attractive research topic. Piezoelectric and shape
memory alloy are samples of smart materials that are more common. SMA has unique
mechanical characteristics like shape memory effect. In low temperatures, it is
possible to make relatively large deformation such as bending, twisting, compressing
or stretching in SMA wires. By heating, the deformed SMA wires return to its original
shape. SMA actuators are generally embedded in structures with pre-strain. When an
electric current pass throughout SMA wires, electric resistant of wires generate heat.
There- fore, because of returning actuators to their original shape, a large internal
force is generated, and this force is transmitted to the structure. This generated force
modifies equivalent stiffness of the structure. Therefore, it is a good candidate for
control of the smart composite structures.
Unger et al. [1] have presented some numerical aspects for the coupling process of
a discrete non-linear aero- elastic system. Also, they have obtained numerical results
from simulations of an oscillating one-dimensional plate in a transonic flow and a
three-dimensional wing example serve as a typical benchmark problem.
Sohn and Kim [2] have studied the thermal flutter characteristics of functionally
graded (FG) ceramic/metal panels under the thermal and aerodynamic loads. They
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analyzed the effects of volume fraction distributions, boundary conditions,

temperature changes and aerodynamic pressures on panel flutter characteristics, too.
Zhao [3] has presented a systematic study on active flutter suppression of a high
aspect-ratio wing with multiple control surfaces distributed throughout the span. He
has used the finite element method for dynamic characterization of the wing structure.
Abbas et al. [4] have studied the aeroelastic behavior of a wing with external
store(s) such as missile. Also, they have derived the aeroelastic equations for a
cantilever wing with coupled bending and torsion modes account for structural and
aerodynamic nonlinearities.
Otiefy and Negm [5] have studied the capability of piezoelectric self- sensing
actuators to suppress the transonic wing-box flutter. They modeled the wing-box
structure and the piezoelectric actuators using the equivalent wing method, which was
based on the first-order shear deformation theory.
Duan et al. [6] have presented an efficient finite element method for predicting
critical temperature, post- buckling deflection and flutter response for composite
plates with embedded prestrained shape memory alloy fibers. They employed the
finite element modal method and time domain numerical integration for dynamic
flutter response.
arhadi and Hosseini-Hashemi [7] have studied the aeroelastic behavior of a
supersonic rotating rectangular plate in the air medium. They have employed the
Mindlin first-order shear deformation plate theory along with Von Karman nonlinear
terms for simulating the plate structure.
Srinivasan and Babu [8] have analyzed the flutter of cantilevered quadrilateral
plates by using a numerical method involving an integral equation technique and a
normal mode method. They have used Piston theory to describe the aerodynamic
pressure distribution.
There are different theories for vibration analysis of plates. Classical plate theory
(Kirchhoff plate theory) and first-order shear deformation plate theory (Mindlin plate
theory) are common theories to analyze plate-like structures. In the classical plate
theory, the effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation are neglected, but in firstorder shear deformation plate theory both of these effects are considered. Thus, CPT
is just suitable for thin plates, but FSDT could be used for moderate thick and thick
plates. Since SMA wires have a capability of creating large deflection and large
deformation, it is better to use FSDT instead of CPT.
In the present study, the natural frequencies and non- linear oscillations of a
cantilever wing with different number of embedded SMA wires, for above austenite
finish temperature have been studied from the numerical results. Also, the effect of
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SMA wires on the amplitude of limit cycle and flutter onset of a cantilever wing with
different aspect ratios are investigated. The nonlinear equations are derived from
Lagranges equation based on the CPT as well as FSDT, using the total strain and
kinetic energies and the work due to the applied aerodynamic load and the in-plane
load of SMA wires. These equations are solved through the method of RayleighRitz
according to the assumed mode method. The effect of layout of SMA wires on the
flutter boundary is studied, too.

3. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

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Fig 3.1: Schematic illustration of a cantilever Aluminum wing with span- wise
embedded SMA wires
Fig. 3.1shows the schematic figure of the rectangular cantilever wing modeled as
a plate with embedded SMA wires. As shown in Fig. 3.1, the embedded pre-strained SMA
wires are aligned along the span-wise direction in the mid-plane, and the distribution of
SMA wires is symmetric and equal distance with respect to the center of the wing. Also,
the aerodynamic load is supposed to cross over on both sides of the wing. Cross-sectional
area of SMA wires is considered to be square. Since the ratio of the SMA wires thickness
to its length is too small, it can be modeled as a beam. The equations of motion of the
wing with SMA embedded wires can be derived as follows.
3.1. Classical plate theory (KirchhoffLove theory of plates):
The KirchhoffLove theory of plates is a two-dimensional mathematical
model that is used to determine the stresses and deformations in thin plates subjected
to forces and moments. This theory is an extension of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and
was developed in 1888 by Love using assumptions proposed by Kirchhoff. The theory
assumes that a mid-surface plane can be used to represent a three-dimensional plate in
two-dimensional form.
The following kinematic assumptions that are made in this theory:
Straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain straight after deformation.
Straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain normal to the mid-surface after
deformation
The thickness of the plate does not change during a deformation.

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Fig 3.2: Deformation of a thin plate highlighting the displacement, the mid-surface (red)
and the normal to the mid-surface (blue)
In classical plate theory, displacement components at a point of the plate can be
expressed as:

Where u, v, and w denote chord-wise, span-wise and transverse displacements of plate,

respectively. The subscript 0 refers to the displacement of a point in a mid-plane. Using
Von Karman straindisplacement relations, the nonlinear strain field can be expressed as;

According to this theory, the strain energy of the plate is given by:

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Where;

E and

are module of elasticity and Poissons ratio of the plate, respectively.

The kinetic energy of the plate with mass density of can be expressed as:

3.2. EulerBernoulli beam theory:

According to EulerBernoulli beam theory, displacement components at any points of a
beam are given by:

According to this theory, strain and kinetic energies of the shape memory alloy wires can
be expressed as:

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3.3. First-order shear deformation plate theory (MindlinReissner plate

theory):

The Mindlin-Reissner theory of plates is an extension of KirchhoffLove plate

theory that takes into account shear deformations through-the-thickness of a plate. The
theory was proposed in 1951 by Raymond Mindlin . A similar, but not identical, theory
had been proposed earlier by Eric Reissner in 1945. Both theories are intended for
thick plates in which the normal to the mid-surface remains straight but not
necessarily perpendicular to the mid-surface. The Mindlin-Reissner theory is used to
calculate the deformations and stresses in a plate whose thickness is of the order of 1/10th
the planar dimensions while the Kirchhoff-Love theory is applicable to thinner plates.
The form of Mindlin-Reissner plate theory that is most commonly used is actually due to
Mindlin and is more properly called Mindlin plate theory. The Reissner theory is slightly
different. Both theories include in-plane shear strains and both are extensions of
Kirchhoff-Love plate theory incorporating first-order shear effects.
Mindlin's theory assumes that there is a linear variation of displacement across the plate
thickness and but that the plate thickness does not change during deformation. This
implies that the normal stress through the thickness is ignored; an assumption which is
also called the plane stress condition. On the other hand, Reissner's theory assumes that
the bending stress is linear while the shear stress is quadratic through the thickness of the
plate. This leads to a situation where the displacement through-the-thickness is not
necessarily linear and where the plate thickness may change during deformation.
Therefore, Reissner's theory does not invoke the plane stress condition.
The Mindlin-Reissner theory is often called the first-order shear deformation theory of
plates. Since a first-order shear deformation theory implies a linear displacement variation
through the thickness, it is incompatible with Reissner's plate theory.
The displacement field of the first-order shear deformation plate theory is as follows:

Where x and y denote the rotation of a line originally normal to the mid-plane
before deformation in the xz and yz planes. The nonlinear Von Karman strains
associated with this displacement field are given by,

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The strain energy of the plate in accordance to this theory can be determined as:

K is the shear correction factor, which is assumed to be5/ 6. Stresses are defined by:

3.4. Timoshenko beam theory:

The Timoshenko beam theory was developed by Ukrainian-born scientist Stephen
Timoshenko early in the 20th century. The model takes into account shear
deformation and rotational inertia effects, making it suitable for describing the behavior
of short beams, sandwich composite beams or beams subject to high-frequency excitation
when the wavelength approaches the thickness of the beam. The resulting equation is of
4th order, but unlike ordinary beam theory - i.e. EulerBernoulli beam theory - there is
also a second order spatial derivative present. Physically, taking into account the added
mechanisms of deformation effectively lowers the stiffness of the beam, while the result
is a larger deflection under a static load and lower predicted eigen frequencies for a given
set of boundary conditions. The latter effect is more noticeable for higher frequencies as
the wavelength becomes shorter, and thus the distance between opposing shear forces
decreases.
If the shear modulus of the beam material approaches infinity - and thus the beam
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becomes rigid in shear - and if rotational inertia effects are neglected, Timoshenko beam
theory converges towards ordinary beam theory.

According to Timoshenko beam theory, displacement components of any points of a

beam can be determined as:

And strain and kinetic energies of the SMA wires based on this theory can be expressed
as:

3.5. Modeling the effect of SMA wires:

Lau [11] obtained a relation for calculating the in- plane stress due to recovery action of
pre-strained SMA wires. This load can be determined as follows:

Where denotes the coefficient of thermal expansion of the SMA materials. T is the
SMA wires temperature. The temperature of the plate is considered to be constant. T ref
is the reference temperature, considered to be25C.ASMA and AP show the cross-sectional
areas of the embedded SMA wires and the plate, respectively. E () and Ep represent the
module of elasticity of SMA wires and plate, respectively. Also, Nis the number of SMA
wires. The transformation coefficient () is obtained by [11]:

Where L is the strain recoverable limit. Also, martensite fraction can be introduced as
[12]:

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Where M is the highest martensite fraction during cooling and considered to be1. As
denotes the austenite start temperature. The constant aA can be evaluated by [12]:

The module of elasticity of SMA wires can be deter-mined by using the mixture law as
follows:

Where EM and EA are the tensile modulus of SMA wires in martensitic and austenitic
phase respectively. The work done by each SMA wire can be expressed as [10]:

Where r is width and thickness of the SMA wires.

3.6. Modeling the effect of aerodynamic pressure:
The aerodynamic pressure at supersonic velocity can be evaluated based on the quasisteady first-order piston theory as follows:

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Where = M 21 and , D , g aw 0 denote the non dimentional aerodynamic

pressure, bending rigidity, non-dimensional aero-dynamic damping parameter and
convenient reference frequency, resepectively. For M 1 . the non dimensional
aerodynamic damping can be approximated as [14].

assumed to be 0.01[13]. Note that,

M
since air flow passes over the both side of the wings, the aerodynamic pressure must be
considered twice. The first order piston theory has good accuracy in the range of1.8<
M <5 [15].
Where

is the air-panel mass ratio, and

3.7. Equations of motion:

Total strain and kinetic energy (plate with embedded SMA wires) can be evaluated by:

Where Ub, Ub SMA,Tb and Tb SMA denote strain and kinetic energies of the beam and
SMA wires, respectively. The strain and kinetic energies of the SMA wires can be
calculated by substituting their material properties in Eqs. (7),(8),(16),(17).The strain and
kinetic energy of a portion of the wing which is substituted with SMA wires must be
subtracted from the total energy of the system. Hence, Ub and Tb refer to strain and kinetic
energies of the wing substituted with SMA wires.
The equations of motion are obtained through using RayleighRitz method and
Lagranges equation. The RayleighRitz method consists of assuming the form of the
solution in terms of admissible functions and generalized coordinates. The required
admissible functions satisfy the geometric boundary conditions of the plate. With using
the separation of variables technique, u0, v0, w0, x and y be expressed as:

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Equation of motion is written in dimensionless form with the aid of the following
introduced quantities:

3.7.1. Wing aeroelastic equation according to classical plate theory and

EulerBernoulli beam theory:
For a wing in accordance to classical plate theory, equation of motion has the following
form:

Subscript Aero indicates the aerodynamic terms.

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3.7.2. Wing aeroelastic equation according to first-order shear deformation

plate theory and Timoshenko beam theory:
With the aid of Lagranges equation, the equation of motion for wing according to FSDT
is given by:

The elements of the matrices in Eqs. (30) And (31) are presented in appendix. It
is noted that the boundary conditions of wing is considered to be clamped
in one edge and free in three other edges. It is reminded that for a clamped edge,
the deection and the slope of deection normal to the edge must be zero, and for a
free edge the effective shear force and bending moment on the edge must be equal to
zero.
3.8. Selection of the appropriate mode functions:
According to the RayleighRitz method, the mode function necessary to describe
different displacements of the problem must satisfy the geometric boundary conditions.
Mode functions of a plate according to different stated theories can be obtained from their
one dimensional equivalent theories. Hence, due to the classical plate theory, transverse
mode functions of beam according to the EulerBernoulli beam and in-plane mode shapes
of the rod can be used. Also these mode shapes can be used for describing displacement of
the plate according to first order shear deformation, since they satisfy all necessary
geometric boundary conditions. Appropriate mode shapes of shear deformations can be
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obtained by integration of the transverse displacement mode shapes. The selected mode
shapes are as follows. For describing the displacement along chord-wise direction,
selected mode shapes are:

Now, after presenting aeroelastic equations according to different plate theories, results
which are obtained from these equations are given.

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the present study, square SMA wires of nitinol (NiTi) have been considered.
These wires have been pre-strained at a temperature below the martensite finish
temperature. The combination of SMA wires with different plate materials is considered,
whose mechanical and geometrical properties are listed in Table 1. Typical nondimensional displacements and deflections of the wing are plotted at location x =0:75 and
y=1 for all figures. A fourth-order RungeKutta method is used for the numerical
analysis.

4.1. Investigation of the effect of SMA wires on natural frequency of the

wing:
SMA wires exert in-plane force, which increase stiffness of the wing. Here, the
effect of the SMA wires on the natural frequencies of the wing is evaluated. This
evaluation will justify their effect on aeroelastic characteristics presented in continuo.

Fig. 4.1 Natural frequencies of cantilever Aluminum wing with thickness of 4mm
and different number of SMA wires with r=0.3 mm.

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Fig. 4.2 Natural frequencies of cantilever Aluminum wing with thickness of

100mm and different number of SMA wires with r=20 mm.

4.2. Investigation of the effect of the SMA wires on aeroelastic behaviors:

Now the effect of the SMA wires on aeroelastic characteristics will be considered.
For this purpose, the effects of pre-strain, temperature and number of SMA wires are
investigated. Hereafter, the plate and SMA wire thicknesses are considered to be 50 mm
and 10 mm, respectively.
Fig. 4.3 shows the non-dimensional limit cycle amplitude versus non-dimensional
dynamic pressure parameter for various number of SMA wires. This figure declares that
use of SMA wires decreases the amplitude of limit cycle.
The effect of the pre-strain of the SMA wires on aeroelastic characteristics of wing
is shown in Fig.4.4. Increasing the pre-strain of the SMA wires causes the in-plane load to
augment. Therefore, the equal stiffness of the wing and accordingly the flutter margin
increases.

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Fig. 4.3. Transverse limit cycle amplitudes of nonlinearaeroelastic Aluminum

wing with varying the number of SMA wires.

Fig. 4.4. Transverse limit cycle amplitudes of nonlinearaeroelastic Aluminum

wing for various pre-strain of SMA wires

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5. CONCLUSION
In this study, the effects of in-plane load due to recovery action of pre-strained
SMA wires in supersonic flow in accordance to CPT and FSDT are presented. According
to this investigation, with increasing induced in-plane load of SMA wires at a temperature
above austenite finish temperature, the equivalent stiffness of the wing augments.
Therefore, natural frequencies and stability margin of the wing increases, and the limit
cycle amplitudes decrease. It is obtained that the proper layout of SMA wires in order to
extend the flutter margin is dependent on the structural parameters of the wing and
applied load of the SMA wires.

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