International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 5

ISSN: 2321-8169
3394 3399

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Performance Analysis of Adaptive MIMO OFDM System over Adaptive SISO

OFDM System

Mayur V.Ambagade

Ms. Divya Dhawan

(P.G Scholar, Dept. Of ECE, PEC University

Of Technology, Chandigarh, INDIA)

(Assistant Professor, Dept. Of ECE, PEC University

Of Technology, Chandigarh, INDIA)

mayuramba@gmail.com

divyadhawan@pec.ac.in

Abstract: The need of any communication system is high data speed with higher accuracy and reliability. Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) provides optimistic solution for achieving high data rates in wireless environment. Orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the multicarrier modulations, in which all of the sub channels are dedicated to a single data source In an OFDM
transmission system, each subcarrier is attenuated individually under the frequency-selective and fast fading channel. If the same fixed
transmission scheme is used for all OFDM subcarriers, it results in high attenuation and hence poor performance. Multiple input multiple output
(MIMO) communication systems when integrated with the OFDM system can obtain high data rate transmission over broadband wireless
channels. The purpose of this paper is to compare adaptive single input single output (ASISO) -OFDM with adaptive multiple input multiple
output(AMIMO) -OFDM system and why MIMO is better than SISO is stated. Based on calculated average instantaneous signal to noise (SNR)
same modulation scheme is applied to all subcarriers of same block. Average bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO-OFDM system under
fixed modulation and adaptive modulation is observed. The simulation results show that BER performance of MIMO-OFDM system using
adaptive modulation is better than fixed modulation.
Keywords: - OFDM, BER, QAM,ASISO, AMIMO, SNR.
_______________________________________________________*****________________________________________________________

I.

INTRODUCTION

OFDM is a Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM) scheme

which converts a broadband frequency-selective channel
into parallel flat-fading narrowband sub-channels. In a
multipath environment, a transmitted symbol takes different
time to reach the receiver through different propagation
paths. From the receivers point of view, the channel
introduces time dispersion in which the duration of the
received symbol is stretched. Extending the symbol duration
causes the current received symbol to overlap previous
received symbols and results in inter symbol interference
(ISI). Cyclic Prefix (CP) is added to each symbol to
mitigate the ISI (inter-symbol interference) caused by
multipath wireless channel [1], and hence leads to spectral
inefficiency. Cyclic prefix also causes ripples in the power
spectral density (PSD) of the UWB (Ultra-Wideband) signal
thus resulting in a transmit power back-off.
The implementation of Multiple-Input and
Multiple-Output (MIMO) has dramatically improved the
channel capacity performance of wireless communication
system. MIMO systems are equipped with multiple number
of antennas at both transmitter and receiver side to improve
communication performance. MIMO offers a significant
improvement in data throughput without additional

bandwidth requirement. This is achieved by higher spectral

efficiency and link diversity by reducing fading [8, 11].
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) are
the two assuring technologies that offers high data rate as
required for the 4G wireless systems. Conventionally
OFDM is Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based system. It
uses IFFT (Inverse FFT) blocks in the transmitter and FFT
blocks in the receiver. OFDM combined with MIMO gives
increased throughput and better system performance and
hence FFT based MIMO OFDM systems are widely used in
4G wireless schemes.
In a MIMO-OFDM transmission system, each
subcarrier is attenuated individually under the frequencyselective and fast fading channel. The channel performance
may be highly fluctuating across the subcarriers and varies
from symbol to symbol [2]. If the same fixed transmission
scheme is used for all MIMO-OFDM subcarriers, the error
probability is dominated by the MIMO-OFDM Subcarriers
with highest attenuation resulting in a poor performance.
Therefore, in case of frequency selective fading the error
probability decreases very slowly with increasing average
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [3].
This problem can be mitigated if different
modulation schemes are employed for the individual

3394
IJRITCC | May 2015, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

_______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 5

ISSN: 2321-8169
3394 3399

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
MIMO-OFDM subcarriers. Unlike adaptive serial systems,
which employ the same set of parameters for all data
symbols in a transmission frame, adaptive MIMO-OFDM
schemes have to be adapted to the SNR of the individual
subcarriers. This will substantially improve the performance
of bit error rate and data throughput of an MIMO-OFDM
system.

Fig. 1 shows the basic block diagram of an OFDM system.

The main concept of OFDM is the Orthogonality of
subcarriers. OFDM transmits symbols that have long time
duration, which is less or equal to the maximum delay
spread. To eliminate ISI, guard intervals are used between
OFDM symbols.
III.

This paper focuses on performance improvement of

MIMO-OFDM system and how adaptive MIMO OFDM
system give better performance than SISO OFDM system
,with antenna configuration of 2x2.

Comparison of SISO and MIMO SYSTEM

The simplest form of radio link can be defined as SISO Single Input Single Output as shown in figure 2. This is
effectively a standard radio channel - this transmitter
operates with one antenna as does the receiver.

This paper is organized as follows. Section 2

describes OFDM System and section 3 describes MIMO
System. The adaptive procedure and switching thresholds
used in simulation are presented in section 4, the system
model is presented in section 5,and section 6 presents results
and discussions. Finally conclusion is made in section 7.
II.

OFDM SYSTEM
Figure 2. SISO SYSTEM

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a multicarrier

transmission based on the principle of transmitting data by
dividing the stream into several parallel bit streams, each of
which has a lower bit rate, and by using several carriers,
called also subcarriers, to modulate these sub streams. This
avoids the need to have non-overlapping subcarrier channels
to eliminate inter-carrier interference. OFDM is being used
in a number of wired and wireless voice and data application
due to its flexible system architecture. The basic idea behind
multi-tone modulation is to replace one wideband signal
with many simultaneously transmitted narrowband signals
with the same overall bandwidth as the original signal. In
principle, the two schemes are equivalent in an AWGN
channel. To implement OFDM transmitters and receivers in
discrete time, Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and Fast
Fourier transform (FFT) are used respectively.

The advantage of a SISO system is its simplicity. The SISO

channel is limited in its performance. Interference and
fading will impact the system more than a MIMO system
using some form of diversity, and the channel bandwidth is
limited by Shannon's law the throughput being dependent
upon the channel bandwidth and the signal to noise ratio.

Figure 3. MIMO system

Figure 3 show block diagram of the MIMO system which
consists of space time block code and spatial multiplexing
which are explained as follows.

Figure 1. Basic OFDM system

1) Space-Time Block Codes: Space-Time Block Codes

(STBCs)[8] are the simplest of spatial temporal codes that
exploit the diversity offered in systems with several transmit
antennas. The transmit diversity technique proposed by
Alamouti was the first STBC [7]. The encoding and
decoding operation is carried out in sets of two modulated

3395
IJRITCC | May 2015, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

_______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 5

ISSN: 2321-8169
3394 3399

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
symbols. They are
and
the two modulated symbols
that enter the space-time encoder. In the Alamouti[811]scheme, during the first time instance , the symbols
and
are transmitted by the first and the second antenna
element, respectively. During the second time instance ,
the negative of the conjugate of the second symbol, i. e. is sent to the first antenna while the conjugate of the first
constellation point. i. e.
is transmitted from the second
antenna. The transmission rate is equal to the transmission
rate of a SISO system. The space-time encoding mapping of
Alamouti 2x2 can be represented by the coding matrix:
(6)
The received signals at the time t and t + T can then be
expressed as:

(8)

Where,
are the received symbol on the first and second
antenna respectively,
is the channel from
transmit
antenna to
receive antenna, ,
are the transmitted
symbols that use first and second constellation mapped
respectively and
is the noise on
receive
antennas.
IV.

ADAPTIVE MODULATION ALGORITHM

In this paper, subband adaptive transmission schemes are

employed to reduce the complexity. In this simulation the
instantaneous SNR of the subcarrier is measured at the
receiver. The channels quality varies across the different
subcarriers for frequency selective channels. The received
signal at any subcarrier can be expressed as:
(10)

(7)

Where
are the received signals at time t and
are
the received signals at time
,
are
complex random variables representing receiver noise and
interference. This can be written in matrix form as:
(8)
where H is the complex channel vector and n is the noise
vector at the receiver.
2) Spatial Multiplexing: In spatial multiplexing, a signal is
divided into different streams and each stream is transmitted
from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency
channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array
with sufficiently different spatial signatures, the receiver can
separate these streams, creating parallel channels for free.
Spatial multiplexing is very powerful technique for
increasing channel capacity at higher Signal to Noise Ratio
(SNR). It can be used with or without transmit channel
knowledge. Consider that we have a transmission sequence,
for example , ,..,
. For 2 transmit antennas, the
symbols are group into groups of two. In the first time slot,
Signal and from the first and second antenna are send .
In second time slot, signal
and
from the first and
second antenna are send. Two symbols are grouped together
and send them in one time slot, but only n /2 time slots to
complete the transmission, so data is doubled. Transmission
for 2 x 2 MIMO systems can be represented in matrix
notation as follows:

Where
the channel coefficient at any subcarrier is,
is
the transmitted symbol and
is the Gaussian noise
sample. So the instantaneous SNR can be calculated using
(11)
Where

is the noise variance [7].

The Adaptive algorithm used in this paper is used to provide

a better trade off between throughput and overall BER by
choosing a more suitable scheme for both sub band. Instead
of using the lowest SNR in both sub band, the average value
of the SNR of the subcarriers in the sub band is going to be
used.
The Figure 4 shows instantaneous SNR of received symbol
for fixed MQAM techniques . It shows that when fixed
64QAM is applied to system the instantaneous SNR is less
than 8 dB. Similarly when fixed 32QAM is applied to
system the instantaneous SNR is in the range 6.5dB to
7.5dB. Also for 16QAM instantaneous SNR is in the range
5.75dB to 6.5dB and for 8QAM instantaneous SNR is in the
range 4.5 dB to 5.75dB. For fixed 4QAM ,system response
shows that , instantaneous SNR is less than 4.5dB. Hence, it
is clear that for higher modulation instantaneous SNR is less
as compared to lower modulation and therefore 64QAM is
utilized when instantaneous SNR is greater. Hence, from
these instantaneous SNR values switching threshold are
made for adaptive modulation as shown in Table 1. When
instantaneous SNR is good then higher modulation scheme
is applied and vice versa.

3396
IJRITCC | May 2015, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

_______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 5

ISSN: 2321-8169
3394 3399

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
This total process is nothing but transmitting process, noise
will be added to this signal and receiver will receive this
signal and then removal of cyclic prefix, null vector and
integer to bit convertor all this process will occurs at
receiver end.
VI.

SIMULATION RESULTS

The switching threshold for activating different modulations

can be determined by extensive simulation of the fixed
modulation system. The switching algorithm used for the
adaptive modulation is presented in Table 1.
Figure. 4. Instantaneous SNR of fixed modulation[13]
V.

SYSTEM MODEL

Figure 5 demonstrates the implementation of MIMO in

OFDM system, data is generated from random generator,
and random generator will produce 192 samples per frame.
Also modulation i.e M-ary number will be generated here,
then this signal will go to integer to bit convertor which will
convert continues signal into discrete signal. Then this
signal will send to Rectangular QAM Modulator which will
map the signal according to M ary number. This signal will
go to OFDM block, here subcarrier signal ,cyclic prefix,
pilots, null vector,FFT size all this parameter calculated
here, then this signal will give to OSTBC Encoder, here
Number of transmit antennas will be decided , also in no of
antennas are more than 2 then code rate is also decided here.

TABLE 1.
SWITCHING THRESHOLD FOR ADAPTIVE
MODULATION
THRESHOLD

MODULATION

4dB<SNR4.5dB

4 QAM

4.5dB<SNR5.75dB

8 QAM

5.75dB<SNR6.5dB

16 QAM

6.5dB<SNR7.5dB

32 QAM

7.5dB<SNR8dB

64 QAM

Parameters which are used in MIMO-OFDM system are

shown in Table 2. Simulation results of BER for SISOOFDM and MIMO-OFDM with 4-QAM (2 antenna), 8QAM(2
antenna), 16-QAM(2
antenna), 64-QAM(2
antenna) are given below, in which red line indicates BER
of SISO-OFDM system and blue line indicates BER of
MIMO OFDM system.
TABLE 2 SIMULATION PARAMETER

FIGURE 5 .MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM

Parameter
Value
FFT size
256
N_used
200
N_nulls
56
N_pilots
8
N_data
192
M-QAM
4,8,16,32,64
Channel B/width
1.25 MHz
Modulation
M-QAM
Antenna no(Nt,Nr)
2x2
Noise
AWGN
Channel model
Rayleigh fading
In this simulation, the performance of adaptive modulation
is investigated in terms of throughput and BER

3397
IJRITCC | May 2015, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

_______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 5

ISSN: 2321-8169
3394 3399

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
performance. To highlight the advantages of adaptive
modulation comparison is made with fixed modulation
system

FIGURE 8. BER Comparison for ASISO-OFDM,

AMIMO-OFDM and with (NT=NR=2) 64 ary QAM
FIGURE 6. BER Comparison for ASISO-OFDM,
AMIMO-OFDM and with (NT=NR=2) of 4 ary QAM& 8
ary QAM
Figure 6 demonstrates the correlation of 4QAM with 8
QAM modulations. With increment in estimation of SNR,
BER value diminishes .This can be distinguish in above
figure where green and light blue line spoke to BER of
ASISO framework, though blue and red line speaks to
AMIMO framework. This distinction is because of fading ,
in ASISO only one signal is get transmitted ,if that signal
fades a lot, then signal data will be lost, however in
AMIMO numerous signal are send , so the lightest
influenced signal will be utilized for transmission, this is the
essential explanation for BER of AMIMO is not exactly
ASISO. BER of 8 QAM is under 4 QAM in light of the fact
that when adjustment happens, in 4 QAM just 2 bit get
transmitted while in 8 QAM 3 bit get transmitted. So
because of this, noise rate get expanded in small bit value
transmission though in large bits value transmission noise
get disseminated so because of this BER is less occurs. In
following all figures same phenomenon is explained.

From the analysis, it can be seen that the as M-ary

modulation technique increases, SNR of channel also
increases in all examined transmission methods in order to
achieve BER target
Table 3 BER value for 4QAM & 8QAM Techniques
SNR 4QAM
4QAM
8QAM
8QAM
AMIMO
ASISO
AMIMO
ASISO
4

0.01373

0.08124

0.01215

0.08131

4.5
5
5.5
6

0.009233
0.006629
0.005208
0.003788

0.06985
0.05923
0.04896
0.03906

0.00726
0.00584
0.004577
0.002999

0.06982
0.05898
0.04858
0.03881

6.5
7
7.5
8

0.002841
0.001894
0.00142
0.0007102

0.03135
0.02416
0.01805
0.01336

0.00221
0.001578
0.0006313
0.0006313

0.03046
0.02462
0.01768
0.01332

Table 4 BER value for 16 QAM & 32QAM Techniques

SNR 16QAM
16QAM 32QAM
32QAM
AMIMO
ASISO
AMIMO
ASISO
4
4.5

0.01155
0.006813

0.08128
0.06969

0.01131
0.006186

0.08571
0.07339

5
5.5

0.005037
0.00409

0.05892
0.0463

0.005155
0.004114

0.06276
0.05264

0.002906

0.03741

0.002598

0.04232

6.5
7

0.002367
0.001184

0.03099
0.02375

0.002273
0.001161

0.03381
0.02636

7.5
8

0.0008286
0.0005919

0.0178
0.0132

0.0008123
0.0005629

0.02013
0.01486

FIGURE 7. BER Comparison for ASISO-OFDM,

AMIMO-OFDM and with (NT=NR=2) of 16 ary QAM&32
ary QAM

3398
IJRITCC | May 2015, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

_______________________________________________________________________________________

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 5

ISSN: 2321-8169
3394 3399

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 5 BER value for 64 QAM Techniques
SNR
64QAM
64QAM
AMIMO
ASISO
4
0.01130
0.07456
4.5
0.006065
0.06394
5
0.005132
0.05421
5.5
0.004014
0.04501
6
0.002467
0.03603
6.5
0.002183
0.02867
7
0.001153
0.02227
7.5
0.007891
0.01704
8
0.0005524
0.01259
Table 3 shows the comparison BER value for 4QAM &
8QAM Techniques used for adaptive scheme for both
MIMO and SISO systems , in the same way Table 4 shows
the comparison BER value for 16QAM & 32QAM
Techniques and Table 5 shows the BER value for 64QAM
Techniques. It shows that BER for adaptive scheme is very
less as compared to all other QAM techniques. BER of all
QAM techniques get decreased as transmitted bit get
increased. From above discussion it can be understood that
the proposed Adaptive methodology leads to better BER
performance as well as improved Data Rates while
compared to the traditional QAM techniques.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]
[9]

VII.

CONCLUSION

Adaptive modulation schemes for the both subcarriers in an

OFDM transmission system with MIMO and SISO are
describe in this paper. The bit error ratio transmitted signal
in MIMO system is gradually less than SISO system.
Simulations show that for a bit error ratio of
and a
signal to noise ratio of 4 to 8 dB can be achieved

[10]

[11]

In adaptive modulation, modulation rate changes based upon

value of an instantaneous SNR. The BER performance
comparison between fixed and adaptive modulation shows
that BER performance for Adaptive modulation techniques
is better than all other modulation techniques.
For all values of IFFT sizes, average BER of Adaptive
modulation using MIMO QAM technique is approximately
0.004937 and for SISO QM technique it is approximately
0.03858 .Hence, it concludes that BER performance of
adaptive modulation using MIMO is better than SISO with
the cost of more execution time
VIII.

[12]

[13]

Communication Magazine, vol. 28, no. 5, (1990), pp. 514.

A.Sohail and M.N.Jafri, Adaptive OFDM over
Frequency Selective and Fast Fading Channel Using
Blockwise Bit Loading Algorithm, IEEE International
Conferenece on Wireless and Optical Communication
Networks,pp. 1-4, July 2007.
A.Cyzlwik, Adaptive OFDM for wideband radio
channels, Global Telecommunications Conference, vol
1, pp713-718, Nov 1996.
A. R. Lindsey, Generalized Orthogonally Multiplexed
Communication via Wavelet Packet Bases, Ph.D.
Thesis, Ohio University, (1995).
Y.Lei and A.Burr "Adaptive Modulation and Code Rate
for Turbo Coded OFDM Transmissions," Vehicular
Technology Conference VTC2007, pp.2702-2706, 22-25
April 2007
M.I.Rahman, S.S.Das, Y.Wang, F.B.Frederiksen and
R.Prasad, "Bit and Power Loading Approach for
Broadband Multi-Antenna OFDM System", IEEE
Transactions Communications, pp. 1689-1693, 2007.
D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. -S. Shiu, P. J. Smith and A.
Naguib, From theory to practice: an overview of MIMO
space-time coded wireless systems, IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 21, Issue 3,
(2003) April, pp. 281 -302.
S. Mallat, A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing,
ISBN: 0-12-466606-X; Academic Press, (1999).
R. Chen, J. G. Andrews and R. W. Heath, Multiuser
spacetime block coded MIMO system with unitary
downlink precoding, in Proc. IEEE International
Conference on Communications, Paris, France, (2004)
June, pp. 26892693.
K. K. Wong, R. D. Murch and K. B. Letaief,
Performance enhancement of multiuser MIMO wireless
communication systems, IEEE Transactions on
Communications, vol. 50, (2002) December, pp. 19601970.
L.Hanzo, S.X.Ng, T.Keller and W.Webb. Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation: From Basics to Adaptive Trellis
Coded, Turbo Equalised and Space-Time Coded OFDM,
CDMA and MC-CDMA Systems, 2nd Edition, John
Wiley&Sons Ltd, 2004.
Yong Soo Cho,Jaekwon Kim,Won Young Yang and
Chung
Gu
Kang
MIMO-OFDM
Wireless
Communications
J.Faezah, K.Sabira]-Adaptive modulation with OFDM
system- International Journal of communication
Networks and Information Security- Vol. 1, No. 2,
August 2009.

REFERENCES

[1] J. A. C Bingham, Multicarrier modulation for data

transmission: An idea whose time has come, IEEE

3399
IJRITCC | May 2015, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

_______________________________________________________________________________________