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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
M .Sc. Program in Structural Engineering
Thesis No: SS00147
February, 2011
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
M .Sc. Program in Structural Engineering
Thesis No: SS00147
A Thesis Submitted By
AJAY KUMAR GUPTA
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
February, 2011
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Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, may make this thesis freely available for inspection.
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recorded herein or, in his absence, by the Head of the Department or concerning
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to the Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus,
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this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to:
..
Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Pulchowk Campus
Institute of Engineering
Lalitpur, Nepal.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work contained in this thesis entitled Study on Reinforced
Concrete Frame with Solid Infill Brick Masonry using Artificial Neural
Network submitted by Mr. Ajay Kumar Gupta (Roll No. 065/MSS/r/102) for the
award of partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science in Structural
Engineering of Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu is a
bonafide record of work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance, no
part of it has been published or submitted elsewhere for the award of degree.
..
Date
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
M .Sc. Program in Structural Engineering
ABSTRACT
Student: Ajay Kumar Gupta
Despite being the most common construction practice throughout the ages, infills
have not found the space it deserves, in the structural design. There is lack of proper
and easy method to consider the effect of the in-filled. So, this research is a small
effort in the search of the alternative approach for analyzing the infill frames. The
FEM Models are normally incapable of considering all the effecting factors such as
non-linear behavior of the infill materials, lack of fit, non-homogeneity of the
materials, etc. This research gives some idea to the structural engineer how to guess
initially the parameters of interest during the design of infills. Structural design
process is an iterative process and an approximate initial guess can reduce the time
and cost involved in the analysis. The tentative design parameters can be predicted
using the Artificial Intelligence and this computing power of the modern day
computers has been used to fulfill the intended purpose. The data sets, which are
generated by computer from the simulation of the infill-frame structure done in
sophisticated software (ANSYS v10.0) capable of non-linear analysis, are used for the
training of Neural Network. Few other unique data sets are taken for the validation of
the Network trained. The comparison of the results from the ANN and that of
software were in reasonable agreement with each other except in few rare cases.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COPYRIGHT .
CERTIFICATE ..
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
LIST OF TABLES ..
vii
ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Background
1.5 Methodology
2.1 General
12
13
14
16
3.2 Masonry
16
3.3 Bricks
17
3.4 Mortar
18
19
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
26
27
27
28
30
30
32
32
33
34
35
37
37
38
40
42
48
7.2 Conclusions
50
51
APPENDIX 53
A. ANSYS Contour Result Plot
53
55
REFERENCES .. 70
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Analogy between biological and artificial neural networks
13
17
19
20
26
27
32
33
35
36
37
38
41
43
55
58
61
64
67
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Structure of Artificial Neural Network model
Figure 1-3: Flow Chart for Analysis of Infill Wall using ANN
Figure 2-1: Single Diagonal Strut Models (Smith and Carter 1969)
12
13
14
18
24
Figure 4-2: Beam3 element used for Modeling Beam and Column
25
26
28
31
Figure 5-2: Error reduction graph during Back-propagation Neural Network Training
31
34
39
40
41
42
53
53
54
54
viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
t
Wds
Ic
Ed
Ef
Fi
number of step
xi(p)
yj(p)
wij
weight assigned to a hidden layer node in between ith and jth nodes
stress at a node
strain at a node
ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Infilled Frames
Infill-frames have been used in many parts of the world over a long time. In
these structures, exterior masonry walls and/or interior partitions, usually regarded as
nonstructural architectural elements, are built as an infill between the frame members.
However, the usual practice in the structural design of infill-frames is to ignore the
structural interaction between the frame and infill. This implies that the infill has no
influence on the structural behaviour of the building except for its mass. This would
be appropriate if the frame and infill panel were separated by providing a sufficient
gap between them. However, gaps are not usually specified and the actual behaviour
of infill frames observed during past earthquakes shows that their response is
sometimes wrongly predicted. Infill-frames have often demonstrated good earthquake
resistant behaviour, at least for serviceability level earthquakes in which the masonry
infill can provide enhanced stiffness and strength. It is expected that this structural
system will continue to be used in many countries because the masonry infill panels
are often cost-effective and suitable for temperature and sound insulation purposes.
Hence, further investigation of the actual behaviour of these frames is warranted, with
a goal towards developing a displacement-based approach to their design.
Masonry panels, which contribute a large proportion of the mass of the infillframe, normally consist of anisotropic materials with a wide range of strength,
deformation and energy dissipation properties. Unlike other conventional materials
such as concrete and steel which have, to some extent, standard properties. Masonry
materials vary significantly from one country to another based on the local constituent
materials (the bricks and the mortar) and workmanship. Different local materials are
used to produce masonry units with different shapes; they might be solid or hollow
units with different hole-sizes and hole arrangements.
In many countries, situated in seismic regions, reinforced concrete frames are
infilled by brick masonry panels. Although the infill panels significantly enhance both
the stiffness and strength of the frame, their contribution is often not considered
mainly because of the lack of knowledge of the composite behavior of the frame and
the infill. In multistory structures, the frames are generally well engineered in
accordance with the state of knowledge of the day and to the building practice of
1
every country, whereas the infill panels are considered non-structural. The reason for
the negligence is the high amount of non-linearity and non-homogeneity involved in
the analysis making the analysis portion extremely tedious and monotonous. Thus
computers can be extremely useful in such scenario. The computing capabilities of the
computers can be used to deal with the problems imposed due to the inconsistent
characteristics of the infill.
1.2 Background
Infill frame construction represents a common type of construction in urban
areas. Infill walls change the behavior of frames considerably under lateral loads and
affect mainly the strength, rigidity, energy dissipation, etc. characteristics. In the
conventional design, the building frames are designed for dead and live loads. Hence,
they cannot withstand lateral loads, especially when they are very tall. On the other
hand, post-earthquake damage reports often note poorly detailed reinforced concrete
frames that have failed due to localized forces produced by the infill. Any attempt to
increase the size of the structural elements to withstand these occasional loads is both
expensive and undesirable. The concept of the infill frame considers the integral
structural action of walls and slab with the frames, and provides increased lateral
force resisting capacity for frames.
The use of computers as we all know is inevitable these days in any portion of
the structural design of any type of the structures. And the use of artificial intelligence
in the field of computers is one of the most fascinating and interesting as the use these
days is recommended in almost any field of real life and practical applications. The
field being related to computer applications has not found much of the place in
structural field and especially in the context of Nepal the use has been found to be
very limited. The method based on the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can
accommodate all parameters and uncertainties like non-linear behavior of infill, lack
of fit at the frame infill interface, non-homogeneity of the materials. The main
advantage of this method is that the size of the output vector can be increased to meet
all the requirements. The inherent tolerance mechanism and the ability to learn from
the new patterns (data sets) make it an ideal method.
The origins of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are in the field biology. The
biological brain consists of billions of highly interconnected neurons forming a neural
2
iteration. Neural networks with Back Propagation (BP) learning can be an extremely
powerful tool for the prediction of subsequent design parameters.
predict
the
infill
wall
response
parameters
of
interest
1.5 Methodology
The analysis comprise of a series of steps which are briefed as under in a
systematic manner.
Identification of
Material Properties
(Non-linear)
Modelling
&
Analysis
Density, Poissons
ratio & Stress-Strain
curve of Brick
2D Modelling
of Infill Wall
Frame
Density, Poissons
ratio & Stress-Strain
curve of Mortar
2D Non-linear
Analysis of RC
Infill Wall
Training &
Validation of
Neural Network
Training Neural
Network with
Trainee Data Sets
Verification of
Result obtained
from Trained
Network
Density, Poissons
ratio & Stress-Strain
curve of Reinforced
Concrete
Figure 1-3: Flow Chart for Analysis of Infill Wall using ANN
frame expressed as a function of geometry of frame and infill, and of the compressive
strength of the infill.
Figure 2-1: Single Diagonal Strut Models (Smith and Carter 1969)
During the last three decades, different approaches have been proposed for the
prediction of the ultimate strength of infill steel frames subjected to monotonic lateral
load. Holmes (1961) proposed that the infill wall be replaced by an equivalent
diagonal strut having a width equal to one-third of the diagonal length of the infill
wall. Stafford Smith (1966) proposed an expression relating the width of the
equivalent strut to the properties of the frame and infill wall. The width of the
equivalent strut varied with value of the following non-dimensional factor:
E th 3 sin 2
h = c
4Es I
1/ 4
(2-1)
Where,
Ec = elastic modulus of the infill material, ksi
Es = elastic modulus of the frame material, ksi
t = thickness of the infill wall, inches
h = height of a single story, inches
4
Stafford Smith and Carter (1969) further related the width of the equivalent
strut not only to factor h, but also to the variation of the elastic modulus of the infill
material at different stress levels. Makino (1984) proposed a simplified formula to
calculate the width of the equivalent strut based on Stafford Smith and Carters work.
In his formula, the width of the equivalent strut was only related to the diagonal
length of the infill wall or the thickness of the infill wall. Liauw and Kwan (1983a)
expressed the equivalent strut width as a fraction of hcos:
b=
0.86
(h cos ) 0.45(h cos )
h
(2-2)
important to compare the width of diagonal strut of solid infill frames obtained from
several empirical relationships available in the literature with that obtained by the
finite element analysis. The following relations have been considered.
WdS =
d
3
l
WdS = 0.58
h
0.445
(h )0.335d l
(2-3)
(2-4)
(Mainstone 1971)
(2-5)
(2-6)
0.064
WdS = 0.16h0.3 d
WdS =
(Holmes 1961)
(0.95h cos )
.h
WdS =
d
4
WdS =
d
8
(2-8)
(2-9)
WdS = 0.175(h )
0.4
FEMA 356
' = 4
Ed tSin(2 )
4E f I c h
(2-10)
(2-11)
11
neural networks. The ease with which they can learn led to attempts to emulate a
biological neural network in a computer.
Neuron
Input
Output
Weight
The network computes its output pattern, and if there is an error or in other
words a difference between actual and desired output patterns, the weights are
adjusted to reduce this error. A training set of input patterns is presented to the
network. In a back-propagation neural network, the learning algorithm has two
phases.
13
First, a training input pattern is presented to the network input layer. The
network propagates the input pattern from layer to layer until the output pattern is
generated by the output layer. If this pattern is different from the desired output, an
error is calculated and then propagated backwards through the network from the
output layer to the input layer. The weights are modified as the error is propagated.
2.4.2 The Back-Propagation Training Algorithm
Step 1: Initialisation -Set all the weights and threshold levels of the network to
random numbers uniformly distributed inside a small range:
2.4 2.4
,+
Fi
Fi
(2-12)
y j ( p ) = sigmoid xi ( p ).wij ( p ) j
i =1
(2-13)
Where, n is the number of inputs of neuron j in the hidden layer, and sigmoid is
the sigmoid activation function.
14
(b) Calculate the actual outputs of the neurons in the output layer:
m
yk ( p ) = sigmoid x jk ( p ).w jk ( p ) k
j =1
(2-14)
k ( p) = y k ( p).[1 y k ( p)].ek ( p)
Where, ek ( p ) = y d ,k ( p ) y k ( p )
(2-15)
(2-16)
(2-17)
w jk ( p + 1) = w jk ( p ) + w jk ( p )
Step 4: Iteration- Increase iteration p by one, go back to Step 2 and repeat the process
until the desired error criterion is satisfied.
15
thickness, material properties of units and mortar, arrangement of bed as well as head
joints, and quality of workmanship) make simulation of masonry structures extremely
difficult. The frame-masonry interaction in infill makes it even harder for the
computer simulation.
3.2 Masonry
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound
together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The
common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite,
travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, and tile. Masonry is generally a
highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the
mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can
significantly affect the durability of the overall masonry construction.
Masonry units, such as brick, tile, stone, glass brick or concrete block
generally conform to the requirements specified in the 2003 International Building
Code (IBC) Section 2103.
Masonry is commonly used for the walls of buildings, retaining walls and
monuments. Brick and concrete block are the most common types of masonry in use
in industrialized nations and may be either weight-bearing or a veneer. Concrete
blocks, especially those with hollow cores, offer various possibilities in masonry
construction. They generally provide great compressive strength, and are best suited
to structures with light transverse loading when the cores remain unfilled. Filling
some or all of the cores with concrete or concrete with steel reinforcement (typically
rebar) offers much greater tensile and lateral strength to structures.
16
3.3 Bricks
A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction, usually
laid using various kinds of mortar. The term brick refers to small units of building
material, often made from fired clay and secured with mortar, a bonding agent
comprising of cement, sand, and water. Long a popular material, brick retains heat,
with-stands corrosion, and resists fire. Masonry construction are being made of either
burnt clay brick, concrete or light-weight concrete units in different sizes and shapes,
either solid or perforated. As a rule, they must meet national standard requirements.
When selecting the most suitable type of unit, one has to consider, apart from the
load-bearing capacity, the following aspects:
1. That can provide adequate thermal and sound insulation capacity, especially
in external walls.
2. Which can minimise the weight of the building and of seismic horizontal
forces.
3. Which can optimise the cost of construction.
Table 3-1: Types and Properties of Bricks (Pradhan, P.L., 2009)
Material
Types
Modulus of Elasticity
E (N/m2)
Poisson's Ratio
Density
, (kg/m3)
Brick
MB
LB
3.022 E9
2.387 E9
0.09
1700
Build houses using brick masonry is a common practice in this part of the
world. Generally there can be a few types of brick available anywhere in the world.
Here also we intend to use three different types of brick, based on their properties and
not dimensions. The types of the brick and their corresponding properties used in the
modeling are tabulated in Table 3-1.
17
3.4 Mortar
Mortar is a mixture of sand, lime and Portland cement, mixed with water to a
workable consistency. It is used as a bond in masonry or for covering a wall. Mortar
are referred as any of various bonding materials used in masonry, surfacing, and
plastering, especially a plastic mixture of cement or lime, sand, and water that hardens
in place and is used to bind together bricks or stones. Sometimes, additives are added
to mortar to improve its workability, or for other reasons. Mortars must be sufficiently
strong, durable, capable of keeping the wall intact, and must create a water-resistant
barrier. It is applied with a bricklayer's trowel, and sets solid in a few hours. There are
many different mixes and admixtures used to make mortars with different
performance characteristics.
According to the classification used in Euro Code 6, different types of mortar
are used in masonry construction some of them are:
1. General purpose mortar, use in joints with a thickness greater than 3 mm
and in which only dense aggregates are used.
2. Thin-layer mortar, designed mortar for use in joints between 1 mm and 3
mm in thickness.
18
Material
Composition
Modulus of Elasticity
E (N/m2)
Poisson's Ratio
Density
, (kg/m3)
Mortar
1:4
1:6
3.651 E9
2.616 E9
0.17
1780
break the microscopic rigid lattice, resulting in cracking and separation of the
concrete. For this reason, typical non-reinforced concrete must be well supported to
prevent the development of tension.
A rebar (short for reinforcing bar), also known as reinforcing steel,
reinforcement steel, or a deformed bar, is a common steel bar, and is commonly used
as a tensioning device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures
holding the concrete in compression. It is usually formed from carbon steel, and is
given ridges for better mechanical anchoring into the concrete. Rebars were known in
construction well before the era of the modern reinforced concrete. The name is taken
from an extinct species of African jungle snakes used in tribal wars. The cast iron
used for rebars is of very high quality, and they can resist corrosion on them for
extremely long periods.
If a material with high strength in tension, such as steel, is placed in concrete,
then the composite material, reinforced concrete, resists not only compression but also
bending and other direct tensile actions. A reinforced concrete section where the
concrete resists the compression and steel resists the tension can be made into almost
any shape and size for the construction industry.
The common practice observed in this part of Nepal and almost everywhere in
the country is to use reinforced concrete for frame materials and brick masonry for
infill materials. So here we have intended to get closer to the real practice by
modeling the structure using these four distinct materials and use their non-linear
characteristics as far as possible.
The properties of the concrete and the reinforcing bars used for the modeling
purpose are listed as under:
Table 3-3: Properties of concrete and rebars used in analysis
Material
Modulus of Elasticity
E (N/m2)
Poisson's Ratio
Density
, (kg/m3)
Reinforced Concrete
2.549E+10
0.15
2500
20
21
the
other solvers.
Use of materials with strength, such as metals, in all solvers, in
addition to fluids and gasses.
Comprehensive remapping capabilities from FE to CFD and vice
versa.
Interactive GUI with leading edge visualization.
Solvers seamlessly integrated pre- and post-processors.
22
Four different Ansys elements are used for preparation of Reinforced Concrete
infill model in Ansys. Three different materials reinforced concrete, brick and mortar
are considered. In which Ansys element Plane42 is used for both brick and mortar,
and the element Beam3 is used for both beam and column. Link10 element is used for
connection between line and plane element. Using these three elements 2D model is
prepared in Ansys.
Plane42 element can be used either as a plane element (plane stress or plane strain) or
Beam3 is a linear element. This element is used for modelling of the members which
has bending capabilities. The element has three degrees of freedom at each node,
translations in the nodal x and y directions and rotation about the nodal z-axis.
24
Figure 4-2: Beam3 element used for Modeling Beam and Column
Link10 is a linear element. This element is used where only compressive or tension
Two degrees of freedom are considered for all the nodes of infill. The
displacements in X- and Y- directions in the plane of frame are considered at all
nodes for the infill and for this Plane42 element is used. The element having
translations in the nodal x and y directions and rotation about the nodal z-axis i.e.
Beam3 element is used for modelling of Beam and Column. Link10 element is used
for connection between Frame (i.e. line element) and infill (i.e. Plane42 element) by
taking only compression feature of this element.
25
Three different materials reinforced concrete, brick and mortar are used for
modeling to incorporate the complex heterogeneity involved in the infill as far as
possible. The area for the link element is computed using average spacing of the link
elements throughout the run of the infill and the thickness of the beam and column
element. The material non-linearity is also considered. An overview of the material
properties used for the analysis purpose is presented in the tabular form below.
Table 4-1: Material properties used in analysis (Pradhan, P.L., 2009)
Material
Remarks
Reinforced
Concrete
Brick
Mortar
MB
LB
1:4
1:6
Modulus of Elasticity
E (N/m2)
Poisson's Ratio
Density
, (kg/m3)
2.549E10
0.15
2500
0.09
1700
0.17
1780
3.022 E9
2.387 E9
3.651 E9
2.616 E9
26
The above mentioned materials and geometries were combined to generate the
models which ensured the combination of materials in a systematic way and thus
creating the desired variation in the analysis that was intended to be given to this
research. The respective combination of geometries with their respective material
properties are given in the table below.
Table 4-2: Designation of Models used for analysis
Aspect
Ratios
Brick
Machine
Made Brick
1
Local Brick
0.86
0.75
0.67
0.60
Mortar
Wall Thickness
(mm)
110
230
110
1:6
230
110
1:4
230
110
1:6
230
Same as in Aspect Ratio 1
Same as in Aspect Ratio 1
Same as in Aspect Ratio 1
Same as in Aspect Ratio 1
1:4
Model
Designation
11-MB4
23-MB4
11-MB6
23-MB6
11-LB4
23-LB4
11-LB6
23-LB6
The model prepared was described above and the outputs taken were limited
to the specific points as described below. All the points could not be considered for
the output so the salient points which were considered to be of considerable interest
were only considered. The reactions and moments were noted at both the supports
along with the top roof displacement and then the stresses and strains were also noted
down for the points as shown below in the figure.
27
RU, RU
LU, LU
C, C
LB, LB
Hz
RB, RB
Hz
ML
MR
V
Where,
HzL
HzR
ML
MR
LB, LB
LU, LU
C, C
RB, RB
RU, RU
Ansys were taken as the reference for the preparation of the training sets. Another 16
data sets were also prepared using Ansys for validation purpose. The 200 data sets
that were collected for the training purpose of the neural network comprised of
variation of single height, five spans, two brick-types, two mortar-types, two
thicknesses of infill and five loads thus making a total of 5 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 = 200
models to be analysed. The validating 16 data sets were taken in order to check the
accuracy of the data predicted from the trained network.
29
One can
interactively experiment with field values while observing effect on the prediction.
Data mine anomalies by performing a descending sort on difference between actual
and prediction. Perform graphical data mining by clicking mouse on scatter graph
and confusion matrix. While browsing data, rows may be interactively check marked
for export.
Figure 5-2: Error reduction graph during Back-propagation Neural Network Training
31
Geometric
Material Properties
Strength
Aspect Ratio
Modulus of Elasticity
of Brick
In-plane Lateral
Thickness of wall
Modulus of Elasticity
of Mortar
Stiffness
The variation is the parameters on the above mentioned interest are tabulated
below making the sum total number of analysed models 200. Combination of five
aspect ratios, two thicknesses of wall, two different bricks, and two different mortars
are anylysed for five loading conditions. The schematic variation in the considered
parameters is shown in the table below.
32
Analyses
Aspect
Ratios
Brick
Machine
Made
Brick
1 40
1
Local Brick
41 - 80
81 120
121 160
161 200
0.85
0.75
0.67
0.60
Wall
Mortar
Thickness
(mm)
110
1:4
230
110
1:6
230
110
1:4
230
110
1:6
230
Same as in 1 - 40
Same as in 1 - 40
Same as in 1 - 40
Same as in 1 - 40
Lateral load
(KN)
100,200,300,400,500
100,200,300,400,500
100,200,300,400,500
100,200,300,400,500
33
The table shown below shows that the ratios of stiffness and stresses at main
and the off-diagonal points of infilled frames with 230 mm thick infill walls to those
of infilled frames with 110 mm thick infill walls. These results indicate that there is a
34
near linear relationship between the wall thickness and the infilled frame stiffness, as
well as between the wall thickness. The Ratio of stiffness is increasing as the aspect
ratio is decreasing, i.e., the ratio of stiffness is increasing with increase in the span.
However, the trend for the ratio of stress and strain is opposite. The ratio of stresses
and strains at the specified nodal points seems to be decreasing with the decrease in
aspect ratio (i.e. increase in span).
Table 6-3: Response variation due to wall thickness
Aspect
Ratios
0.85
0.75
0.67
0.6
Ratio of Stresses
Ratio of Stresses
Model
Designation
Ratio of
Stiffness
LU
RU
LU
RU
MB-4
1.060
0.565
0.508
0.509
0.566
0.508
0.511
MB-6
1.067
0.569
0.518
0.518
0.570
0.518
0.512
LB-4
1.063
0.569
0.513
0.513
0.569
0.513
0.513
LB-6
1.070
0.574
0.523
0.523
0.574
0.523
0.515
MB-4
1.076
0.511
0.508
0.507
0.512
0.508
0.507
MB-6
1.086
0.516
0.520
0.520
0.517
0.519
0.510
LB-4
1.080
0.508
0.512
0.512
0.509
0.512
0.507
LB-6
1.091
0.511
0.522
0.522
0.512
0.522
0.512
MB-4
1.091
0.527
0.509
0.510
0.524
0.509
0.508
MB-6
1.102
0.527
0.520
0.518
0.523
0.519
0.514
LB-4
1.104
0.579
0.513
0.513
0.576
0.513
0.528
LB-6
1.114
0.565
0.523
0.523
0.561
0.522
0.531
MB-4
1.101
0.524
0.508
0.508
0.527
0.509
0.506
MB-6
1.117
0.529
0.518
0.518
0.531
0.518
0.507
LB-4
1.107
0.571
0.518
0.519
0.571
0.514
0.512
LB-6
1.139
0.567
0.521
0.521
0.564
0.515
0.507
MB-4
1.114
0.531
0.506
0.506
0.532
0.505
0.523
MB-6
1.131
0.533
0.512
0.512
0.534
0.511
0.506
LB-4
1.137
0.588
0.511
0.512
0.592
0.511
0.528
LB-6
1.151
0.583
0.519
0.519
0.587
0.518
0.510
The influence of aspect ratio can be clearly seen on the in-plane stiffness of
the infill frame and bare frame. The stiffness decreases if the aspect ratio decreases in
case of the bare frame. However, the stiffness was found to increase with the decrease
in aspect ratio for the infilled frame. The normalised stresses exert almost linear
relationship with the change in aspect ratio. In this study the size of aperture was kept
constant for respective aspect ratio as stated in table 6-2.
35
1.085
1.079
1.078
1.071
1.105
1.102
1.101
11 MB 4
11 MB 6
11 LB 4
11 LB 6
23 MB 4
23 MB 6
23 LB 4
23 LB 6
1.098
0.85
1.171
1.177
1.180
1.185
1.094
1.131
1.097
1.146
0.75
1.258
1.227
1.232
1.230
1.112
1.161
1.119
1.182
0.67
Normalised Stiffness
Model
Designation
1.245
1.255
1.261
1.269
1.103
1.170
1.114
1.196
0.6
0.909
0.876
0.913
0.873
1.050
0.991
1.023
0.990
0.85
1.241
1.251
1.244
1.254
1.029
1.341
0.981
1.338
0.75
0.961
0.946
0.945
0.924
0.780
0.990
0.745
0.973
0.67
Normalised stresses
0.982
0.978
0.973
0.972
0.747
1.013
0.717
0.985
0.6
0.913
0.878
0.920
0.877
1.055
0.992
1.030
0.993
0.85
1.253
1.259
1.257
1.263
1.043
1.370
0.992
1.365
0.75
0.954
0.981
0.981
0.975
0.799
1.025
0.762
1.009
0.67
Normalised strains
1.030
1.024
1.020
1.020
0.773
1.061
0.742
1.032
0.6
The influence of aspect ratio can be clearly seen on the in-plane stiffness of
the infill frame and bare frame. The stiffness decreases if the aspect ratio decreases in
case of the bare frame. However, the stiffness was found to increase with the decrease
in aspect ratio for the infilled frame. The normalised stresses exert almost linear
relationship with the change in aspect ratio. In this study the size of aperture was kept
constant for respective aspect ratio as stated in table below. The ratio of stiffness was
found to increases with decrease in aspect ratio. The stresses and strains were found to
be decrease with decrease in aspect ratio and also on increase in wall thickness.
Table 6-5: Response variation due to Bricks
Aspect
Ratios
0.85
0.75
0.67
0.6
Model
Designation
Ratio of
Stiffness
Ratio of Stresses
LU
Ratio of Stresses
RU
LU
RU
11 1:4
1.015
1.071
1.095
1.094
0.845
0.865
0.779
11 1:6
1.015
1.063
1.080
1.079
0.840
0.853
0.781
23 1:4
1.008
1.063
1.073
1.074
0.838
0.848
0.778
23 1:6
1.008
1.054
1.060
1.059
0.832
0.838
0.777
11 1:4
1.021
1.068
1.077
1.077
0.845
0.853
0.764
11 1:6
1.022
1.060
1.065
1.064
0.839
0.843
0.786
23 1:4
1.011
1.057
1.053
1.052
0.837
0.834
0.759
23 1:6
1.012
1.054
1.044
1.044
0.834
0.827
0.779
11 1:4
1.024
1.071
1.050
1.050
0.845
0.829
0.900
11 1:6
1.024
1.032
1.033
1.033
0.813
0.814
0.903
23 1:4
1.014
1.072
1.029
1.034
0.846
0.812
0.888
23 1:6
1.015
1.055
1.013
1.013
0.833
0.799
0.897
11 1:4
1.030
1.060
1.051
1.051
0.838
0.830
0.813
11 1:6
1.029
1.042
1.033
1.034
0.823
0.815
0.806
23 1:4
1.015
1.049
1.030
1.031
0.832
0.816
0.811
23 1:6
1.001
1.048
1.029
1.029
0.830
0.813
0.813
11 1:4
1.034
1.058
1.092
1.092
0.837
0.863
0.727
11 1:6
1.031
1.031
1.072
1.073
0.814
0.847
0.697
23 1:4
1.018
1.054
1.079
1.080
0.833
0.854
0.750
23 1:6
1.019
1.037
1.057
1.058
0.820
0.836
0.723
The ratio of responses with 1:4 mortar to 1:6 mortar are tabulated below. It
can be clearly seen on the in-plane stiffness of the infill frame with 1:4 mortar are
slightly above to those compared to those with 1:6 mortar. The ratio of stiffness was
37
found to increases with decrease in aspect ratio. The stresses and strains were found to
be decrease with decrease in aspect ratio and also with the increase in wall thickness.
Table 6-6: Response variation due to Mortar
Aspect
Ratios
0.85
0.75
0.67
0.6
Model
Designation
Ratio of
Stiffness
Ratio of Stresses
LU
Ratio of Stresses
RU
LU
RU
11 MB
1.016
1.019
0.951
0.950
1.021
0.951
1.052
11 LB
1.016
1.011
0.938
0.937
1.014
0.938
1.054
23 MB
1.013
1.011
0.941
0.943
1.013
0.941
1.049
23 LB
1.014
1.002
0.929
0.929
1.006
0.929
1.048
11 MB
1.017
0.953
0.968
0.967
0.952
0.964
0.976
11 LB
1.018
0.947
0.957
0.955
0.945
0.953
1.005
23 MB
1.014
0.959
0.960
0.959
0.958
0.957
0.976
23 LB
1.014
0.957
0.952
0.952
0.955
0.948
1.002
11 MB
1.025
1.080
1.008
1.008
1.081
1.011
0.889
11 LB
1.025
1.039
0.991
0.991
1.039
0.992
0.892
23 MB
1.014
0.981
1.001
1.002
0.980
1.003
0.855
23 LB
1.015
0.966
0.985
0.982
0.965
0.987
0.863
11 MB
1.030
1.061
1.005
1.003
1.065
1.004
1.005
11 LB
1.029
1.041
0.988
0.987
1.045
0.987
0.996
23 MB
1.025
0.973
0.985
0.984
0.983
0.995
0.993
23 LB
1.010
0.972
0.983
0.981
0.982
0.991
0.995
11 MB
1.036
1.094
0.951
0.950
1.099
0.948
1.010
11 LB
1.034
1.065
0.933
0.934
1.069
0.931
0.969
23 MB
1.016
0.988
0.940
0.940
0.988
0.938
0.999
23 LB
1.016
0.972
0.921
0.921
0.972
0.919
0.961
(a) MB4
(b) LB4
(a) MB6
(b) LB6
(a) 3m
(b) 3.5m
39
(c) 4m
(d) 4.5m
(e) 5m
Figure 6-3: Variation of stiffness with load
40
The finite element (FE) effective widths have been determined by replacing
the infill wall with a strut that results in the same infilled frame stiffness as from the
corresponding finite element analysis. Calculations based on Mainstone (1971)
method, and the FEMA 306 (1998) method are in reasonable agreement with each
other while that obtained from the current FE analyses shows the results on a higher
side for the estimates of the effective widths of the equivalent diagonal struts.
0.86
0.75
MB4
FEM
Wds
(m)
0.364
FEMA
Wds
Factor
(m)
of FE
0.398
1.093
Mainstone
Wds
Factor
(m)
of FE
0.417
1.146
Angel
Wds
Factor
(m)
of FE
0.473
1.299
MB6
0.371
0.405
1.091
0.422
1.138
0.473
1.275
LB4
0.369
0.403
1.091
0.421
1.140
0.473
1.282
LB6
0.376
0.409
1.089
0.426
1.133
0.473
1.258
Model
Designation
MB4
0.403
0.438
1.086
0.458
1.138
0.519
1.289
MB6
0.417
0.445
1.067
0.464
1.113
0.519
1.245
LB4
0.413
0.443
1.072
0.463
1.120
0.519
1.258
LB6
0.423
0.450
1.064
0.468
1.107
0.519
1.228
MB4
0.454
0.481
1.059
0.503
1.109
0.569
1.253
MB6
0.459
0.489
1.065
0.510
1.110
0.569
1.239
LB4
0.456
0.486
1.067
0.508
1.114
0.569
1.248
LB6
0.464
0.495
1.066
0.514
1.108
0.569
1.226
41
0.67
0.6
MB4
0.483
0.527
1.090
0.551
1.140
0.621
1.285
MB6
0.497
0.535
1.077
0.558
1.122
0.621
1.249
LB4
0.492
0.533
1.083
0.556
1.130
0.621
1.262
LB6
0.501
0.542
1.082
0.563
1.123
0.621
1.239
MB4
0.536
0.575
1.072
0.600
1.120
0.674
1.258
MB6
0.542
0.584
1.078
0.608
1.122
0.674
1.244
LB4
0.538
0.582
1.081
0.606
1.126
0.674
1.254
LB6
0.546
0.591
1.083
0.613
1.124
0.674
1.235
This was done for all the 16 outputs those were desired to be produced from the
network. The validation of the predicted data sets was done in reference to those data
sets from Ansys analysis. The predicted data and the desired data and their
corresponding difference in percentage which indicates the accuracy of the predicted
data are shown in the table below.
42
ANN
ANSYS
-99997
-150000
163970
74302
97579
12.911
2033
-4795728
-606176
-4817533
6144
3.870E-07
-9.583E-04
-1.900E-04
-1.418E-03
1.047E-06
Responses
Hz L (N)
Hz R (N)
V (N)
M L (N-m)
M R (N-m)
Disp (mm)
LB (N/m2)
LU (N/m2)
C (N/m2)
RB (N/m2)
RU (N/m2)
LB
LU
RB
RU
9.798E-07
-1.443E-03
-1.947E-04
-1.004E-03
3.928E-07
5980
-4989542
-611721
-4737439
1849
13.168
98226
75393
163451
-149503
-100329
250
Load
Model
6.381
1.768
2.496
4.808
1.487
2.661
3.570
0.915
1.215
9.022
1.988
0.663
1.468
0.317
0.331
0.332
% Error
8.407E-07
-1.003E-03
-1.347E-04
-7.266E-04
3.035E-07
4348
-3718866
-430130
-3475204
1118
16.589
132500
97796
231990
-213150
-136850
ANSYS
11-MB4
9.091E-07
-1.095E-03
-1.366E-04
-7.915E-04
3.382E-07
4268
-4037448
-434327
-3565439
1074
16.473
132989
97432
232805
-211241
-135908
ANN
450
8.128
9.162
1.444
8.933
11.428
1.853
8.567
0.976
2.597
3.879
0.701
0.369
0.373
0.351
0.896
0.689
% Error
2.883E-07
-4.427E-04
-5.894E-05
-3.319E-04
1.556E-07
2093
-1511038
-197155
-1653769
528
7.064
56706
41834
99461
-91505
-58495
ANSYS
2.672E-07
-4.558E-04
-5.702E-05
-3.175E-04
1.648E-07
1876
-1508890
-189955
-1858448
465
6.934
56212
41200
98058
-89219
-57538
ANN
150
7.299
2.959
3.261
4.335
5.901
10.370
0.142
3.652
12.377
11.894
1.842
0.871
1.516
1.411
2.498
1.635
% Error
2.181E-06
-2.276E-03
-3.942E-04
-1.985E-03
8.622E-07
10183
-6231407
-993716
-6301922
4778
24.421
179010
138530
293230
-267510
-182490
ANSYS
23-MB4
2.320E-06
-2.172E-03
-3.937E-04
-1.962E-03
8.048E-07
10634
-5653019
-1009572
-5778220
5438
24.434
179778
139091
292447
-268607
-182535
ANN
350
6.336
4.592
0.144
1.161
6.652
4.430
9.282
1.596
8.310
13.810
0.054
0.429
0.405
0.267
0.410
0.024
% Error
ANN
ANSYS
-100560
-149440
163550
75332
98313
13.163
2129
-4953283
-643746
-4967742
6881
3.856E-07
-9.901E-04
-2.026E-04
-1.467E-03
1.078E-06
Responses
Hz L (N)
Hz R (N)
V (N)
M L (N-m)
M R (N-m)
Disp (mm)
LB (N/m2)
LU (N/m2)
C (N/m2)
RB (N/m2)
RU (N/m2)
LB
LU
RB
RU
9.972E-07
-1.476E-03
-1.939E-04
-1.061E-03
3.405E-07
6180
-5091107
-630214
-4798553
1896
13.337
98861
75896
163207
-149582
-100822
250
Load
Model
7.466
0.602
4.295
7.187
11.689
10.189
2.483
2.102
3.124
10.956
1.322
0.557
0.749
0.209
0.095
0.261
% Error
2.146E-06
-2.120E-03
-3.675E-04
-1.535E-03
3.745E-07
12541
-6165900
-1165171
-6470576
5772
24.498
179240
138180
293250
-267490
-182510
ANSYS
11-MB6
1.866E-06
-2.075E-03
-3.544E-04
-1.655E-03
3.337E-07
10981
-5832554
-1119811
-5717876
5819
24.706
180898
139530
292111
-268872
-181804
ANN
450
44
13.062
2.122
3.568
7.831
10.919
12.443
5.406
3.893
11.633
0.815
0.850
0.925
0.977
0.388
0.517
0.387
% Error
2.883E-07
-4.427E-04
-5.894E-05
-3.319E-04
1.556E-07
2093
-1511038
-197155
-1653769
528
7.064
56706
41834
99461
-91505
-58495
ANSYS
2.672E-07
-4.558E-04
-5.702E-05
-3.175E-04
1.648E-07
1876
-1508890
-189955
-1858448
465
6.934
56212
41200
98058
-89219
-57538
ANN
150
7.299
2.959
3.261
4.335
5.901
10.370
0.142
3.652
12.377
11.894
1.842
0.871
1.516
1.411
2.498
1.635
% Error
8.339E-07
-1.061E-03
-1.438E-04
-7.226E-04
3.230E-07
4873
-3890035
-457402
-3603996
1179
16.879
133400
99041
231490
-212210
-137790
ANSYS
23-MB6
9.100E-07
-1.123E-03
-1.374E-04
-7.968E-04
3.444E-07
4457
-4183064
-451793
-3646379
1089
16.809
133916
98977
233048
-212342
-135330
ANN
350
9.125
5.911
4.451
10.274
6.619
8.539
7.533
1.226
1.176
7.575
0.414
0.387
0.064
0.673
0.062
1.785
% Error
ANN
ANSYS
-100640
-149360
163420
75703
98491
13.249
1938
-4435134
-562581
-4489361
5461
4.740E-07
-1.218E-03
-2.225E-04
-1.671E-03
1.270E-06
Responses
Hz L (N)
Hz R (N)
V (N)
M L (N-m)
M R (N-m)
Disp (mm)
LB (N/m2)
LU (N/m2)
C (N/m2)
RB (N/m2)
RU (N/m2)
LB
LU
RB
RU
1.428E-06
-1.708E-03
-2.298E-04
-1.258E-03
4.279E-07
5980
-4800765
-578272
-4587174
1757
13.459
99194
76678
162810
-149124
-100821
250
Load
Model
12.464
2.187
3.298
3.310
9.735
9.501
6.936
2.789
3.428
9.321
1.586
0.714
1.288
0.373
0.158
0.180
% Error
2.181E-06
-2.276E-03
-3.942E-04
-1.985E-03
8.622E-07
10183
-6231407
-993716
-6301922
4778
24.421
179010
138530
293230
-267510
-182490
ANSYS
11-MB4
2.320E-06
-2.172E-03
-3.937E-04
-1.962E-03
8.048E-07
10634
-5653019
-1009572
-5778220
5438
24.434
179778
139091
292447
-268607
-182535
ANN
450
45
6.336
4.592
0.144
1.161
6.652
4.430
9.282
1.596
8.310
13.810
0.054
0.429
0.405
0.267
0.410
0.024
% Error
3.589E-07
-4.778E-04
-7.053E-05
-3.663E-04
1.756E-07
1676
-1371119
-173548
-1490799
487
7.124
56862
42077
99367
-91406
-58594
ANSYS
3.662E-07
-4.338E-04
-7.342E-05
-3.683E-04
1.954E-07
1801
-1329601
-175490
-1690440
446
6.913
56070
41032
98049
-89400
-57519
ANN
150
2.025
9.191
4.100
0.541
11.268
7.477
3.028
1.119
13.392
8.546
2.952
1.393
2.483
1.326
2.194
1.835
% Error
8.354E-07
-1.210E-03
-1.592E-04
-8.288E-04
3.664E-07
3901
-4157936
-402957
-3275523
1166
16.832
133160
98821
231590
-212670
-137330
ANSYS
23-MB4
8.799E-07
-1.316E-03
-1.678E-04
-9.125E-04
4.162E-07
4268
-3812790
-414469
-3411099
1029
16.632
133232
98036
231613
-210674
-136552
ANN
350
5.335
8.815
5.407
10.101
13.585
9.406
8.301
2.857
4.139
11.726
1.187
0.054
0.795
0.010
0.939
0.566
% Error
ANN
ANSYS
-101230
-148770
162970
76832
99283
13.524
1886
-4587630
-602243
-4663352
6338
4.003E-07
-1.158E-03
-2.395E-04
-1.741E-03
1.365E-06
Responses
Hz L (N)
Hz R (N)
V (N)
M L (N-m)
M R (N-m)
Disp (mm)
LB (N/m2)
LU (N/m2)
C (N/m2)
RB (N/m2)
RU (N/m2)
LB
LU
RB
RU
1.448E-06
-1.734E-03
-2.342E-04
-1.254E-03
3.638E-07
6180
-4926436
-600434
-4657419
1803
13.637
99877
77282
162562
-148815
-101758
250
Load
Model
6.097
0.385
2.222
8.329
9.117
2.492
5.642
0.300
1.521
4.432
0.832
0.598
0.585
0.250
0.030
0.521
% Error
2.556E-06
-2.367E-03
-4.249E-04
-1.957E-03
9.378E-07
11861
-6328377
-1065036
-5828512
4986
25.135
181010
141160
292140
-266310
-183690
ANSYS
11-MB4
2.327E-06
-2.180E-03
-3.983E-04
-1.890E-03
8.283E-07
10981
-5708711
-1048822
-5683134
5622
25.550
182771
143211
291252
-267203
-183992
ANN
450
46
8.961
7.908
6.253
3.422
11.679
7.425
9.792
1.522
2.494
12.753
1.652
0.973
1.453
0.304
0.335
0.165
% Error
3.892E-07
-5.372E-04
-7.377E-05
-3.958E-04
1.816E-07
1947
-1459303
-185955
-1561059
492
7.179
57013
42311
99277
-91285
-58715
ANSYS
3.584E-07
-4.830E-04
-7.096E-05
-3.835E-04
2.011E-07
1876
-1449315
-183159
-1751616
451
7.063
56395
41680
97952
-88847
-57684
ANN
150
7.930
10.096
3.807
3.101
10.738
3.622
0.684
1.504
12.207
8.306
1.610
1.084
1.492
1.335
2.671
1.756
% Error
9.738E-07
-1.278E-03
-1.710E-04
-8.593E-04
3.768E-07
4522
-3821021
-430671
-3392969
1130
17.094
133730
99861
230400
-211110
-137890
ANSYS
23-MB4
8.800E-07
-1.339E-03
-1.682E-04
-8.957E-04
4.227E-07
4457
-3980147
-432644
-3492311
1043
16.980
134214
99622
231858
-210329
-136786
ANN
350
9.625
4.795
1.651
4.242
12.185
1.443
4.164
0.458
2.928
7.684
0.665
0.362
0.239
0.633
0.370
0.800
% Error
From the above tables it can be noted that the percentage of error in prediction
of data from the ANN tool so developed is varying from maximum of 13.81% to
minimum of 0.01%. Hence ANN can be taken as a powerful tool for the prediction of
initial design parameters related to any field especially if the mass data regarding that
field is available. For the data sets given above it can be noticed that error percentage
is relatively high in stress and strain fields whereas the error percentage is almost
negligible in reaction fields (displacements, shear and vertical reaction). This is a
good sign that the parameters of interest was predicted more accurately by the tool so
developed and the variation in data predicted for stress and strain fields can be
attributed to the reason that the data taken was not uniform enough as the
recognisation of nodes at the exact place was almost impossible for all the models
prepared thus creating a more varying data for the training sets itself and hence the
prediction showing the results afterwards.
47
48
Several modifications were proposed in the equivalent strut models. The outcomes of
this research are in reasonable agreement with the one proposed by FEMA356.
A series of two hundred full scale analyses was conducted using finite element
model to simulate each model. The finite element model was used to carry out
parametric studies. The model utilises 4-noded plane stress elements for masonry
units, 2-noded link elements for frame-to-wall contact and again 2-noded beam
element for the modelling of beam and column. A simplified approach to formulate an
equivalent strut width for the infills has been proposed in this research. With the aid
of software, reactions, deflections and other responses at several nodes on each
specimen were recorded. Load deflection responses showed that infills increased the
stiffness of frames by 2.5 times.
Non-linear elastic behaviour was prescribed for frame-to-wall contact and
thin-layer joints. Linear elastic behaviour was assumed for steel. Material properties
used in this model were obtained from estimations based on the available literature.
The finite element model has been used to study the influence of several geometric,
material and interface parameters. These parameters included the aspect ratio of the
infilled frame, the thickness of the infill wall, the elasticity modulus of the bricks and
the mortars. It has been concluded that composite infilled frame action is optimum in
infilled frames with aspect ratios less than or nearly equal to one. In relatively squat
infilled frames, the wall dominates the behaviour while the frames contribution
diminishes. On the other hand, for relatively slender infilled frames, bending
deflections increasingly overshadow composite action of the bounding frame and
infill walls. In general, most geometrical parameters have the highest relative
influence on the stiffness of square infilled frames.
A comparison of effective widths of equivalent diagonal struts derived from
finite element analyses in this study with those derived from other methods from
literature showed that a width of the diagonal proposed by FEMA length is a good,
though a bit underestimated, approximation.
The data thus obtained from the structural analyses were then fed into the
neural network and the network was trained for as many cycles as possible to reduce
the mean RMS error. The neural network was trained to predict one output at a time
for the prediction of a particular response. The results predicted from the trained
network and those from the ANSYS were compared and found to be in reasonable
49
accuracy. Thus based on this study, ANN model was found to be reasonably accurate
for the structure like infilled frame where the degree of non-linearity is very high.
And hence the ANNs are expected to be applicable to other civil engineering
problems, and may have wider applications in other engineering problems.
7.2 Conclusions
The following conclusions are drawn from this study:
Three strut models considered, two performed okay but the one fitting best
with the current FE analyses is the one proposed by FEMA; the locations for
the strut and the formula for the calculation of their strut width best represent
the scenario of an infill bounded by reinforced concrete frame.
The combination of material constituting masonry units have a wider influence
on the stiffness and stress- strain responses developed in the infill and each
case has to be investigated peculiarly to know the exact response rather than
treating complete masonry infill as a single unit.
The responses from the non-linear analysis of the infill model prepared in
ANSYS were used as training data sets. Standard Neural Network software
was used to train the network and later some data sets were used for validation
of the results predicted. The results were found to be satisfactory with error
ranging from 0.01% minimum to 13.81% maximum.
For the quick prediction of the design parameters, neural network can be
extremely useful. The network needs to be trained with data sets of similar
types though. A typical neural network was fed into 200 data sets as training
data sets for the training purpose and the network with just one hidden layer
containing 5 nodes produced accuracy as high as 99.99%. However the
accuracy on the predicted data heavily depends upon the anomalies present in
the data that is being used to train the network.
The research conducted above makes it clear that infill materials present a
very complex scenario for structural engineers when it comes to the simulation of the
real structures in computers. The material heterogeneity and complex interaction
among several infill-masonry components make it extremely difficult to idealise the
50
structure and thus the computer simulation to represent the characteristics of the infill
becomes extremely tedious and monotonic. Thus the prediction of correct initial
design parameters, if possible, can be a boon to structural engineers. These days
computers come with extra-ordinary computing capabilities and hence computing
powers of modern day computers can be used to an optimum extent to predict the
responses of the infill due to in-plane lateral load analysis. This is where the Artificial
Neural Networks can be extremely useful.
52
APPENDIX
A. ANSYS Contour Result Plot
53
54
Reactions
Brick
Load
(KN)
HzL
(N)
ML
(N-m)
MR
(N-m)
1:4
MB
100
-42976
1:4
MB
200
-85901
-57024
93155
31126
36911
5.88350
-114100
185750
63191
74552
12.04600
0.11
1:4
MB
300
-128270
-171730
278220
95425
112400
18.28000
0.11
1:4
MB
400
0.11
1:4
MB
500
-170410
-229590
370720
127600
150230
24.51000
-212200
-287800
463090
159980
188260
30.82300
0.11
1:4
LB
100
-43132
-56868
92979
31447
37115
5.96880
0.11
1:4
LB
200
-86227
-113770
185420
63803
74935
12.20900
0.11
0.11
1:4
LB
300
-128860
-171140
277730
96344
112960
18.52100
1:4
LB
400
-171230
-228770
369960
129010
151110
24.88200
0.11
1:4
LB
500
-213330
-286670
462030
161930
189480
31.33900
0.11
1:6
MB
100
-43069
-56931
92936
31509
37183
5.99620
0.11
1:6
MB
200
-85691
-114310
185380
63819
75049
12.24000
0.11
1:6
MB
300
-127850
-172150
277750
96210
113030
18.53400
0.11
1:6
MB
400
-169660
-230340
370060
128700
151130
24.87400
0.11
1:6
MB
500
-211450
-288550
462320
161250
189280
31.24100
0.11
1:6
LB
100
-43221
-56779
92756
31838
37393
6.08470
0.11
1:6
LB
200
-86058
-113940
185040
64438
75429
12.40300
0.11
1:6
LB
300
-128420
-171580
277210
97216
113660
18.80100
0.11
1:6
LB
400
-170530
-229470
369260
130170
152050
25.26600
0.11
1:6
LB
500
-212670
-287330
461220
163290
190550
31.77800
0.23
1:4
MB
100
-42568
-57432
93712
30112
36251
5.60320
0.23
1:4
MB
200
-85231
-114770
187330
60393
72610
11.26100
0.23
1:4
MB
300
-127870
-172130
280400
91606
109690
17.18300
0.23
1:4
MB
400
-170160
-229840
373410
122880
146880
23.13700
0.23
1:4
MB
500
-212200
-287800
466360
154250
184170
29.13600
0.23
1:4
LB
100
-42655
-57345
93614
30292
36365
5.65120
0.23
1:4
LB
200
-85383
-114620
187150
60719
72818
11.34600
0.23
1:4
LB
300
-128120
-171880
280120
92113
110020
17.31900
0.23
1:4
LB
400
-170510
-229490
373040
123570
147310
23.32200
0.23
1:4
LB
500
-212700
-287300
465910
155080
184680
29.35300
0.23
1:6
MB
100
-42583
-57417
93664
30198
36310
5.62830
0.23
1:6
MB
200
-85304
-114700
186900
61140
73166
11.47500
0.23
1:6
MB
300
-127630
-172370
279870
92495
110400
17.45200
0.23
1:6
MB
400
-169620
-230380
372790
123910
147730
23.46600
0.23
1:6
MB
500
-211180
-288820
465670
155360
185130
29.51000
0.23
1:6
LB
100
-42669
-57331
93560
30388
36432
5.67940
0.23
1:6
LB
200
-85469
-114530
186700
61496
73392
11.57100
0.23
1:6
LB
300
-127890
-172110
279580
93020
110730
17.59300
0.23
1:6
LB
400
-169990
-230010
372410
124600
148160
23.64900
0.23
1:6
LB
500
-211750
-288250
465210
156220
185650
29.73500
Mortar
0.11
0.11
HzR
(N)
Displacement
V
(N)
Thickness
(m)
55
(mm)
Stress (N/m2)
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
LB
LU
RB
RU
MB
Load
(KN)
100
1.846E+03
-1.627E+06
-2.237E+05
-1.453E+06
2.259E+03
1:4
MB
200
3.581E+03
-2.730E+06
-4.416E+05
-2.580E+06
4.450E+03
Mortar
Brick
1:4
0.11
0.11
1:4
MB
300
5.371E+03
-3.791E+06
-6.595E+05
-3.648E+06
6.671E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
400
7.194E+03
-4.904E+06
-8.800E+05
-4.694E+06
8.881E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
500
9.044E+03
-5.945E+06
-1.101E+06
-5.605E+06
1.108E+04
0.11
1:4
LB
100
1.881E+03
-1.513E+06
-2.068E+05
-1.313E+06
2.089E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
200
3.654E+03
-2.551E+06
-4.087E+05
-2.352E+06
4.128E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
300
5.472E+03
-3.555E+06
-6.101E+05
-3.306E+06
6.166E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
400
7.378E+03
-4.567E+06
-7.933E+05
-4.227E+06
8.009E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
500
9.357E+03
-5.561E+06
-9.795E+05
-5.055E+06
9.901E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
100
1.688E+03
-1.524E+06
-2.354E+05
-1.502E+06
2.376E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
200
3.339E+03
-2.673E+06
-4.643E+05
-2.663E+06
4.693E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
300
5.051E+03
-3.781E+06
-6.947E+05
-3.755E+06
7.016E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
400
6.808E+03
-4.865E+06
-9.249E+05
-4.689E+06
9.346E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
500
8.594E+03
-5.978E+06
-1.155E+06
-5.600E+06
1.167E+04
0.11
1:6
LB
100
1.728E+03
-1.429E+06
-2.200E+05
-1.380E+06
2.223E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
200
3.418E+03
-2.532E+06
-4.353E+05
-2.452E+06
4.397E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
300
5.156E+03
-3.545E+06
-6.509E+05
-3.418E+06
6.570E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
400
6.982E+03
-4.571E+06
-8.470E+05
-4.280E+06
8.569E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
500
8.869E+03
-5.623E+06
-1.046E+06
-5.106E+06
1.059E+04
0.23
1:4
MB
100
9.394E+02
-8.260E+05
-1.121E+05
-7.363E+05
1.133E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
200
1.858E+03
-1.654E+06
-2.265E+05
-1.486E+06
2.288E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
300
2.729E+03
-2.228E+06
-3.369E+05
-2.022E+06
3.404E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
400
3.614E+03
-2.788E+06
-4.470E+05
-2.570E+06
4.520E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
500
4.511E+03
-3.292E+06
-5.569E+05
-3.125E+06
5.633E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
100
9.662E+02
-7.689E+05
-1.030E+05
-6.678E+05
1.039E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
200
1.916E+03
-1.565E+06
-2.116E+05
-1.354E+06
2.138E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
300
2.813E+03
-2.099E+06
-3.147E+05
-1.864E+06
3.180E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
400
3.724E+03
-2.624E+06
-4.179E+05
-2.352E+06
4.218E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
500
4.648E+03
-3.105E+06
-5.216E+05
-2.847E+06
5.271E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
100
8.812E+02
-8.857E+05
-1.219E+05
-8.163E+05
1.228E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
200
1.706E+03
-1.574E+06
-2.393E+05
-1.492E+06
2.414E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
300
2.532E+03
-2.159E+06
-3.563E+05
-2.078E+06
3.594E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
400
3.380E+03
-2.711E+06
-4.722E+05
-2.694E+06
4.766E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
500
4.247E+03
-3.265E+06
-5.891E+05
-3.252E+06
5.948E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
100
9.096E+02
-8.317E+05
-1.135E+05
-7.480E+05
1.146E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
200
1.766E+03
-1.493E+06
-2.261E+05
-1.386E+06
2.284E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
300
2.622E+03
-2.055E+06
-3.368E+05
-1.940E+06
3.402E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
400
3.499E+03
-2.582E+06
-4.474E+05
-2.495E+06
4.515E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
500
4.390E+03
-3.108E+06
-5.591E+05
-3.007E+06
5.650E+03
56
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
Strain
Mortar
Brick
1:4
MB
Load
(KN)
100
0.11
1:4
MB
200
1.115E-06
-8.231E-04
-1.330E-04
-7.871E-04
2.050E-06
0.11
LB
LU
RB
RU
5.745E-07
-4.934E-04
-6.736E-05
-4.463E-04
1.034E-06
1:4
MB
300
1.672E-06
-1.142E-03
-1.986E-04
-1.108E-03
3.055E-06
0.11
1:4
MB
400
2.240E-06
-1.477E-03
-2.650E-04
-1.423E-03
4.068E-06
0.11
1:4
MB
500
2.816E-06
-1.791E-03
-3.315E-04
-1.695E-03
5.076E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
100
7.377E-07
-5.821E-04
-7.883E-05
-5.115E-04
1.315E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
200
1.433E-06
-9.751E-04
-1.558E-04
-9.100E-04
2.610E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
300
2.146E-06
-1.358E-03
-2.326E-04
-1.274E-03
3.898E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
400
2.894E-06
-1.744E-03
-3.025E-04
-1.624E-03
5.247E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
500
3.671E-06
-2.123E-03
-3.735E-04
-1.937E-03
6.640E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
100
5.291E-07
-4.594E-04
-7.091E-05
-4.592E-04
9.844E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
200
1.047E-06
-8.050E-04
-1.399E-04
-8.086E-04
1.942E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
300
1.584E-06
-1.139E-03
-2.093E-04
-1.136E-03
2.902E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
400
2.134E-06
-1.465E-03
-2.786E-04
-1.416E-03
3.866E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
500
2.694E-06
-1.801E-03
-3.478E-04
-1.688E-03
4.844E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
100
6.824E-07
-5.462E-04
-8.388E-05
-5.347E-04
1.251E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
200
1.350E-06
-9.658E-04
-1.659E-04
-9.436E-04
2.474E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
300
2.036E-06
-1.352E-03
-2.481E-04
-1.310E-03
3.697E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
400
2.757E-06
-1.743E-03
-3.229E-04
-1.636E-03
4.973E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
500
3.503E-06
-2.144E-03
-3.988E-04
-1.949E-03
6.298E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
100
2.924E-07
-2.505E-04
-3.377E-05
-2.263E-04
5.251E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
200
5.785E-07
-5.017E-04
-6.822E-05
-4.567E-04
1.051E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
300
8.497E-07
-6.727E-04
-1.015E-04
-6.188E-04
1.568E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
400
1.125E-06
-8.406E-04
-1.346E-04
-7.841E-04
2.079E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
500
1.404E-06
-9.922E-04
-1.677E-04
-9.521E-04
2.589E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
100
3.789E-07
-2.958E-04
-3.927E-05
-2.603E-04
6.746E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
200
7.517E-07
-6.027E-04
-8.069E-05
-5.278E-04
1.350E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
300
1.103E-06
-8.035E-04
-1.200E-04
-7.237E-04
2.015E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
400
1.461E-06
-1.003E-03
-1.593E-04
-9.101E-04
2.674E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
500
1.823E-06
-1.186E-03
-1.989E-04
-1.100E-03
3.333E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
100
2.762E-07
-2.678E-04
-3.674E-05
-2.503E-04
5.031E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
200
5.347E-07
-4.744E-04
-7.208E-05
-4.558E-04
1.003E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
300
7.938E-07
-6.502E-04
-1.073E-04
-6.325E-04
1.492E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
400
1.060E-06
-8.165E-04
-1.422E-04
-8.183E-04
1.979E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
500
1.332E-06
-9.833E-04
-1.774E-04
-9.855E-04
2.467E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
100
3.591E-07
-3.189E-04
-4.325E-05
-2.907E-04
6.464E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
200
6.972E-07
-5.703E-04
-8.619E-05
-5.367E-04
1.289E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
300
1.035E-06
-7.838E-04
-1.284E-04
-7.482E-04
1.918E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
400
1.382E-06
-9.846E-04
-1.706E-04
-9.599E-04
2.548E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
500
1.734E-06
-1.185E-03
-2.131E-04
-1.154E-03
3.178E-06
57
Reactions
Displacement
(mm)
Thickness
(m)
Mortar
Brick
Load
(KN)
HzL
(N)
HzR
(N)
V
(N)
ML
(N-m)
MR
(N-m)
0.11
1:4
MB
100
-41315
-58685
79952
30142
37526
5.425
0.11
1:4
MB
200
-83003
-117000
159550
60994
75564
11.055
0.11
1:4
MB
300
-124450
-175550
238960
92222
113930
16.785
-234500
318280
123580
152440
22.571
-293630
397540
155060
191050
28.404
0.11
1:4
MB
400
-165500
0.11
1:4
MB
500
-206370
0.11
1:4
LB
100
-41508
-58492
79753
30565
37801
5.534
-116620
159170
61813
76091
11.267
0.11
1:4
LB
200
-83383
0.11
1:4
LB
300
-125090
-174910
238350
93513
114760
17.118
0.11
1:4
LB
400
-166590
-233410
317380
125490
153670
23.061
0.11
1:4
LB
500
-207910
-292090
396290
157720
192760
29.083
-58537
79812
30438
37721
5.507
61750
76121
11.257
0.11
1:6
MB
100
-41463
0.11
1:6
MB
200
-83077
-116920
159180
0.11
1:6
MB
300
-124280
-175720
238450
93233
114690
17.072
-234920
317620
124900
153440
22.960
-293880
396590
156960
192480
28.948
0.11
1:6
MB
400
-165080
0.11
1:6
MB
500
-206120
0.11
1:6
LB
100
-41657
-58343
79606
30875
38004
5.620
-116500
158780
62613
76673
11.478
0.11
1:6
LB
200
-83495
0.11
1:6
LB
300
-124990
-175010
237800
94610
115580
17.425
0.11
1:6
LB
400
-166270
-233730
316670
126930
154740
23.476
-292370
395270
159790
194270
29.664
36733
5.110
0.11
1:6
LB
500
-207630
0.23
1:4
MB
100
-40721
-59279
80528
28917
0.23
1:4
MB
200
-81494
-118510
161040
57869
73491
10.230
-177390
241300
87342
110600
15.518
0.23
1:4
MB
300
-122610
0.23
1:4
MB
400
-163830
-236170
321250
117410
148200
20.935
0.23
1:4
MB
500
-204740
-295260
401200
147480
185820
26.365
0.23
1:4
LB
100
-40824
-59176
80421
29146
36881
5.169
-118300
160830
58322
73785
10.347
0.23
1:4
LB
200
-81704
0.23
1:4
LB
300
-122910
-177090
240980
88014
111040
15.691
0.23
1:4
LB
400
-164230
-235770
320830
118310
148780
21.168
-294710
400670
148610
186550
26.656
36799
5.135
0.23
1:4
LB
500
-205290
0.23
1:6
MB
100
-40774
-59226
80481
29019
0.23
1:6
MB
200
-81757
-118240
160820
58333
73798
10.367
-176950
240760
88426
111400
15.798
0.23
1:6
MB
300
-123050
0.23
1:6
MB
400
-163860
-236140
320640
118630
149130
21.266
0.23
1:6
MB
500
-204420
-295580
400470
148910
186950
26.778
-59118
80366
29263
36956
5.198
58808
74105
10.489
0.23
1:6
LB
100
-40882
0.23
1:6
LB
200
-81967
-118030
160600
0.23
1:6
LB
300
-123370
-176630
240440
89123
111840
15.977
-235690
320200
119580
149730
21.509
-294950
399910
150110
187710
27.084
0.23
1:6
LB
400
-164310
0.23
1:6
LB
500
-205050
58
Stress (N/m2)
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
1:4
MB
Load
(KN)
100
4.411E+02
-1.203E+06
-2.302E+05
-1.323E+06
2.324E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
200
1.135E+03
-2.306E+06
-4.574E+05
-2.655E+06
4.617E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
300
1.695E+03
-3.406E+06
-6.834E+05
-4.036E+06
6.903E+03
0.11
Mortar
Brick
LB
LU
RB
RU
1:4
MB
400
2.265E+03
-4.549E+06
-9.102E+05
-5.430E+06
9.193E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
500
2.840E+03
-5.884E+06
-1.138E+06
-6.664E+06
1.149E+04
0.11
1:4
LB
100
4.224E+02
-1.125E+06
-2.161E+05
-1.242E+06
2.184E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
200
8.158E+02
-2.173E+06
-4.296E+05
-2.497E+06
4.337E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
300
1.212E+03
-3.183E+06
-6.415E+05
-3.764E+06
6.480E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
400
1.624E+03
-4.253E+06
-8.355E+05
-5.081E+06
8.438E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
500
2.045E+03
-5.513E+06
-1.032E+06
-6.244E+06
1.042E+04
0.11
1:6
MB
100
5.084E+02
-1.258E+06
-2.392E+05
-1.377E+06
2.422E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
200
1.161E+03
-2.383E+06
-4.731E+05
-2.634E+06
4.779E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
300
1.750E+03
-3.560E+06
-7.069E+05
-4.137E+06
7.140E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
400
2.352E+03
-4.922E+06
-9.392E+05
-5.362E+06
9.487E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
500
2.952E+03
-6.119E+06
-1.169E+06
-6.056E+06
1.181E+04
0.11
1:6
LB
100
4.378E+02
-1.181E+06
-2.263E+05
-1.308E+06
2.294E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
200
8.615E+02
-2.246E+06
-4.486E+05
-2.505E+06
4.535E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
300
1.295E+03
-3.328E+06
-6.707E+05
-3.886E+06
6.783E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
400
1.748E+03
-4.609E+06
-8.730E+05
-5.092E+06
8.825E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
500
2.202E+03
-5.904E+06
-1.077E+06
-5.823E+06
1.088E+04
0.23
1:4
MB
100
2.229E+02
-6.076E+05
-1.164E+05
-6.674E+05
1.171E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
200
4.451E+02
-1.220E+06
-2.329E+05
-1.345E+06
2.349E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
300
8.674E+02
-1.779E+06
-3.482E+05
-2.067E+06
3.514E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
400
1.145E+03
-2.321E+06
-4.626E+05
-2.743E+06
4.673E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
500
1.426E+03
-2.873E+06
-5.766E+05
-3.514E+06
5.826E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
100
2.154E+02
-5.726E+05
-1.106E+05
-6.306E+05
1.118E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
200
4.301E+02
-1.150E+06
-2.209E+05
-1.275E+06
2.231E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
300
6.302E+02
-1.689E+06
-3.304E+05
-1.963E+06
3.338E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
400
8.290E+02
-2.205E+06
-4.390E+05
-2.603E+06
4.437E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
500
1.031E+03
-2.721E+06
-5.481E+05
-3.320E+06
5.536E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
100
2.605E+02
-6.459E+05
-1.218E+05
-6.991E+05
1.229E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
200
5.154E+02
-1.272E+06
-2.429E+05
-1.411E+06
2.453E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
300
8.831E+02
-1.835E+06
-3.626E+05
-2.111E+06
3.664E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
400
1.176E+03
-2.410E+06
-4.804E+05
-2.882E+06
4.850E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
500
1.475E+03
-2.982E+06
-5.990E+05
-3.650E+06
6.065E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
100
2.270E+02
-6.102E+05
-1.166E+05
-6.687E+05
1.179E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
200
4.478E+02
-1.207E+06
-2.323E+05
-1.354E+06
2.348E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
300
6.625E+02
-1.750E+06
-3.469E+05
-2.026E+06
3.503E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
400
8.820E+02
-2.291E+06
-4.606E+05
-2.740E+06
4.650E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
500
1.105E+03
-2.824E+06
-5.752E+05
-3.468E+06
5.809E+03
59
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
Strain
1:4
MB
Load
(KN)
100
1.336E-07
-3.660E-04
-6.992E-05
-4.024E-04
6.319E-07
0.11
1:4
MB
200
3.422E-07
-6.985E-04
-1.389E-04
-8.096E-04
1.262E-06
0.11
1:4
MB
300
5.110E-07
-1.031E-03
-2.076E-04
-1.224E-03
1.890E-06
0.11
Mortar
Brick
LB
LU
RB
RU
1:4
MB
400
6.829E-07
-1.375E-03
-2.766E-04
-1.641E-03
2.518E-06
0.11
1:4
MB
500
8.562E-07
-1.778E-03
-3.458E-04
-2.011E-03
3.147E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
100
1.612E-07
-4.320E-04
-8.286E-05
-4.779E-04
8.237E-07
0.11
1:4
LB
200
3.111E-07
-8.317E-04
-1.647E-04
-9.632E-04
1.646E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
300
4.622E-07
-1.217E-03
-2.461E-04
-1.443E-03
2.461E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
400
6.191E-07
-1.625E-03
-3.206E-04
-1.943E-03
3.304E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
500
7.797E-07
-2.106E-03
-3.961E-04
-2.384E-03
4.169E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
100
1.592E-07
-3.828E-04
-7.289E-05
-4.188E-04
6.454E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
200
3.540E-07
-7.226E-04
-1.442E-04
-8.000E-04
1.287E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
300
5.338E-07
-1.078E-03
-2.155E-04
-1.251E-03
1.934E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
400
7.173E-07
-1.489E-03
-2.864E-04
-1.618E-03
2.584E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
500
9.008E-07
-1.854E-03
-3.567E-04
-1.825E-03
3.244E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
100
1.694E-07
-4.541E-04
-8.709E-05
-5.034E-04
8.198E-07
0.11
1:6
LB
200
3.341E-07
-8.604E-04
-1.727E-04
-9.626E-04
1.632E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
300
5.027E-07
-1.274E-03
-2.584E-04
-1.486E-03
2.445E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
400
6.795E-07
-1.762E-03
-3.365E-04
-1.944E-03
3.288E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
500
8.584E-07
-2.261E-03
-4.152E-04
-2.222E-03
4.163E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
100
6.752E-08
-1.849E-04
-3.536E-05
-2.030E-04
3.198E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
200
1.349E-07
-3.711E-04
-7.073E-05
-4.091E-04
6.401E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
300
2.615E-07
-5.398E-04
-1.057E-04
-6.297E-04
9.602E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
400
3.450E-07
-7.035E-04
-1.404E-04
-8.356E-04
1.278E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
500
4.300E-07
-8.702E-04
-1.751E-04
-1.067E-03
1.596E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
100
8.220E-08
-2.201E-04
-4.241E-05
-2.427E-04
4.212E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
200
1.641E-07
-4.420E-04
-8.471E-05
-4.906E-04
8.433E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
300
2.404E-07
-6.477E-04
-1.267E-04
-7.562E-04
1.266E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
400
3.161E-07
-8.441E-04
-1.683E-04
-1.004E-03
1.684E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
500
3.930E-07
-1.041E-03
-2.102E-04
-1.274E-03
2.102E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
100
8.139E-08
-1.971E-04
-3.712E-05
-2.127E-04
3.278E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
200
1.615E-07
-3.872E-04
-7.400E-05
-4.293E-04
6.563E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
300
2.693E-07
-5.573E-04
-1.104E-04
-6.434E-04
9.820E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
400
3.588E-07
-7.309E-04
-1.464E-04
-8.752E-04
1.309E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
500
4.499E-07
-9.042E-04
-1.826E-04
-1.105E-03
1.636E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
100
8.771E-08
-2.352E-04
-4.487E-05
-2.574E-04
4.207E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
200
1.734E-07
-4.641E-04
-8.939E-05
-5.215E-04
8.431E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
300
2.569E-07
-6.716E-04
-1.334E-04
-7.811E-04
1.261E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
400
3.423E-07
-8.782E-04
-1.773E-04
-1.052E-03
1.679E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
500
4.288E-07
-1.082E-03
-2.215E-04
-1.328E-03
2.096E-06
60
Reactions
Displacement
(mm)
Thickness
(m)
Mortar
Brick
Load
(KN)
HzL
(N)
HzR
(N)
V
(N)
ML
(N-m)
MR
(N-m)
0.11
1:4
MB
100
-40118
-59882
69917
29529
38302
5.147
0.11
1:4
MB
200
-80713
-119290
139610
59584
76987
10.500
0.11
1:4
MB
300
-122000
-178000
209000
90150
116000
15.900
-238000
278000
121000
155000
21.400
-297000
348000
152000
195000
26.900
0.11
1:4
MB
400
-162000
0.11
1:4
MB
500
-203000
0.11
1:4
LB
100
-40347
-59653
69710
30032
38628
5.271
-118840
139200
60575
77627
10.694
0.11
1:4
LB
200
-81158
0.11
1:4
LB
300
-122330
-177670
208410
91755
117120
16.262
0.11
1:4
LB
400
-163400
-236600
277440
123330
156920
21.943
-295600
346340
155210
196940
27.708
38500
5.226
0.11
1:4
LB
500
-204400
0.11
1:6
MB
100
-40302
-59698
69794
29826
0.11
1:6
MB
200
-81179
-118820
139250
60428
77585
10.656
-178150
208550
91358
116960
16.181
0.11
1:6
MB
300
-121850
0.11
1:6
MB
400
-162170
-237830
277670
122660
156650
21.819
0.11
1:6
MB
500
-199080
-300920
345420
156670
199130
28.474
0.11
1:6
LB
100
-40535
-59465
69576
30355
38842
5.355
-118360
138810
61484
78264
10.915
0.11
1:6
LB
200
-81636
0.11
1:6
LB
300
-122660
-177340
207840
93068
118060
16.599
0.11
1:6
LB
400
-163510
-236490
276680
125080
158180
22.403
-298970
344350
159450
200650
29.049
37355
4.789
0.11
1:6
LB
500
-201030
0.23
1:4
MB
100
-39422
-60578
70519
28067
0.23
1:4
MB
200
-78888
-121110
141030
56140
74720
9.580
-181320
211380
84611
112360
14.501
0.23
1:4
MB
300
-118680
0.23
1:4
MB
400
-158910
-241090
281530
113540
150340
19.523
0.23
1:4
MB
500
-199220
-300780
351570
142700
188520
24.591
-60453
70408
28338
37531
4.856
56687
75070
9.714
0.23
1:4
LB
100
-39547
0.23
1:4
LB
200
-79106
-120890
140810
0.23
1:4
LB
300
-119050
-180950
211050
85424
112880
14.699
-240550
281060
114670
151080
19.801
0.23
1:4
LB
400
-159450
0.23
1:4
LB
500
-199890
-300110
350990
144100
189430
24.935
0.23
1:6
MB
100
-39486
-60514
70470
28187
37434
4.818
0.23
1:6
MB
200
-79180
-120820
140850
56584
75014
9.705
-180590
210970
85569
113040
14.747
0.23
1:6
MB
300
-119410
0.23
1:6
MB
400
-159750
-240250
280950
114880
151320
19.851
0.23
1:6
MB
500
-199830
-300170
350860
144320
189740
25.008
-60380
70349
28480
37623
4.890
57161
75387
9.845
0.23
1:6
LB
100
-39620
0.23
1:6
LB
200
-79442
-120560
140610
0.23
1:6
LB
300
-119780
-180220
210630
86408
113570
14.955
-239720
280460
116060
152090
20.141
-299450
350230
145850
190730
25.382
0.23
1:6
LB
400
-160280
0.23
1:6
LB
500
-200550
61
Stress (N/m2)
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
1:4
MB
Load
(KN)
100
3.331E+02
-1.732E+06
-2.428E+05
-1.531E+06
2.452E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
200
6.311E+02
-3.306E+06
-4.836E+05
-3.367E+06
4.885E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
300
9.259E+02
-4.779E+06
-7.203E+05
-5.676E+06
7.276E+03
0.11
Mortar
Brick
LB
LU
RB
RU
1:4
MB
400
1.227E+03
-6.377E+06
-9.584E+05
-7.503E+06
9.678E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
500
1.525E+03
-7.956E+06
-1.191E+06
-8.529E+06
1.203E+04
0.11
1:4
LB
100
4.111E+02
-1.601E+06
-2.327E+05
-1.425E+06
2.351E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
200
7.862E+02
-3.060E+06
-4.635E+05
-3.115E+06
4.684E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
300
1.147E+03
-4.488E+06
-6.929E+05
-5.120E+06
6.999E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
400
1.514E+03
-6.022E+06
-9.040E+05
-6.855E+06
9.130E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
500
1.883E+03
-7.457E+06
-1.118E+06
-8.117E+06
1.129E+04
0.11
1:6
MB
100
2.131E+02
-1.787E+06
-2.430E+05
-1.649E+06
2.454E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
200
3.972E+02
-3.314E+06
-4.812E+05
-3.789E+06
4.864E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
300
5.928E+02
-4.711E+06
-7.162E+05
-5.590E+06
7.233E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
400
7.954E+02
-6.018E+06
-9.489E+05
-6.035E+06
9.584E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
500
1.243E+03
-5.864E+06
-1.167E+06
-6.335E+06
1.179E+04
0.11
1:6
LB
100
2.850E+02
-1.684E+06
-2.364E+05
-1.544E+06
2.388E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
200
5.384E+02
-3.113E+06
-4.685E+05
-3.448E+06
4.731E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
300
7.906E+02
-4.607E+06
-6.993E+05
-5.213E+06
7.063E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
400
1.039E+03
-6.036E+06
-9.124E+05
-6.181E+06
9.214E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
500
1.485E+03
-5.787E+06
-1.117E+06
-6.356E+06
1.129E+04
0.23
1:4
MB
100
1.681E+02
-8.693E+05
-1.234E+05
-7.642E+05
1.252E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
200
3.363E+02
-1.764E+06
-2.457E+05
-1.559E+06
2.485E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
300
4.866E+02
-2.615E+06
-3.673E+05
-2.450E+06
3.713E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
400
6.320E+02
-3.412E+06
-4.887E+05
-3.855E+06
4.934E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
500
7.786E+02
-4.130E+06
-6.085E+05
-5.264E+06
6.134E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
100
2.095E+02
-8.071E+05
-1.212E+05
-7.183E+05
1.208E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
200
4.186E+02
-1.645E+06
-2.378E+05
-1.461E+06
2.398E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
300
6.102E+02
-2.443E+06
-3.558E+05
-2.295E+06
3.591E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
400
7.941E+02
-3.174E+06
-4.735E+05
-3.505E+06
4.781E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
500
9.782E+02
-3.884E+06
-5.904E+05
-4.820E+06
5.956E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
100
1.114E+02
-9.367E+05
-1.218E+05
-8.174E+05
1.232E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
200
2.136E+02
-1.839E+06
-2.467E+05
-1.694E+06
2.493E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
300
3.046E+02
-2.632E+06
-3.687E+05
-2.836E+06
3.721E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
400
3.972E+02
-3.381E+06
-4.887E+05
-4.331E+06
4.935E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
500
4.945E+02
-4.063E+06
-6.084E+05
-5.219E+06
6.146E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
100
1.489E+02
-8.805E+05
-1.215E+05
-7.728E+05
1.230E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
200
2.891E+02
-1.753E+06
-2.426E+05
-1.603E+06
2.450E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
300
4.169E+02
-2.499E+06
-3.627E+05
-2.619E+06
3.662E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
400
5.449E+02
-3.204E+06
-4.810E+05
-4.022E+06
4.854E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
500
6.748E+02
-3.857E+06
-5.998E+05
-4.934E+06
6.055E+03
62
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
Strain
1:4
MB
Load
(KN)
100
1.003E-07
-5.223E-04
-7.558E-05
-4.618E-04
1.381E-07
0.11
1:4
MB
200
1.902E-07
-1.000E-03
-1.509E-04
-1.017E-03
2.778E-07
0.11
1:4
MB
300
2.786E-07
-1.454E-03
-2.242E-04
-1.709E-03
4.162E-07
0.11
Mortar
Brick
LB
LU
RB
RU
1:4
MB
400
3.699E-07
-1.947E-03
-2.984E-04
-2.261E-03
5.507E-07
0.11
1:4
MB
500
4.590E-07
-2.445E-03
-3.726E-04
-2.575E-03
6.822E-07
0.11
1:4
LB
100
1.567E-07
-6.112E-04
-9.177E-05
-5.441E-04
1.541E-07
0.11
1:4
LB
200
2.997E-07
-1.173E-03
-1.829E-04
-1.191E-03
3.091E-07
0.11
1:4
LB
300
4.374E-07
-1.729E-03
-2.735E-04
-1.954E-03
4.608E-07
0.11
1:4
LB
400
5.771E-07
-2.335E-03
-3.573E-04
-2.618E-03
6.104E-07
0.11
1:4
LB
500
7.178E-07
-2.909E-03
-4.420E-04
-3.102E-03
7.590E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
100
6.421E-08
-5.386E-04
-7.555E-05
-4.982E-04
1.612E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
200
1.197E-07
-1.006E-03
-1.497E-04
-1.142E-03
3.233E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
300
1.786E-07
-1.434E-03
-2.228E-04
-1.685E-03
4.820E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
400
2.396E-07
-1.839E-03
-2.952E-04
-1.818E-03
6.353E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
500
3.746E-07
-1.786E-03
-3.624E-04
-1.908E-03
6.819E-07
0.11
1:6
LB
100
1.087E-07
-6.429E-04
-9.315E-05
-5.902E-04
1.781E-07
0.11
1:6
LB
200
2.052E-07
-1.196E-03
-1.847E-04
-1.316E-03
3.564E-07
0.11
1:6
LB
300
3.014E-07
-1.783E-03
-2.758E-04
-1.989E-03
5.286E-07
0.11
1:6
LB
400
3.960E-07
-2.355E-03
-3.603E-04
-2.360E-03
6.994E-07
0.11
1:6
LB
500
5.660E-07
-2.236E-03
-4.407E-04
-2.423E-03
7.726E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
100
5.064E-08
-2.621E-04
-3.845E-05
-2.304E-04
6.969E-08
0.23
1:4
MB
200
1.013E-07
-5.319E-04
-7.648E-05
-4.703E-04
1.395E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
300
1.466E-07
-7.891E-04
-1.143E-04
-7.403E-04
2.103E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
400
1.903E-07
-1.033E-03
-1.521E-04
-1.164E-03
2.810E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
500
2.345E-07
-1.254E-03
-1.895E-04
-1.587E-03
3.515E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
100
7.987E-08
-3.082E-04
-4.787E-05
-2.741E-04
7.856E-08
0.23
1:4
LB
200
1.596E-07
-6.279E-04
-9.375E-05
-5.577E-04
1.571E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
300
2.326E-07
-9.334E-04
-1.403E-04
-8.774E-04
2.369E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
400
3.027E-07
-1.217E-03
-1.868E-04
-1.339E-03
3.163E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
500
3.729E-07
-1.493E-03
-2.329E-04
-1.840E-03
3.948E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
100
3.356E-08
-2.824E-04
-3.782E-05
-2.467E-04
8.141E-08
0.23
1:6
MB
200
6.436E-08
-5.544E-04
-7.668E-05
-5.119E-04
1.637E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
300
9.178E-08
-7.972E-04
-1.146E-04
-8.558E-04
2.462E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
400
1.197E-07
-1.027E-03
-1.520E-04
-1.305E-03
3.287E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
500
1.490E-07
-1.236E-03
-1.893E-04
-1.573E-03
4.097E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
100
5.678E-08
-3.361E-04
-4.787E-05
-2.951E-04
9.092E-08
0.23
1:6
LB
200
1.102E-07
-6.690E-04
-9.557E-05
-6.127E-04
1.828E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
300
1.589E-07
-9.583E-04
-1.429E-04
-1.001E-03
2.747E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
400
2.077E-07
-1.232E-03
-1.896E-04
-1.535E-03
3.665E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
500
2.572E-07
-1.485E-03
-2.365E-04
-1.883E-03
4.556E-07
63
Reactions
Displacement
(mm)
Thickness
(m)
Mortar
Brick
Load
(KN)
HzL
(N)
HzR
(N)
V
(N)
ML
(N-m)
MR
(N-m)
0.11
1:4
MB
100
-39266
-60734
62023
29192
39202
4.992
0.11
1:4
MB
200
-78893
-121110
123880
58808
78722
10.111
0.11
1:4
MB
300
-119070
-180930
185480
89090
118770
15.378
-240680
247000
119530
158960
20.693
-300430
308420
150250
199380
26.086
0.11
1:4
MB
400
-159320
0.11
1:4
MB
500
-199570
0.11
1:4
LB
100
-39524
-60476
61811
29771
39577
5.130
-120570
123450
59984
79485
10.389
0.11
1:4
LB
200
-79426
0.11
1:4
LB
300
-119920
-180080
184790
90948
119980
15.819
0.11
1:4
LB
400
-160620
-239380
245990
122300
160760
21.347
-298520
307000
154100
201880
26.993
39409
5.070
0.11
1:4
LB
500
-201480
0.11
1:6
MB
100
-39433
-60567
61908
29505
0.11
1:6
MB
200
-79483
-120520
123530
59741
79386
10.331
-180220
184990
90364
119690
15.690
0.11
1:6
MB
300
-119780
0.11
1:6
MB
400
-160170
-239830
246310
121330
160300
21.158
0.11
1:6
MB
500
-205210
-294790
306200
155390
204200
27.917
0.11
1:6
LB
100
-39697
-60303
61683
30120
39805
5.215
-119990
123070
60988
80189
10.627
0.11
1:6
LB
200
-80011
0.11
1:6
LB
300
-120700
-179300
184250
92394
121000
16.170
0.11
1:6
LB
400
-161550
-238450
245200
124350
162240
21.862
-293660
305020
158810
206080
28.566
38110
4.593
0.11
1:6
LB
500
-206340
0.23
1:4
MB
100
-38487
-61513
62642
27504
0.23
1:4
MB
200
-76982
-123020
125280
55015
76225
9.188
-184270
187810
82815
114550
13.878
0.23
1:4
MB
300
-115730
0.23
1:4
MB
400
-154960
-245040
250150
111090
153250
18.686
0.23
1:4
MB
500
-197742
-302257
309158
139892
191614
23.689
-61370
62527
27816
38312
4.667
55645
76633
9.338
0.23
1:4
LB
100
-38630
0.23
1:4
LB
200
-77275
-122730
125050
0.23
1:4
LB
300
-116190
-183810
187450
83784
115180
14.109
-244430
249670
112380
154090
18.992
0.23
1:4
LB
400
-155570
0.23
1:4
LB
500
-195200
-304800
311770
141280
193240
23.927
0.23
1:6
MB
100
-38559
-61441
62591
27642
38199
4.625
0.23
1:6
MB
200
-77258
-122740
125120
55450
76520
9.305
-183490
187420
83819
115280
14.131
0.23
1:6
MB
300
-116510
0.23
1:6
MB
400
-139186
-260813
266527
119077
163891
20.069
0.23
1:6
MB
500
-195620
-304380
311700
141370
193470
23.962
-61287
62466
27982
38419
4.706
56130
76959
9.465
0.23
1:6
LB
100
-38713
0.23
1:6
LB
200
-77563
-122440
124870
0.23
1:6
LB
300
-116980
-183020
187040
84855
115950
14.376
-243340
249080
113920
155210
19.355
-300774
307676
139491
190884
23.639
0.23
1:6
LB
400
-156660
0.23
1:6
LB
500
-199225.1
64
Stress (N/m2)
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
0.11
LB
LU
RB
RU
MB
Load
(KN)
100
3.025E+03
-1.271E+06
-2.533E+05
-1.079E+06
2.552E+03
Mortar
Brick
1:4
1:4
MB
200
6.100E+03
-2.480E+06
-5.056E+05
-2.175E+06
5.107E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
300
9.216E+03
-3.614E+06
-7.556E+05
-3.342E+06
7.632E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
400
1.238E+04
-4.705E+06
-1.006E+06
-4.592E+06
1.016E+04
0.11
1:4
MB
500
1.561E+04
-5.787E+06
-1.256E+06
-5.947E+06
1.269E+04
0.11
1:4
LB
100
2.894E+03
-1.195E+06
-2.423E+05
-1.018E+06
2.447E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
200
5.849E+03
-2.332E+06
-4.839E+05
-2.061E+06
4.886E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
300
8.894E+03
-3.396E+06
-7.254E+05
-3.122E+06
7.323E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
400
1.213E+04
-4.439E+06
-9.515E+05
-4.260E+06
9.608E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
500
1.554E+04
-5.503E+06
-1.179E+06
-5.529E+06
1.190E+04
0.11
1:6
MB
100
3.066E+03
-1.303E+06
-2.545E+05
-1.118E+06
2.578E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
200
6.185E+03
-2.484E+06
-5.060E+05
-2.273E+06
5.117E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
300
9.365E+03
-3.589E+06
-7.543E+05
-3.549E+06
7.619E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
400
1.260E+04
-4.587E+06
-1.001E+06
-4.854E+06
1.011E+04
0.11
1:6
MB
500
1.587E+04
-4.457E+06
-1.229E+06
-5.914E+06
1.241E+04
0.11
1:6
LB
100
2.959E+03
-1.242E+06
-2.470E+05
-1.066E+06
2.499E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
200
5.985E+03
-2.366E+06
-4.913E+05
-2.168E+06
4.966E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
300
9.114E+03
-3.413E+06
-7.351E+05
-3.324E+06
7.422E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
400
1.244E+04
-4.404E+06
-9.641E+05
-4.619E+06
9.736E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
500
1.580E+04
-4.385E+06
-1.180E+06
-5.714E+06
1.192E+04
0.23
1:4
MB
100
1.535E+03
-6.443E+05
-1.290E+05
-5.503E+05
1.304E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
200
3.070E+03
-1.294E+06
-2.566E+05
-1.088E+06
2.588E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
300
4.625E+03
-1.918E+06
-3.844E+05
-1.638E+06
3.883E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
400
6.195E+03
-2.506E+06
-5.121E+05
-2.199E+06
5.187E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
500
7.799E+03
-3.043E+06
-6.338E+05
-2.877E+06
6.402E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
100
1.483E+03
-6.106E+05
-1.263E+05
-5.171E+05
1.274E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
200
2.968E+03
-1.231E+06
-2.479E+05
-1.037E+06
2.505E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
300
4.478E+03
-1.829E+06
-3.716E+05
-1.568E+06
3.753E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
400
6.007E+03
-2.379E+06
-4.953E+05
-2.103E+06
5.002E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
500
7.561E+03
-2.939E+06
-6.188E+05
-2.658E+06
6.248E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
100
1.558E+03
-6.712E+05
-1.277E+05
-5.742E+05
1.304E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
200
3.126E+03
-1.325E+06
-2.588E+05
-1.131E+06
2.607E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
300
4.709E+03
-1.931E+06
-3.875E+05
-1.715E+06
3.912E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
400
6.604E+03
-2.637E+06
-5.434E+05
-2.372E+06
5.486E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
500
7.926E+03
-3.087E+06
-6.416E+05
-2.999E+06
6.484E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
100
1.521E+03
-6.430E+05
-1.271E+05
-5.433E+05
1.288E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
200
3.053E+03
-1.277E+06
-2.539E+05
-1.090E+06
2.574E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
300
4.605E+03
-1.864E+06
-3.803E+05
-1.658E+06
3.842E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
400
6.180E+03
-2.426E+06
-5.054E+05
-2.245E+06
5.105E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
500
7.691E+03
-2.985E+06
-6.265E+05
-2.762E+06
6.331E+03
65
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
0.11
Strain
Mortar
Brick
1:4
MB
Load
(KN)
100
LB
LU
RB
RU
9.112E-07
-3.993E-04
-8.054E-05
-3.308E-04
8.153E-07
1:4
MB
200
1.837E-06
-7.766E-04
-1.608E-04
-6.661E-04
1.629E-06
0.11
1:4
MB
300
2.776E-06
-1.129E-03
-2.404E-04
-1.020E-03
2.454E-06
0.11
1:4
MB
400
3.729E-06
-1.468E-03
-3.203E-04
-1.398E-03
3.284E-06
0.11
1:4
MB
500
4.702E-06
-1.807E-03
-4.002E-04
-1.809E-03
4.119E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
100
1.103E-06
-4.750E-04
-9.751E-05
-3.950E-04
9.964E-07
0.11
1:4
LB
200
2.230E-06
-9.239E-04
-1.948E-04
-7.989E-04
1.992E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
300
3.391E-06
-1.343E-03
-2.924E-04
-1.208E-03
3.001E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
400
4.624E-06
-1.754E-03
-3.841E-04
-1.645E-03
4.049E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
500
5.925E-06
-2.176E-03
-4.764E-04
-2.135E-03
5.137E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
100
9.234E-07
-4.093E-04
-8.089E-05
-3.425E-04
8.157E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
200
1.863E-06
-7.766E-04
-1.609E-04
-6.938E-04
1.635E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
300
2.821E-06
-1.120E-03
-2.400E-04
-1.080E-03
2.468E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
400
3.796E-06
-1.431E-03
-3.188E-04
-1.477E-03
3.304E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
500
4.778E-06
-1.373E-03
-3.924E-04
-1.809E-03
3.953E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
100
1.128E-06
-4.935E-04
-9.940E-05
-4.135E-04
1.004E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
200
2.282E-06
-9.357E-04
-1.979E-04
-8.387E-04
2.013E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
300
3.475E-06
-1.347E-03
-2.964E-04
-1.283E-03
3.039E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
400
4.745E-06
-1.739E-03
-3.894E-04
-1.780E-03
4.104E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
500
6.025E-06
-1.712E-03
-4.780E-04
-2.207E-03
5.025E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
100
4.623E-07
-2.026E-04
-4.103E-05
-1.690E-04
4.129E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
200
9.246E-07
-4.069E-04
-8.157E-05
-3.338E-04
8.258E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
300
1.393E-06
-6.019E-04
-1.222E-04
-5.023E-04
1.238E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
400
1.866E-06
-7.850E-04
-1.628E-04
-6.718E-04
1.651E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
500
2.392E-06
-9.676E-04
-2.046E-04
-9.066E-04
2.093E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
100
5.656E-07
-2.428E-04
-5.090E-05
-2.008E-04
5.098E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
200
1.132E-06
-4.896E-04
-9.977E-05
-4.027E-04
1.020E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
300
1.707E-06
-7.264E-04
-1.495E-04
-6.087E-04
1.529E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
400
2.290E-06
-9.427E-04
-1.994E-04
-8.138E-04
2.040E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
500
2.883E-06
-1.164E-03
-2.493E-04
-1.026E-03
2.557E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
100
4.692E-07
-2.112E-04
-4.057E-05
-1.762E-04
4.149E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
200
9.415E-07
-4.163E-04
-8.224E-05
-3.468E-04
8.293E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
300
1.419E-06
-6.050E-04
-1.232E-04
-5.235E-04
1.244E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
400
1.920E-06
-7.996E-04
-1.663E-04
-7.108E-04
1.688E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
500
2.388E-06
-9.644E-04
-2.041E-04
-9.108E-04
2.088E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
100
5.798E-07
-2.559E-04
-5.115E-05
-2.110E-04
5.165E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
200
1.164E-06
-5.076E-04
-1.022E-04
-4.233E-04
1.033E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
300
1.756E-06
-7.387E-04
-1.531E-04
-6.412E-04
1.550E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
400
2.356E-06
-9.597E-04
-2.036E-04
-8.657E-04
2.074E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
500
2.803E-06
-1.130E-03
-2.421E-04
-1.006E-03
2.484E-06
66
Reactions
Displacement
(mm)
Thickness
(m)
Mortar
Brick
Load
(KN)
HzL
(N)
HzR
(N)
V
(N)
ML
(N-m)
MR
(N-m)
0.11
1:4
MB
100
-38574
-61426
55649
29068
40188
4.923
0.11
1:4
MB
200
-77472
-122530
111160
58528
80685
9.961
0.11
1:4
MB
300
-116980
-183020
166410
88705
121770
15.161
-243350
221590
119050
163000
20.412
-303400
276650
149720
204530
25.761
0.11
1:4
MB
400
-156650
0.11
1:4
MB
500
-196600
0.11
1:4
LB
100
-38848
-61152
55434
29722
40610
5.074
-121940
110720
59866
81551
10.269
0.11
1:4
LB
200
-78056
0.11
1:4
LB
300
-117910
-182090
165700
90836
123150
15.652
0.11
1:4
LB
400
-158110
-241890
220520
122280
165120
21.155
-301350
275170
154190
207440
26.776
40380
4.989
0.11
1:4
LB
500
-198650
0.11
1:6
MB
100
-38711
-61289
55551
29363
0.11
1:6
MB
200
-78088
-121910
110810
59534
81409
10.195
-182190
165930
90088
122770
15.495
0.11
1:6
MB
300
-117810
0.11
1:6
MB
400
-158550
-241450
220770
121270
164900
21.087
0.11
1:6
MB
500
-203820
-296180
274110
156130
210800
28.048
0.11
1:6
LB
100
-39007
-60993
55318
30072
40838
5.153
-121320
110340
60971
82330
10.525
0.11
1:6
LB
200
-78677
0.11
1:6
LB
300
-118820
-181180
165150
92447
124300
16.036
0.11
1:6
LB
400
-159390
-240610
219760
124470
166740
21.713
-295010
272850
160190
213060
28.813
38951
4.482
0.11
1:6
LB
500
-204990
0.23
1:4
MB
100
-37731
-62269
56280
27151
0.23
1:4
MB
200
-75471
-124530
112560
54311
77909
8.966
-186570
168750
81711
117060
13.532
0.23
1:4
MB
300
-113430
0.23
1:4
MB
400
-151850
-248150
224770
109570
156580
18.214
0.23
1:4
MB
500
-190560
-309440
280660
137800
196410
22.964
-62115
56163
27506
39180
4.564
55025
78372
9.132
0.23
1:4
LB
100
-37885
0.23
1:4
LB
200
-75787
-124210
112320
0.23
1:4
LB
300
-113920
-186080
168390
82795
117760
13.781
-247490
224280
111050
157540
18.553
0.23
1:4
LB
400
-152510
0.23
1:4
LB
500
-191430
-308570
280040
139670
197620
23.392
0.23
1:6
MB
100
-37808
-62192
56228
27307
39053
4.517
0.23
1:6
MB
200
-75727
-124270
112410
54739
78203
9.076
-185820
168390
82725
117810
13.787
0.23
1:6
MB
300
-114180
0.23
1:6
MB
400
-152980
-247020
224230
111110
157740
18.573
0.23
1:6
MB
500
-191930
-308070
280010
139630
197810
23.404
-62026
56100
27695
39303
4.607
55418
78627
9.220
0.23
1:6
LB
100
-37974
0.23
1:6
LB
200
-75976
-124020
112190
0.23
1:6
LB
300
-114670
-185330
168010
83893
118550
14.052
-246320
223700
112720
158780
18.940
-307180
279320
141720
199160
23.883
0.23
1:6
LB
400
-153680
0.23
1:6
LB
500
-192820
67
Stress (N/m2)
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
0.11
LB
LU
RB
RU
MB
Load
(KN)
100
2.184E+03
-1.318E+06
-2.553E+05
-1.126E+06
2.579E+03
Mortar
Brick
1:4
1:4
MB
200
4.376E+03
-2.568E+06
-5.100E+05
-2.311E+06
5.152E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
300
6.588E+03
-3.719E+06
-7.662E+05
-3.863E+06
7.739E+03
0.11
1:4
MB
400
8.839E+03
-4.828E+06
-1.026E+06
-5.596E+06
1.036E+04
0.11
1:4
MB
500
1.114E+04
-5.855E+06
-1.288E+06
-7.585E+06
1.301E+04
0.11
1:4
LB
100
2.286E+03
-1.239E+06
-2.349E+05
-1.055E+06
2.371E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
200
4.600E+03
-2.409E+06
-4.696E+05
-2.169E+06
4.743E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
300
6.973E+03
-3.500E+06
-7.086E+05
-3.473E+06
7.157E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
400
9.478E+03
-4.553E+06
-9.362E+05
-5.012E+06
9.459E+03
0.11
1:4
LB
500
1.211E+04
-5.634E+06
-1.162E+06
-6.822E+06
1.174E+04
0.11
1:6
MB
100
2.291E+03
-1.365E+06
-2.706E+05
-1.190E+06
2.738E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
200
4.593E+03
-2.561E+06
-5.392E+05
-2.576E+06
5.443E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
300
6.949E+03
-3.669E+06
-8.107E+05
-4.352E+06
8.191E+03
0.11
1:6
MB
400
9.448E+03
-4.291E+06
-1.081E+06
-6.099E+06
1.091E+04
0.11
1:6
MB
500
1.236E+04
-4.289E+06
-1.329E+06
-7.943E+06
1.343E+04
0.11
1:6
LB
100
2.419E+03
-1.297E+06
-2.528E+05
-1.119E+06
2.548E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
200
4.874E+03
-2.435E+06
-5.048E+05
-2.389E+06
5.091E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
300
7.414E+03
-3.490E+06
-7.618E+05
-3.920E+06
7.687E+03
0.11
1:6
LB
400
1.011E+04
-4.397E+06
-1.006E+06
-5.696E+06
1.017E+04
0.11
1:6
LB
500
1.310E+04
-4.200E+06
-1.229E+06
-7.613E+06
1.241E+04
0.23
1:4
MB
100
1.166E+03
-6.692E+05
-1.296E+05
-5.672E+05
1.310E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
200
2.219E+03
-1.345E+06
-2.591E+05
-1.139E+06
2.619E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
300
3.332E+03
-1.992E+06
-3.884E+05
-1.725E+06
3.926E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
400
4.448E+03
-2.599E+06
-5.176E+05
-2.443E+06
5.231E+03
0.23
1:4
MB
500
5.569E+03
-3.202E+06
-6.472E+05
-3.308E+06
6.537E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
100
1.174E+03
-6.335E+05
-1.178E+05
-5.360E+05
1.190E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
200
2.349E+03
-1.279E+06
-2.409E+05
-1.078E+06
2.434E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
300
3.533E+03
-1.896E+06
-3.613E+05
-1.642E+06
3.650E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
400
4.731E+03
-2.465E+06
-4.818E+05
-2.296E+06
4.862E+03
0.23
1:4
LB
500
5.945E+03
-3.036E+06
-6.044E+05
-3.072E+06
6.103E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
100
1.245E+03
-6.976E+05
-1.379E+05
-6.001E+05
1.390E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
200
2.338E+03
-1.380E+06
-2.756E+05
-1.210E+06
2.790E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
300
3.511E+03
-1.999E+06
-4.129E+05
-1.933E+06
4.178E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
400
4.693E+03
-2.602E+06
-5.499E+05
-2.768E+06
5.562E+03
0.23
1:6
MB
500
5.893E+03
-3.175E+06
-6.883E+05
-3.686E+06
6.960E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
100
1.248E+03
-6.677E+05
-1.300E+05
-5.695E+05
1.313E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
200
2.498E+03
-1.347E+06
-2.606E+05
-1.151E+06
2.629E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
300
3.763E+03
-1.929E+06
-3.903E+05
-1.835E+06
3.943E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
400
5.043E+03
-2.503E+06
-5.210E+05
-2.617E+06
5.266E+03
0.23
1:6
LB
500
6.351E+03
-3.053E+06
-6.537E+05
-3.483E+06
6.603E+03
68
Input
Thickness
(m)
0.11
0.11
Strain
Mortar
Brick
1:4
MB
Load
(KN)
100
LB
LU
RB
RU
6.930E-07
-4.183E-04
-8.236E-05
-3.453E-04
4.077E-07
1:4
MB
200
1.388E-06
-8.126E-04
-1.646E-04
-7.060E-04
6.935E-07
0.11
1:4
MB
300
2.089E-06
-1.174E-03
-2.475E-04
-1.169E-03
1.046E-06
0.11
1:4
MB
400
2.803E-06
-1.524E-03
-3.316E-04
-1.692E-03
1.401E-06
0.11
1:4
MB
500
3.533E-06
-1.848E-03
-4.167E-04
-2.296E-03
1.761E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
100
9.259E-07
-4.972E-04
-9.575E-05
-4.089E-04
4.887E-07
0.11
1:4
LB
200
1.862E-06
-9.642E-04
-1.916E-04
-8.375E-04
9.782E-07
0.11
1:4
LB
300
2.822E-06
-1.399E-03
-2.895E-04
-1.332E-03
1.481E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
400
3.835E-06
-1.817E-03
-3.832E-04
-1.919E-03
2.009E-06
0.11
1:4
LB
500
4.898E-06
-2.252E-03
-4.763E-04
-2.616E-03
2.562E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
100
7.261E-07
-4.337E-04
-8.744E-05
-3.651E-04
3.582E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
200
1.455E-06
-8.098E-04
-1.744E-04
-7.821E-04
7.180E-07
0.11
1:6
MB
300
2.202E-06
-1.158E-03
-2.624E-04
-1.317E-03
1.085E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
400
2.995E-06
-1.348E-03
-3.501E-04
-1.856E-03
1.443E-06
0.11
1:6
MB
500
3.925E-06
-1.336E-03
-4.311E-04
-2.464E-03
1.746E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
100
9.767E-07
-5.209E-04
-1.033E-04
-4.344E-04
5.052E-07
0.11
1:6
LB
200
1.967E-06
-9.736E-04
-2.065E-04
-9.190E-04
1.013E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
300
2.992E-06
-1.392E-03
-3.120E-04
-1.503E-03
1.538E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
400
4.078E-06
-1.754E-03
-4.128E-04
-2.187E-03
2.088E-06
0.11
1:6
LB
500
5.295E-06
-1.657E-03
-5.052E-04
-2.971E-03
2.599E-06
0.23
1:4
MB
100
3.713E-07
-2.125E-04
-4.179E-05
-1.742E-04
2.071E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
200
7.041E-07
-4.272E-04
-8.359E-05
-3.495E-04
4.143E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
300
1.057E-06
-6.318E-04
-1.253E-04
-5.288E-04
5.280E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
400
1.411E-06
-8.228E-04
-1.670E-04
-7.413E-04
7.043E-07
0.23
1:4
MB
500
1.766E-06
-1.013E-03
-2.090E-04
-9.991E-04
8.830E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
100
4.755E-07
-2.544E-04
-4.803E-05
-2.080E-04
2.509E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
200
9.513E-07
-5.137E-04
-9.821E-05
-4.180E-04
5.020E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
300
1.431E-06
-7.607E-04
-1.473E-04
-6.361E-04
7.527E-07
0.23
1:4
LB
400
1.915E-06
-9.871E-04
-1.965E-04
-8.818E-04
1.005E-06
0.23
1:4
LB
500
2.406E-06
-1.214E-03
-2.468E-04
-1.174E-03
1.262E-06
0.23
1:6
MB
100
3.959E-07
-2.218E-04
-4.457E-05
-1.845E-04
2.129E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
200
7.411E-07
-4.382E-04
-8.908E-05
-3.715E-04
3.649E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
300
1.112E-06
-6.329E-04
-1.335E-04
-5.866E-04
5.473E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
400
1.487E-06
-8.231E-04
-1.779E-04
-8.367E-04
7.326E-07
0.23
1:6
MB
500
1.867E-06
-1.003E-03
-2.227E-04
-1.114E-03
9.196E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
100
5.040E-07
-2.684E-04
-5.313E-05
-2.214E-04
2.607E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
200
1.009E-06
-5.417E-04
-1.065E-04
-4.469E-04
5.217E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
300
1.519E-06
-7.728E-04
-1.596E-04
-7.056E-04
7.816E-07
0.23
1:6
LB
400
2.036E-06
-1.001E-03
-2.132E-04
-1.001E-03
1.047E-06
0.23
1:6
LB
500
2.563E-06
-1.220E-03
-2.676E-04
-1.332E-03
1.317E-06
69
REFERENCES
Arulselvan, S. and K.Subramanian, K., Experimental Investigation on Three
Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N., Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry
Buildings, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A., 1992
70
Pradhan, P.L., Composite Actions of Brick Infill Wall In RC Frame under In-Plane
Lateral Load, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Ph. D. Thesis,
2009
Rai, D.C., Masonary infills in Framed Buildings, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kanpur(India), 2009
Rooij, A., Steel frames with precast reinforced concrete infill panels, January 2005.
71