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Shear Strength of Soils
CIVE 431
SOIL MECHANICS & LAB
FALL 2014
failure surface
mobilised shear
resistance
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failure surface
Soil
Load cell to
measure
Shear Force
Porous
plates
Measure
Rollers
relative horizontal displacement, dx
vertical displacement of top platen, dy
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Vertical load, N
T
Direction of
Movement
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Test 2
Normal
load
increasing
Test 1
120
Total normal
stress
100
80
25 kPa
50 kPa
100 kPa
60
40
20
0
0
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= 42 degrees
Failure
point
10000
Stress
path
0
0
10000
20000
f c tan
friction angle
cohesion
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Example
Direct Shear Test
Given:
A direct shear test conducted on a dry soil sample
yielded the following results:
Normal Stress, (psi)
10.0
6.5
25.0
11.0
40.0
17.5
Required:
Determine shear strength parameters of the soil
Example 1
Direct Shear Test Results
Max. Shear Stress (psi
20
15
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
c 2.5 psi
(20 2.5)
0.365
48
tan 1 (0.365) 20
tan
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Boundary condition
changing area
NO control of pwp
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Deviatoric load
Confining cylinder
Cell water
Rubber
membrane
O-ring seals
Soil
Cell
pressure
Triaxial Setup
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F = Deviator load
d = Deviatoric
Stress
1 = Axial stress
From equilibrium we have a r
1
F
A
Shear Failure
10
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Panel for
Controlling
Pressures
Soil
Sample
Triaxial Cell
Measure Force
Soil Sample
11
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STEP 2
STEP 3
12
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Mohr Circle
Mohr circle represents combinations of and
on different planes passing through a point
,)
(1,0)
(3,0)
Failure Points
Failure Points
Cohesion
Soil Sample 1
Soil Sample 2
13
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Failure Point
14
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Y
45 + /2
GL
45 + /2
c
c
Y
90+
c+
Under all-around
cell pressure c
Consolidated
sample
no
Unconsolidated
sample
Shearing (loading)
Drained
loading
no
Undrained
loading
15
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16
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not desirable
gives c and
Use c and for analysing fully drained
situations (e.g., long term stability,
very slow loading)
gives c and
faster than CD (preferred way to find c and )
17
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= 0; i.e., failure
envelope is horizontal
18
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Sample
Compresses
During Shearing
19
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Sample
Compresses and
then expands
During Shearing
Compression
Dilation (Expansion)
-5
, c
Sample 2
Sample 1
20
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u
u
For any point in the soil a total and an effective stress
Mohr circle can be drawn. These are the same size with
1 3 1 3
The two circles are displaced horizontally by the
pore pressure, u.
u (Positive)
u (Positive)
* For Normally Consolidated Clays and Loose Sands,
the tendency to compress in Drained Tests reflects in
a tendency to generate positive pore water pressure
during Undrained Tests
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u (Negative)
u (Negative)
* For Overconsolidated Clays and Dense Sands, the
tendency to Dilate in Drained Tests reflects in a
tendency to generate negative pore water pressure
during Undrained Tests
Failure Envelope
from UU Test:
= su = c ; = 0
su
3
Sample 2
Sample 1
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Failure Envelope
from UU Test:
#0
Sample 2
Sample 1
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Strength Ratio
(su/ v or c/p)
su/ v
su
' 0.11 0.0037( PI )
v NC
Plasticity
Index
Overconsolidated Clay
s
su
' u' OCR m
v OC v NC
0.75 0.85
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25
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Shear Stress
Peak Strength
Residual Strength
Horizontal Displacement
Peak Strength
c,
10000
Residual Strength
cr, r
0
0
10000
20000
27
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28
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29