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1. Given
positive
mn
r 0
integers
m,
n,
x r (1 x ... x m ) n
let
(*)
mn
(i) a r
r0
(b) By
differentiating
mn
mn
(ii) (1) a r
(iii ) 2 a
r0
the
identity
mn
(*),
mn a r 2 r a r
r 0
mn
r0
or
otherwise,
show
that
r 1
m
if m is even.
m
2
( 1) r r
r 1
( m1) if m is odd.
mn if m is even.
2 (1) ra r
r 1
0 if m is odd.
mn
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(b) Given real numbers q , r , not both zero , show that the system of equations
qy rz
(E) rx qz
qx ry
in x , y , z has
2,
(c) Use induction on p to show that G(m,p) is a polynomial in x for any positive integer m such that
m p 1 .
4.
Let M be the group of real, non-singular 2 x 2 matrices under the operation of matrix multiplication. A
mapping d : M R \ {0} of M into the set R \ {0} of all non-zero real numbers is defined as
a 12
a 11
in M, d ( A ) a 11 a 22 a 12 a 21 .
follows: for any A
a 22
a 21
Show that
(a) d (AB) = d (A) d (B) for any A , B in M ,
(b) the mapping d is surjective but not injective.
(c)
the subset K = {
(d)
multiplication,
For each
A M , A K A 1 K , where A K A
is the set of all matrices of the form ABA 1 for some B K.
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n i1
n 1 n
A i j A i j
i1 j0 j0 i j1
for n = 1, 2,
3, ... .
n
(b) Let
(i)
f (x) ci x i
i 0
(ii)
f (x)f () n1 n j i j1
ci x
x j0 i j1
1 , 2 , ... , n
f (x)
k 1 x
k
of
f(x)
f ' (x)
(iii)
1 , 2 , ... , n
Let
n
sp k
n 1
'(x)
be
all
non-zero
and
let
k 1
x ci si j1
j0 i j1
Hence
deduce
that
( j1)c j1 c i s i j1
i j1
for
j = 0, 1, ..., n-1.
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6. (a) There are m apple trees in an orchard. Each of them bears at most n apples. Find the probability that
at least two of them bear the same number of apples.
(b) Two evenly matched basketball teams play a series of games to decide the championship. For any
game, each team has the probability 0.5 of winning. The championship is decided as soon as one team
wins four games.
(i) Find the probability that the championship is decided in just four games.
(ii) Find the probability that seven games have to be played in order to decide the championship.
(1977)
7. (a)
z 2 z1 z 2
z 1 z 2 ... z n z 1 z 2 ... z n
(b) Let 0 ,1 , ... , n ( n 0) be real numbers . By considering the modulus of the left
hand side of the equation
z n sin n z n 1 sin n 1 ... zsin 1 sin 0 2 , show that if t
1
is any root of the equation, then t .
2
(1977)
8. Let R 3 be the real vector space of all ordered triples of real numbers. For x ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) in R , the
2
3
length of x is x x 12 x 22 x 32 . The unit sphere S2 in R 3 is defined by S {x R : x 1} .
(a) Show that for any x in R 3 and any positive real number , x x .
1
3
2
(b) Prove that the equation p( x ) x x defines a mapping
.
3
p :R \ {0} S
mapping pi?
(d) A relation ~ in
(i)
R 3 \ {0} is given by x ~ y if and only if x = y for some positive number . Show that
~ is an equivalence relation on
R 3 \ {0}
(ii)
R \ {0}
equivalence classes [x]. Prove that the equation q([x]) = p(x) defines a mapping q : Q S2 and that q is
bijective.
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1. (a) Let f(x, y) = 0 and g(x, y) = 0 be the equations of two plane curves intersecting at points
P1 ,P2 , . . . ,Pn . Show that, for any real constants a, b, the curve a f(x, y) + b
g(x, y) = 0 passes through each of the points P1 , P2 , ... , Pn .
(b) Using (a) or otherwise, find the equations of the two circles (C1 ),(C 2 ) with the same radius
24 which pass through the two points of intersection of the circles
x 2 y 2 4
3 x 0, x 2 y 2 4
3 y 0 .
(
C
),
(
C
)
(c) Find the angles between the tangents to
at each point of intersection.
1
2
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2.
(a) Find the equation of the tangent line to the parabola y x 2 at the point (a ,a 2 ) . Show that
the tangent line intersects the parabola at one point. Is there any straight line other than a tangent
line that meets the parabola y x 2 at one point only? If your answer is 'yes', prove it. If your
answer is 'no', give a counter example.
(b) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y x 4 at the point (a , a 4 ) . Is it true that
the tangent line intersects the curve at only one point? Prove your answer.
(c) State which of the following is a correct description of the point (0, 0) on the curve y x 4 :
(i) a local minimum point,
(ii) a local maximum point,
(iii) a point of inflexion.
Explain your answer.
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3. (a) Evaluate
(1 t t
... t
n 1
)dt
i1 i1
n 1
...(1 x) (1) x
i1 i
n
where
n n!
i i ! ( n i) !
n
n
n
n
1 1 1 1 1 1n 1
1 . . (1) .
2 3 n 1 2 2 3 3 n n
2m
i 1
1
m
1
i
2
n 1
(1)
i 1
i i
n
i1
n 1
(1)
i 1
i i
n
4.(a)
Let
i1
always remain
n
dn y
(a 2 b 2 ) 2 e ax sin ( bx n)
n
dx
where
a
cos
(b)
, sin
b
a
b2
( )n n (n )k ( )k
(u v) u v ,
k 0 k
where
n n!
and0!1.
k k!(nk)!
(c)
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nk k k
2
(a b ) sin(bx n) a b sin(bx ).
k 0 k
2
n
n
22
5. (a) Let m and n be positive integers . Using integration by parts , prove that
( x 1) m ( x 1) n dx ( 1) n
m!n!
2 m n 1
( m n 1)!
cos n 2 x
sin n 2 x
n 1
2
dx
2
0 (sin x cosx ) 2 ( n 1) dx .
cos 2 ( n 1) x
2
0
sin n 2 x
dx .
(sin x cosx ) 2 ( n 1)
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1
. With the aid of your sketch , show that for any positive number
x
r 1
1
dx
1
r,
.
r
r 1
x
r
r 1
1
1
1
.
(b) Deduce from (a) that 0 log
r
r 1
r
r 1
1
1
1
...
, show that
(c) Given that a n 1
2
3
n
2n 1
1 1 1
1
1
1 ...
a 2 n a n
r n 1 r
2 3 4
2n 1 2n
1
1
1
1
1
1
...
)
2
3
4
2n 1
2n
2n
1
1
1
( 1) n 1
Hence show that log 2 = lim(1 ...
)
n
2
3
4
n
0 log 2 (1
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I(a )
, let
I (a ) 0 .
and deduce that lim
a 0
(ii) Show that I(a) + I(-a) = I(a 2 ) and I(-a) = I(a) .
1
2n
Hence show that I(a ) n I(a ) for all positive integers n.
2
(iii) Show that I(
1
) I(a )2 log a
a
I ( a )
if a 1
2 log a if a
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8. Let f ( x )
x2 3
x2 1
(f ( x ) x )0.
(a) Show that lim
x
(b) Find the local maxima and minima of f(x).
(c) Make use of (a) and (b) to sketch the graph of y = f(x).
(d) Find the area of the portion bounded by the curve y = f(x) and the lines y = 0 , x = 0 , x = 1 .
(1977)