Fourth Edition

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

VOLUME I

KLAUS A. HOFFMANN
STEVE T. CHIANG

NES1

oDT() KOTtlPH A

M. E. T. U. Lll3R;a,RY

,-------

A Publication of Engineering Education System TM, Wichita, Kansas, 67208-1078, USA

www.EESbooks.com

Copyright 2000, 1998, 1993, 1989 by Engineering Education System. All rights
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any
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storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher.
The data and information published in this book are for information purposes only.
The authors and publisher have used their best effort in preparing this book. The
authors and publisher are not liable for any injury or damage due to use, reliance,
or performance of materials appearing in this book.

ISBN 0-9623731-0-9
First Print: August 2000

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Texas.

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USA
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CONTENTS
Preface
Introd uction

Chapter One:
Classification of Partial Differential Equations
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

1.9
1.10

1.11

1.12
1.13

Introductory Remarks
Linear and Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations
Second-Order Partial Differential Equations
Elliptic Equations
Parabolic Equations
Hyperbolic Equations
Model Equations
System of First-Order Partial Differential Equations
System of Second-Order Partial Differential Equations
Initial and Boundary Conditions
Remarks and Definitions
Summary Objectives
Problems

3
3
3
4

6
6
8
10

11
16
20
22
24
25

Chapter Two:

Finite DifferenceFormulations
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

Introductory Remarks
Taylor Series Expansion
Finite Differenceby Polynomials
Finite Difference Equations

29
29
29
35
37

Contents

11

2.5
2.6

2.7
2.8

Applications
Finite Difference Approximation of Mixed Partial Derivatives
2.6.1 Taylor Series Expansion
2.6.2 The Use of Partial Derivatives with Respect to
One Independent Variable
Summary Objectives
Problems

Chapter Three:
Parabolic Partial Differential Equations
3.1
3.2
3.3

3.4

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15

Introductory Remarks
Finite Difference Formulations
Explicit Methods
3.3.1 The Forward Time/Central Space Method
3.3.2 The Richardson Method
3.3.3 The DuFort-Frankel Method
Implicit Methods
3.4.1 The Laasonen Method
3.4.2 The Crank-Nicolson Method
3.4.3 The Beta Formulation
Applications
Analysis
Parabolic Equations in Two-Space Dimensions
Approximate Factorization
Fractional Step Methods
Extension to Three-Space Dimensions
Consistency Analysis of Finite Difference Equations
Linearization
Irregular Boundaries
Summary Objectives
Problems

40
51
51
52
53
55

60
60
60
64
64
64
64
65
66
66
67
67
72
76
85
87
87
88
90
92
94
96

Contents

Chapter Four:
Stability Analysis
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

Introductory Remarks
Discrete Perturbation Stability Analysis
Von Neumann Stability Analysis
Multidimensional Problems
Error Analysis
Modified Equation
Artificial Viscosity
Summary Objectives
Problems

Chapter Five:
Elliptic Equations
5.1
5.2
5.3

5.4
5.5
5.6

Introductory Remarks
Finite Difference Formulations
Solution Algorithms
5.3.1 The Jacobi Iteration Method
5.3.2 The Point Gauss-Seidel Iteration Method
5.3.3 The Line Gauss-Seidel Iteration Method
5.3.4 Point Successive Over-Relaxation Method (PSOR)
5.3.5 Line Successive Over-Relaxation Method (LSOR)
5.3.6 The Alternating Direction Implicit Method (AD!)
Applications
Summary Objectives
Problems

iii

113
113
114
124
137
141
143
146
148
149

152
152
152
156
157
160
162
164
165
165
167
174
175