Estimation of Response of 2-DOF RCC Base Isolated Building To Earthquake Loading

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2013)
Estimation of Response of 2- DOF RCC Base Isolated Building

to Earthquake Loading
Mohd. Zameeruddin Mohd. Saleemuddin1
1
Senior lecturer, MGMs College of Engineering, Nanded, Maharashtra-India,

2.1 Linear Theory of Base Isolation
Linear theory was first proposed by James M. Kelly
(1997) [6]. The theory is used to analyze linear as well as
non-linear isolation systems. For non-linear systems the
analysis by this method is only approximate and such
systems the effective stiffness and damping will have to be
estimated by equivalent linearization process. The theory is
based on the two mass structural models as shown in
figure 1
Abstract The present work focuses on the estimation of

response of 2DOF RCC building to earthquake loading as a
fixed base structure and base isolated structure, their
comparisons. The various parametric studies like frequency,
mode of vibrations, modal mass, modal participation factor,
base shear using linear theory of base isolation proposed by
James Kelly.
KeywordsFrequency, Mode of vibration, Modal mass,
Modal participation factor, Base shear
I. INTRODUCTION
us
us
In this era of technological revolution, the world of

seismic engineering is in need of creative thinking and
advanced technologies beyond conventional solution.
Seismic isolation is the best available technology for
seismic protection of a variety of structures that have
different dynamic characteristics. The ability of the
isolation system to dissipate energy makes it consistent
with contemporary thinking in seismic engineering.
Isolation technology has matured in recent years to a highly
dependable and reliable level. Academic research on there
is well advanced and its practical application is becoming
wide spread throughout the world [1].
The recent earthquakes in various part of the world have
again emphasized the fact that the major loss of life in
earthquake happens when it is relatively moderate one in
areas with poor housing. Many people are killed by the
collapse of brittle heavy unreinforced masonry or poorly
constructed concrete buildings. Modern structural control
technologies such as active control or energy dissipation
devices can do little to alleviate this but it is possible that
seismic isolation could be adapted to improve the seismic
resistance of poor housing and other buildings such as
school and hospitals in developing countries.
Ks, cs
mb
kb, cb
ub
us
b
ug
Figure1: Parameters of two-degree-of-freedom isolated model [27]
Where,
m= Mass of the fixed base structure
ks = Stiffness of fixed base structure
cs = Damping in fixed base structure
mb= Mass of the base slab
ks = Stiffness of base isolator
cb = Damping in base isolator
With reference to the figure 1 Absolute displacement of
the two masses are denoted by us and ub, while the
displacement of the ground is denoted by ug, In terms of
these absolute displacements the equations of motion for
the structure and the base are given by
II. MODELING OF A SINGLE STOREYED BASE ISOLATED

BUILDING AS 2-DOF SYSTEM: A LINEAR THEORY
In this section, the response of a single storeyed fixed
base isolated building is estimated. For the systems
response spectrum analysis is done. The generalized
spectrum as given by I. S. 1893-2002 (Part 1) is used
throughout the analysis and hard soil is assumed.
mu cs (u s ub ) k s (u s ub )
mus mb ub cb (ub u g ) k s (ub u g )
608
(1)

Here in the analysis all the parameters are derived on the
basis of relative displacement which are given as,
vs u s ub and vs ub u g
6. The damping factors for the structure and isolation

system s and b respectively, s c s and
2m
s
(2)
c
s b are of same order of magnitude as
2Mb
Thus in terms of relative displacements the above

equations of motion are rewritten as
mvb mvs cs vs k s vs mug (t )
7. Mass ratio
(m mb )vb mvs cs vs k s vs (m mb )ug (t ) (3)

This 2-DOF system of equations, which can be solved
directly or through modal decomposition provides insight
into the response of isolated system and is applicable to
more elaborate models. To develop the modes, frequencies,
and participation factors of the system. In the matrix
notation the above equation of motion is written as;
M * v * C * v * K * v* M * r * ug
n {sn , sn }T ; n 1,2
To determine the natural frequency and mode shape
assuming,
(4)
vb b sin b t and vs s sin s t
k
M m
M*
K* b
m m
0
0
v
1
r* v* b
0
0 vs
0
c
C* b
ks
0
0
c s
2. Natural frequency of structure
(n2 b2 )bn (n2 )sn 0
(n2 )bn (n2 s2 )sn 0
Where
is given by,
n is the frequency of mode.
given by,
(1 )n4 (b2 s2 )n2 bn sn 0

is given by,
(8)
The solution of above equation is given by,
12
4. Natural frequency of structure is greater than that of

base, s >> b
(7)
For the equation to have non-trivial solution, the

determinant of the equation of the above equation should
be zero.The characteristic equation for the frequency n is
b k b M
1
{ s2 b2 (( s2 b2 ) 2 4(1 ) s2b2 )}1 / 2
2(1 )
1
{s2 b2 (( s2 b2 ) 2 4(1 )s2b2 )}1/ 2
2(1 )
(9)
The lower of the two roots represents shifted isolation
*
frequency b while the higher root represents structural
frequency modified by the presence of the isolation system
s* .
22
and assume
is defined such that s
b
-2
is order of magnitude 10 .
(6)
and
s k s m
3. Natural frequency of base
(5)
Substituting equation 5 back into the equation of motion

eq. 3 and after some simplification the following equations
are obtained,
Where, M= m+ mb
The assumptions made in this theory are:
1. Mass of base slab is less than mass of structure i.e.
m b m , but of the same order of magnitude;
that
m
less than 1.
m mb
2.2 Determination of Natural Frequencies and Mode

Shapes
The undamped natural modes of the system are
Where,
5. A ratio
is defined as
609

s >> b is taken into account and to first order in

, then b* and s* are given by,
If
12 b*2 b2 (1 )
(1 )
22 s*2 s2
(1 )
(10)
1
(b*2 b2 )b2 (b*2 )s1 0

If we retain terms of order
1 mode shape
(n*2 )b1 ( s2 b*2 )s1 0

and set
b1
2 mode shape
Figure 2: Mode shapes of two-degree-of-freedom isolated system [27]
the first mode
The matrix equation 4 reduces to
shape is obtained as; 1
The mode shapes are obtained by substituting each of

the natural frequencies obtained above in equation 7 thus,
and to the same order of

as;
[1 (1 )]
q1 2b* b*q1 b*2 q1 L1ug
(11)
second mode shape is obtained
and
q2 2s* s*q 2 s*2 q2 L2ug
(14)
[1 (1 )]
Where, the damping in the system is implicitly assumed

to be low enough to allow retention of the orthogonality of
the modes. The participation factors, L1 and L2 for the two
modes in these equations are given by,
1 , whereas 2
n M *r *
Ln n * n
M
(12)
As shown in the figure 2, the structure is nearly rigid in
given by s (1 )
1/ 2
The computation of L1 involves the following matrix

multiplications:
M
L1 M 1 (1, )
m
M
M 1 (1, )
m
L1 1
relative displacement,
M 1eff
( L1 M 1 ) 2
M1
is, to same order
are obtained, the
M 1eff M [1 (1 ) 2 ]
vb and v s can be written as
vb q1b1 q2b2 and vs q1s1 q2 s2
(16)
The effective mass in the first mode is given by,
2.3 Determination of Participation Factors

and
m 1
M 2m m 2
Retaining only terms to order
significance of this result is that high acceleration in the

second mode of an isolated structure does not need to be
accompanied by a large base shear.
m 1
M m
m 0
where,
and is modified 10. The practical
When the two modes,
(15)
involves deformation in both the structure

and isolation system. The displacement of the top of the
structure is of same order as the base displacement, but
opposite in direction.
The frequency of the first mode as given by equation 10
can be thought of as the modification, owing to the
flexibility of the superstructure, of frequency of the
isolation system when the structure is rigid, and because
the structure is stiff as compared to isolation system, the
modification is small. The second mode is very close to a
motion where the two masses m, mb, are vibrating
completely free in space about the center of mass of the
combined system. The frequency of this type of vibration is
or to the order
give
(13)
610
, M1eff = M, the same computation for L2

L2 M2= M + ma
where
A base- isolated system aims to reduce the forces

experienced by the structure to such a level that no damage
will occur to the structure or to nonstructural elements such
as partitions, etc thus, a lower value for the structure
damping is appropriate.
Here in the linear theory of base isolation an
approximate from is used where the modal damping
factors, 1* and 2* , are given by equation 20 and 21 In
complete analysis the damping system is assumed nonclassical, such that the off-diagonal terms of the damping
matrix which couple the equations of motion are neglected.
M2 = M + 2ma + a2m and a 1 [1 (1 ) ]
thus
M2 M
(1 )[1 2(1 ) ] and

L2 M 2 M (1 )
therefore
L2
(17)
n C * n
n M * n
T
Together with the shift in frequencies the results reveal

why the seismic isolation system is effective. The
2 *n n*
participation factor for the second mode 2 which is the

mode which involves structural deformation and is of order
is very small if the frequencies b , s are well
This is equivalent to neglecting the off diagonal terms of
C * n which would couple the equations of motion.

nT
Utilizing the previous results for M1 and M2
separated. When the frequency of the second mode shifts to

a higher value than the original fixed-base frequency, this
shift will take the isolated structure out of the range of
strong earthquake motion if the input has large spectral
accelerations at the original structural frequency.
Moreover, since the participation factor for the second
mode is very small this mode is almost orthogonal to the
g as
earthquake input characterized by r * u
differs only by
and r
2b* b* 2b b (1 2 )
2 s* s*
s* s
M 0
for n=1 implying that
Mr 0
nT
Because
By orthogonality
1
2 s s 2b b
1
b* b (1 )1 / 2 we have,
(1 2 )
b* b
(1 )1 / 2
*
1 [1 ] and r * [1 0] thus r 0
nT
and
using
i.e.
(1 )1 / 2
(1 )1 / 2
we have,
b
b 1 / 2
1/ 2
(1 )1 / 2
(1 )
s*
Therefore, even if the earthquake does have energy at

the second mode frequency, the ground motion will not be
transmitted into the structure. A seismic isolation system
works not by absorbing energy rather it deflects energy
through this property of orthogonality.
(21)
The above equation shows that the structural damping is

increased by the damping in the bearings s to the order of
1/ 2 .
2.4 Determination of Modal Damping Ratio

A natural rubber isolation system provides a degree of
damping that is in the range of 10-20% of critical damping,
while the damping in the structure is generally between 25%. Normally, this large difference in damping between
the two components would lead to a coupling of the
equations of motion. Hence a complex modal analysis
should be used correctly to analyze such system.
2.5 Determination of Modal Coordinates ( q n ), Isolator

displacement ( vb max ), Structural displacement ( v s max )
The results of L1, L2, s , b allow to estimate the
*
response of the system to specific earthquake inputs. If the

g (t ) is known, then
time history of the ground motion u
model components q1(t) and q2(t) are computed by any of
the alternative below,by making use of response spectrum;
611

For design purpose 5 % damped acceleration design
spectrum is used.
In this case,
q1max
L2
s*2
L1
*2
b
S A ( , )
*
b
*
b
and
q2 max
2 (1 ) 2 S A (b* , b* ) [1 (1 ) ]2 S A ( s* , s* )
C s 2s
b*4
b*4
(28)
Substituting the value of
2
2 s
(24)
3.1 Details of the Building

The structural plan of the RCC building used for
analysis is given in figure 3. It is perfectly symmetric
rectangular building 18 x 12 m in plan.
0.5
max
(1 ) 2 S A (b* , b* ) 2 2 S A (s* , s* )
b*4
b*4
(25)
max
2 (1 ) 2 S A (b* , b* ) [1 (1 ) ]2 S A ( s* , s* )
b*4
b*4
(26)
0.5
2.6 Determination of Base Shear (Vb)

The design base shear coefficient is defined by,
K s vs
s2 v s
m
(31)
In this section, the response of a single storeyed fixed

base isolated building is estimated. For the systems
spectrum as given by I.S. 1893-2002 (Part 1) is used
After submitting of all the values of quantities from

equations 11, 12, 16, and 17 in the equation 19, the base
displacement obtained as,
Cs
(30)
III. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
vb max [( q1 max 11 ) 2 ( q2 max 12 ) 2 ]
vs
0.5
(23)
To estimate various response quantities from peak

spectral values the SRSS method is used. Thus the values
of the maximum isolation system displacement and
structural displacement are given by,
vb max [( q1 max 21 ) 2 ( q2 max 22 ) 2 ]
0.5
Thus the design base shear is given by;

Vb (m mb )Cs
vs q q
1
1 s
C s S 2A (b* , b* ) (1 ) 2 2 (1 2 )S 2A ( s* , s* )
written as,
vb
from equation 26
Thus,
vb and v s in modal coordinates can be
vb q q and
b*
(29)
When the two modes and are obtained, the relative

1
2
2 b
and
(1 ) 2 S A (b* , b* ) [1 (1 ) ]2 S A ( s* , s* )
Cs
2 (1 ) 2
[(1 ) 2 (1 ) 2 ]
(22)
Where SA represents the spectral acceleration for the

response spectrum considered.
1
1 b
s*
gives
S A ( s* , s* )
displacements
0.5
(27)
for the fixed base structure
C s s2 S D ( s , s )
Figure 3: Plan of Single Storey Building
when the structure is isolated this becomes after

substituting the value of v s from equation 26 the following
3.2 Assumed Data of the Building

1. Live load
5 kN/m2
2. Floor finishes
1 kN/m2
3. Seismic zone
V
4. Importance factor
1.5
equation is obtained,
612

7. Max. Displacement, = mg/K
8. Design of base shear, Vb= AhW
5. Response reduction factor 5

6. Type of soil
Hard
7. Grade of concrete
M 20
8. Damping in structure (s) 5%
9. Damping in base (b) 10 %
10. Mass of superstructure (m) 335.91 x 103 kgs.
11. Stiffness of super structure (ks)
Along the length
676865.72 kN/m
Across the length
471572.27 kN/m
12. Mass of base (mb)
102.75 x 103 kgs
13. Stiffness of base (kb)
7700 kN/m
14. Assumed time period of base (T b) 1.5 sec
15. Response spectrum available in I.S code1893 (Part 1) is
used for analysis
3.5 Response of Base Isolated Single Storeyed RCC

Building
In this section, single storeyed RCC building in section
3.1 is considered as base isolated and the response of the
same is estimated. In addition to this, a parametric study of
base isolated building is carried out for proper
understanding of linear theory presented in section 2 from
its applications point of view.
Elastomeric bearing are used as base isolator. A program
in excel is developed for analysis of the above building by
linear theory of base isolation. In this study the response
quantities of interest are mode shapes, natural frequency,
time period, top displacement of structure, displacement of
the isolator and base shear. In parametric study, the effect
of variation of stiffness, damping and mass ratio of base
isolator on mode shape, natural frequency, and base
displacement of the superstructure, participation factor and
top floor acceleration of the building is evaluated. For this,
the time period of base isolator is varied from 1.5 seconds
to 4 seconds, at an interval of 0.5 seconds, and the response
quantities of interest are determined. For both the systems
spectrum as given by I.S. 1893-2002 (Part 2) is used
Spectral acceleration
3
2
spectral
1
0
0
6.987 mm
444.87 kN
Time period
Figure4: Design spectral acceleration chart
3.3 Calculations for Fixed Base Building along Length
3.6 Calculations for Base Isolated Building along the

Length
1. Total seismic mass M = m+mb

438.67 x 103 kgs
2. Natural frequency of superstructure,
s= sqrt(ks/m) 39.28 rad/sec
3. Time Period of superstructure 0.160 sec
4. Natural frequency of base structure,
4.19 rad/sec
5. Time period of base isolator (T b)
1.50 secs
6. Spectral acceleration SA as per figure 4 24.525
7. Max. Displacement, = mg/K
4.868 mm
8. Design of base shear Vb= AhW
444.87 kN
1. Frequency ratio =
0.011
2. Mass ratio
= m/M = 0.77
3. Natural frequencies as per equation No.10
b* = 4.17
rad/sec;
s* = 81.51 rad/sec
4. Modes shapes as per equation No. 11
3.4 Calculations for Fixed Base Building across Length

1. Total seismic mass, M = m+mb
438.67 x 103 kgs
2. Natural frequency of superstructure,
s= sqrt(ks/m) 32.78 rad/sec
3. Time Period of superstructure, 0.191 sec
4. Natural frequency of base structure,
4.19 rad/sec
5. Time period of base isolator, (T b)
1.50 secs
6. Spectral acceleration SA as per figure 4 24.525
5. Participation factors, as per equation No.16 & 17

L1 = 0.991; L2 = 0.009
6. Modal damping factors as per equation No. 20 & 21
b*= 9.869; s*= 12.02
7. Spectral acceleration from design spectral acceleration
chart given in I.S 1893 Part 1
SA = 4.905; SA = 9.810
8. Modal coordinates as per equation no. 22
q1max = 0.280; q2max = 12.86
11 12 1 0.011
1 1.30
2
1
613

9. Displacements as per equation No.25
vbmax
= 0.0016; vsmax= 0.280
9. Design base shear coefficient as per equation No.29
Cs = 0.060
10. Design base shear as per equation No.31
Vb =240.10 kN
3.8 Parametric Study of 2 DOF Isolated Building

In this section, the effect of important mechanical
properties i.e. stiffness and damping of the isolators on the
building response is studied. For that, time period of the
base isolator is varied from 1.5 sec to 4 sec, its effect on
mode shapes(, natural frequency ( of the combined
structure, structural displacements and base shear (Vb) is
studied which are explained by following tables.
3.7 Calculations for Base Isolated Building across the

Length
TABLE 2
VARIATION OF MODE SHAPE () WITH PERIOD OF BASE ISOLATOR (TB)
(as per equation no 11 and 12)
1. Frequency ratio
0.011
2. Mass ratio
= m/M
0.77
3. Natural frequencies as per equation No.10
b* = 17 rad/sec;
s* = 81.51 rad/sec
4. Modes shapes as per equation No.11
Tb
11 12 1 0.011
1 1.30
2
1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5. Participation factors as per equation No.16 & 17

L1 = 0.991; L2= 0.009
6. Modal damping factors as per equation No.20 & 21
b*= 9.869; s* =12.02
7. Spectral acceleration from design spectral acceleration
chart given in I.S 1893 Part 1
SA =
4.905
SA = 9.810
8. Modal coordinatesas per equation No.22
q1max = 0.280;
q2max= 12.86
9. Displacements as per equation No. 25
vbmax = 0.0016; vsmax = 0.279
9. Design base shear coefficient as per equation No. 29
Cs = 0.060
10. Design base shear as per equation No.31
Vb
= 240.10 kN
Parameter
Natural frequency ()
(rad/sec)
Time period (T)(sec)
Displacement (v) (mm)
Design base
shear(Vb)(kN)
Fixed
Base
39.28
0.160
4.87
444.87
Across the Length

First
Second
mode
mode
shape
shape
11
12
11
12
11
12
11
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.011
0.006
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.011
0.006
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.31
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.302
1.304
1.305
1.305
1.305
1.305
It is seen from the table that if we provide base isolators

of longer period of oscillations, the lateral movement of the
floor in the structure would be reduced with respect to its
undisplaced position
TABLE 3
VARIATION OF SHIFTED ISOLATION FREQUENCY
STRUCTURAL FREQUENCY
b*
AND
*
s WITH PERIOD OF BASE ISOLATOR (TB)
(As per equation No.10)
Along the Length
TABLE 1
COMPARISON OF TWO SYSTEMS
Sr.
No.
Along the Length

Second
First mode
mode
shape
shape
Tb
Shifted
isolation
frequency
( b )
*
Base
Isolated
b* = 4.17
s* = 81.51
T = 1.50
vs= 1.6
vb= 280
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Vb = 240.10
614
4.17
3.13
2.51
2.09
1.79
1.57
Structural
frequency
(s )
*
81.51
81.36
81.29
81.25
81.23
81.21
Across the Length

Shifted
isolation
frequency
( b )
*
4.17
3.13
2.51
2.09
1.79
1.57
Structural
frequency
(s )
*
81.51
81.36
81.29
81.25
81.23
81.21

TABLE 4
VARIATION OF PARTICIPATION FACTORS WITH PERIOD OF BASE
ISOLATOR (TB) (As per equation No.16 and 17)
Tb
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Along the Length

Participation
factor in first
mode ( L1)
0.991
0.995
0.997
0.998
0.998
0.999
5. Base isolation lengthens the time period of structure,

and thus reduces the pseudo-acceleration for this
mode (for design spectrum considered). This results
in reduction of earthquake induced forces in the
structure.
6. Since the participation factor for the second and
higher modes are small, the modal static responses for
the second and higher modes are negligible as
compared to first mode. Therefore higher modes
contribute little to the earthquake response of the
structure.
7. The higher mode that produces deformation in the
structure is generally not excited by the ground
motion, although its pseudo-acceleration is large.
Because of rigid body motion which accompanies
straining of the base isolated structure the base shear
is reduced considerably.
Across the Length

Participation factor
for second mode
( L2)
0.009
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
TABLE 5
VARIATION OF BASE SHEAR (VB) WITH PERIOD OF BASE ISOLATOR (TB)
(As per equation No.31)
Tb
Along the Length

Base shear (Vb)
Across the Length

Base shear (Vb)
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
240.10
135.06
86.44
60.02
44.10
33.76
240.10
135.06
86.44
60.02
44.10
33.76
REFERENCES
Rajiv Gupta, Seismic Base Isolation, Birla Institute of Technology
and Science Pilani Rajasthan. Lecture material for the national
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Delhi), 2003, pp. 224-239.
[2] Sajal Kanti Deb, Seismic Base Isolation-An overview, Current
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[3] Wang, Yen-po, Fundamentals of Seismic Isolation, International
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[1]
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The parametric study on 2DOF building helps in
determining the effects of variation of stiffness and
damping of isolators on the important properties of
superstructure, from which the following conclusions are
drawn:
1. Due to provision of base isolators, the dynamic
response of building changes. It is observed that the
shifted isolation frequency of building and that of the
base isolator changes significantly with time period of
the base isolator.
2. The base shear reduces significantly as the isolation
time period increases.
3. For the base isolation to be effective in different
modes, the ratio of time period of base and that of
fixed system (Tb/Ts) should be as large as practical.
4. The linear theory of base isolation is suitable for
estimation of dynamic response of base isolated
buildings.
615

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