II. A-K

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.
705
REVISING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 389, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
FORESTRY REFORM CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
SECTION 3. Definitions.
c) Alienable and disposable lands refer to those lands of the public domain which have
been the subject of the present system of classification and declared as not needed for
forest purposes.
q) Forest products means timber, pulpwood, firewood, bark, tree top, resin, gum, wood,
oil, honey, beeswax, nipa, rattan, or other forest growth such as grass, shrub, and
flowering plant, the associated water, fish, game, scenic, historical, recreational and
geologic resources in forest lands.
cc) Lease is a privilege granted by the State to a person to occupy and possess, in
consideration of specified rental, any forest land of the public domain in order to
undertake any authorized activity therein.
dd) License is a privilege granted by the State to a person to utilize forest resources
within any forest land, without any right of occupation and possession over the same, to
the exclusion of others, or establish and operate a wood-processing plant, or conduct any
activity involving the utilization of any forest resources.
ee) License agreement is a privilege granted by the State to a person to utilize forest
resources within any forest land with the right of possession and occupation thereof to
the exclusion of others, except the government, but with the corresponding obligation to
develop, protect and rehabilitate the same in accordance with the terms and conditions
set forth in said agreement.
ff) Permit is short-term privilege or authority granted by the State to a person to utilize
any limited forest resources or undertake a limited activity within any forest land without
any right of occupation and possession therein.
CHAPTER II
Classification and Survey
SECTION 15. Topography. No land of the public domain eighteen per cent (18%) in slope
or over shall be classified as alienable and disposable, nor any forest land fifty per cent
(50%) in slope or over, as grazing land.
Lands eighteen per cent (18%) in slope or over which have already been declared as
alienable and disposable shall be reverted to the classification of forest lands by the
Department Head, to form part of the forest reserves, unless they are already covered by
existing titles or approved public land application, or actually occupied openly,
continuously, adversely and publicly for a period of not less than thirty (30) years as of
the effectivity of this Code, where the occupant is qualified for a free patent under the
Public Land Act: Provided, That said lands, which are not yet part of a well-established
communities, shall be kept in a vegetative condition sufficient to prevent erosion and
adverse effects on the lowlands and streams: Provided, Further, That when public
interest so requires, steps shall be taken to expropriate, cancel defective titles, reject
public land application, or eject occupants thereof.
SECTION 16. Areas Needed for Forest Purposes. The following lands, even if they are
below eighteen per cent (18%) in slope, are needed for forest purposes, and may not,
therefore, be classified as alienable and disposable land, to wit:
1) Areas less than 250 hectares which are far from, or are not contiguous with, any
certified alienable and disposable land;
2) Isolated patches of forest of at least five (5) hectares with rocky terrain, or which
protect a spring for communal use;
3) Areas which have already been reforested;
4) Areas within forest concessions which are timbered or have good residual
stocking to support an existing, or approved to be established, wood processing plant;
5) Ridge tops and plateaus regardless of size found within, or surrounded wholly or
partly by, forest lands where headwaters emanate;
6) Appropriately located road-rights-or-way;
7) Twenty-meter strips of land along the edge of the normal high waterline of rivers
and streams with channels of at least five (5) meters wide;
8) Strips of mangrove or swamplands at least twenty (20) meters wide, along
shorelines facing oceans, lakes, and other bodies of water, and strips of land at least
twenty (20) meters wide facing lakes;
9) Areas needed for other purposes, such as national parks, national historical
sites, game refuges and wildlife sanctuaries, forest station sites, and others of public
interest; and
10) Areas previously proclaimed by the President as forest reserves, national parks,
game refuge, bird sanctuaries, national shrines, national historic sites:
Provided, That in case an area falling under any of the foregoing categories shall
have been titled in favor of any person, steps shall be taken, if public interest so
requires, to have said title cancelled or amended, or the titled area expropriated.
CHAPTER III
Utilization and Management
SECTION 20. License Agreement, License, Lease or Permit. No person may utilize,
exploit, occupy, possess or conduct any activity within any forest and grazing land, or
establish, install, add and operate any wood or forest products processing plant, unless
he had been authorized to do under a license agreement, license, lease or permit:
Provided, That when the national interest so requires, the President may amend, modify,
replace, or rescind any contract, concession, permit, license, or any other form of
privilege granted herein: Provided, further, That upon the recommendation of the
appropriate government agency, the President may, pending the conduct of appropriate
hearing, order the summary suspension of any such contract, concession, license,
permit, lease or privilege granted under this decree for violation of any of the condition
therein such as those pertaining but not limited to reforestation, pollution, environmental
protection, export limitation or such condition as are prescribed by the Minister of
Natural Resources in daily issued regulations.
A. TIMBER
SECTION 27. Duration of License Agreement or License to Harvest Timber in Forest
Lands. The duration of the privilege to harvest timber in any particular forest land
under a license agreement or license shall be fixed and determined in accordance with
the annual allowable cut therein, the established cutting cycle thereof, the yield capacity
of harvestable timber, and the capacity of healthy residuals for a second growth.
The privilege shall automatically terminate, even before the expiration of the
license agreement of license, the moment the harvestable timber have been utilized
without leaving any logged-over area capable of commercial utilization.
The maximum period of any privilege to harvest timber is twenty-five (25) years,
renewable for a period, not exceeding twenty-five (25) years, necessary to utilize all the
remaining commercial quantity or harvestable timber either from the unlogged or
logged-over area.
It shall be a condition for the continued privilege to harvest timber under any license or
license agreement that the licensee shall reforest all the areas which shall be determined
by the Bureau.
H. UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
SECTION 68. Measuring of Forest Products and Invoicing and Collection of Charges
Thereon. The duties incident to the measuring of forest products shall be discharged by
the Forest Management Bureau under regulations of the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources. The invoicing and collection of the charges thereon shall be done by
the Forest Management Bureau under regulations approved by the Secretary of
Environment and Natural Resources.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3571

AN ACT TO PROHIBIT THE CUTTING, DESTROYING OR INJURING OF PLANTED OR
GROWING TREES, FLOWERING PLANTS AND SHRUBS OR PLANTS OF SCENIC
VALUE ALONG PUBLIC ROADS, IN PLAZAS, PARKS, SCHOOL PREMISES OR IN
ANY OTHER PUBLIC GROUND.
SEC. 3. No cutting, destroying, or injuring of planted or growing trees, flowering plants
and shrubs or plants of scenic value along public roads, in plazas parks, school premises
or in any other public ground shall be permitted save when the cutting, destroying, or
injuring of same is necessary for public safety, or such pruning of same is necessary to
enhance its beauty and only upon the recommendation of the committee mentioned in
the preceding section, and upon the approval of the Director of Parks and Wildlife. The
cutting, destroying, or pruning shall be under the supervision of
the committee.
SEC. 4. Any person who shall cut, destroy or injure trees, flowering plants and shrubs or
plants of scenic value mentioned in the preceding sections of this Act, shall be punished
by prison correctional in its minimum period to prison mayor in its minimum period.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3572 - AN ACT APPROPRIATING FUNDS FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION OF DEWEY BOULEVARD EXTENSION TO CAVITE CITY
Section 1. The sum of forty million pesos or so much thereof as may be necessary is
appropriated out of the proceeds of bonds issued under Republic Act Numbered One
thousand for the construction of Dewey Boulevard extension from the Rizal-Cavite
Boundary to Cavite City.
Sec. 2. The extension of Dewey Boulevard to be constructed under the provisions of this
Act is declared as a Limited Access Highway.
Sec. 3. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved: June 21, 1963

[AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF
NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM, DEFINING ITS SCOPE AND
COVERAGE, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES]
Section 4
Definition of Terms
b. Protected area refers to identified portions of land and water set aside by reason of
their unique physical and biological significance, managed to enhance biological
diversity and protected against destructive human exploitation;
Section 20
Prohibited Acts
Except as may be allowed by the nature of their categories and pursuant to rules and
regulations governing the same, the following acts are prohibited within protected areas:
a. Hunting, destroying, disturbing, or mere possession of any plants or animals or
products derived therefrom without a permit from the Management Board;
b. Dumping of any waste products detrimental to the protected area, or to the
plants and animals or inhabitants therein;
c. Use of any motorized equipment without a permit from the Management Board;
d. Mutilating, defacing or destroying objects of natural beauty, or objects of
interest to cultural communities (of scenic value);
e. Damaging and leaving roads and trails in a damaged condition;
f. Squatting, mineral locating, or otherwise occupying any land;
g. Constructing or maintaining any kind of structure, fence or enclosures,
conducting any business enterprise without a permit;
h. Leaving in exposed or unsanitary conditions refuse or debris, or depositing in
ground or in bodies of water; and
i. Altering, removing destroying or defacing boundary marks or signs.

AN ACT TO RECOGNIZE, PROTECT AND PROMOTE THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS
CULTURAL COMMUNITIES/INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, CREATING A NATIONAL
COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, ESTABLISHING IMPLEMENTING
MECHANISMS, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
CHAPTER II
Definition of Terms
SECTION 3.
shall mean:
Definition of Terms. For purposes of this Act, the following terms
a)
Ancestral Domains Subject to Section 56 hereof, refer to all areas generally
belonging to ICCs/IPs comprising lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural
resources therein, held under a claim of ownership, occupied or possessed by ICCs/IPs,
by themselves or through their ancestors, communally or individually since time
immemorial, continuously to the present except when interrupted by war, force majeure
or displacement by force, deceit, stealth or as a consequence of government projects or
any other voluntary dealings entered into by government and private
individuals/corporations, and which are necessary to ensure their economic, social and
cultural welfare. It shall include ancestral lands, forests, pasture, residential, agricultural,
and other lands individually owned whether alienable and disposable or otherwise,
hunting grounds, burial grounds, worship areas, bodies of water, mineral and other
natural resources, and lands which may no longer be exclusively occupied by ICCs/IPs
but from which they traditionally had access to for their subsistence and traditional
activities, particularly the home ranges of ICCs/IPs who are still nomadic and/or shifting
cultivators;
b)
Ancestral Lands Subject to Section 56 hereof, refers to land occupied,
possessed and utilized by individuals, families and clans who are members of the
ICCs/IPs since time immemorial, by themselves or through their predecessors-in-interest,
under claims of individual or traditional group ownership, continuously, to the present
except when interrupted by war, force majeure or displacement by force, deceit, stealth,
or as a consequence of government projects and other voluntary dealings entered into
by government and private individuals/corporations, including, but not limited to,
residential lots, rice terraces or paddies, private forests, swidden farms and tree lots;
c)
Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title refers to a title formally recognizing
the rights of possession and ownership of ICCs/IPs over their ancestral domains identified
and delineated in accordance with this law;
d)
Certificate of Ancestral Lands Title refers to a title formally recognizing the
rights of ICCs/IPs over their ancestral lands;

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE
RESOURCES AND THEIR HABITATS, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
CHAPTER II
Definition of Terms
SECTION 5. Definition of Terms. As used in this Act, the term:
(a) Bioprospecting means the research, collection and utilization of biological and
genetic resources for purposes of applying the knowledge derived therefrom solely for
commercial purposes;
CHAPTER III
Conservation and Protection of Wildlife Resources
SECTION 7. Collection of Wildlife. Collection of wildlife may be allowed in accordance
with Section 6 of this Act: Provided, That in the collection of wildlife, appropriate and
acceptable wildlife collection techniques with least or no detrimental effects to the
existing wildlife populations and their habitats shall, likewise, be required: Provided,
further, That collection of wildlife by indigenous people may be allowed for traditional
use and not primarily for trade: Provided, furthermore, That collection and utilization for
said purpose shall not cover threatened species: Provided, finally, That Section 23 of this
Act shall govern the collection of threatened species.
SECTION 8. Possession of Wildlife. No person or entity shall be allowed possession of
wildlife unless such person or entity can prove financial and technical capability and
facility to maintain said wildlife: Provided, That the source was not obtained in violation
of this Act.
SECTION 9. Collection and/or Possession of By-Products and Derivatives. By-products
and derivatives may be collected and/or possessed: Provided, That the source was not
obtained in violation of this Act.
SECTION 10. Local Transport of Wildlife, By-Products and Derivatives. Local transport
of wildlife, by-products and derivatives collected or possessed through any other means
shall be authorized unless the same is prejudicial to the wildlife and public health.
SECTION 14. Bioprospecting. Bioprospecting shall be allowed upon execution of an
undertaking by any proponent, stipulating therein its compliance with and
commitment(s) to reasonable terms and conditions that may be imposed by the
Secretary which are necessary to protect biological diversity.
The Secretary or the authorized representative, in consultation with the concerned
agencies, before granting the necessary permit, shall require that prior informed consent
be obtained by the applicant from the concerned indigenous cultural communities, local
communities, management board under Republic Act No. 7586 or private individual or
entity. The applicant shall disclose fully the intent and scope of the bioprospecting
activity in a language and process understandable to the community. The prior informed
consent from the indigenous peoples shall be obtained in accordance with existing laws.
The action on the bioprospecting proposal by concerned bodies shall be made within a
reasonable period.
Upon submission of the complete requirements, the Secretary shall act on the
research proposal within a reasonable period.
If the applicant is a foreign entity or individual, a local institution should be actively
involved in the research, collection and, whenever applicable and appropriate, in the
technological development of the products derived from the biological and genetic
resources.
SECTION 15. Scientific Researches on Wildlife. Collection and utilization of biological
resources for scientific research and not for commercial purposes shall be allowed upon
execution of an undertaking/agreement with and issuance of a gratuitous permit by the
Secretary or the authorized representative: Provided, That prior clearance from
concerned bodies shall be secured before the issuance of the gratuitous permit:
Provided, further, That the last paragraph of Section 14 shall likewise apply.
CHAPTER IV
Illegal Acts
SECTION 27. Illegal Acts. Unless otherwise allowed in accordance with this Act, it
shall be unlawful for any person to willfully and knowingly exploit wildlife resources and
their habitats, or undertake the following acts:
(A) killing and destroying wildlife species, except in the following instances;
(i) when it is done as part of the religious rituals of established tribal groups or
indigenous cultural communities;
(ii) when the wildlife is afflicted with an incurable communicable disease;
(iii) when it is deemed necessary to put an end to the misery suffered by the
wildlife;
(iv) when it is done to prevent an imminent danger to the life or limb of a human
being; and
(v) when the wildlife is killed or destroyed after it has been used in authorized
research or experiments.
(b) inflicting injury which cripples and/or impairs the reproductive system of wildlife
species;
(c) effecting any of the following acts in critical habitat(s):
(i) dumping of waste products detrimental to wildlife;
(ii) squatting or otherwise occupying any portion of the critical habitat;
(iii) mineral exploration and/or extraction;
(iv) burning;
(v) logging; and
(vi) quarrying
(d) introduction, reintroduction or restocking of wildlife resources;
(e) trading of wildlife;
(f) collecting, hunting or possessing wildlife, their by-products and derivatives;
(g) gathering or destroying of active nests, nest trees, host plants and the like;
(h) maltreating and/or inflicting other injuries not covered by the preceding
paragraph; and
(i) transporting of wildlife.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1151

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
WHEREAS, the individual and, at times, conflicting, demands of population growth,
urbanization, industrial expansion, rapid natural resources utilization and increasing
technological advances have resulted in a piecemeal-approach concept of environmental
protection;
WHEREAS, such tunnel-vision concept is not conducive to the attainment of an
ideal environmental situation where man and nature can thrive in harmony with one
another; and
WHEREAS, there is now an urgent need to formulate an intensive, integrated
program of environmental protection that will bring about a concerted effort towards the
protection of the entire spectrum of the environment through a requirement of
environmental impact assessments and statements:
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue
of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree:
Section 1. Policy. It is hereby declared a continuing policy of the State (a) to create,
develop, maintain and improve conditions under which man and nature can thrive in
productive and enjoyable harmony with each other, (b) to fulfill the social, economic and
other requirements of present and future generations of Filipinos, and (c) to insure the
attainment of an environmental quality that is conducive to a life of dignity and wellbeing.
Section 2. Goal. In pursuing this policy, it shall be the responsibility of the Government,
in cooperation with concerned private organizations and entities, to use all practicable
means, consistent with other essential considerations of national policy, in promoting the
general welfare to the end that the Nation may (a) recognize, discharge and fulfill the
responsibilities of each generation as trustee and guardian of the environment for
succeeding generations, (b) assure the people of a safe, decent, healthful, productive
and aesthetic environment, (c) encourage the widest exploitation of the environment
without degrading it, or endangering human life, health and safety or creating conditions
adverse to agriculture, commerce and industry, (d) preserve important historic and
cultural aspects of the Philippine heritage, (e) attain a rational and orderly balance
between population and resource use, and (f) improve the utilization of renewable and
non-renewable resources.
Section 3. Right to a Healthy Environment. In furtherance of these goals and policies,
the Government recognizes the right of the people to a healthful environment. It shall be
the duty and responsibility of each individual to contribute to the preservation and
enhancement of the Philippine environment.
Section 4. Environmental Impact Statements. Pursuant to the above enunciated policies
and goals, all agencies and instrumentalities of the national government, including
government-owned or controlled corporations, as well as private corporations firms and

entities shall prepare, file and include in every action, project or undertaking which
significantly affects the quality of the environment a detail statement on
(a) the environmental impact of the proposed action, project or undertaking
(b) any adverse environmental effect which cannot be avoided should the proposal
be implemented;
(c) alternative to the proposed action;
(d) a determination that the short-term uses of the resources of the environment
are consistent with the maintenance and enhancement of the long-term productivity of
the same; and
(e) whenever a proposal involve the use of depletable or non-renewable resources,
a finding must be made that such use and commitment are warranted.
Before an environmental impact statement is issued by a lead agency, all agencies
having jurisdiction over, or special expertise on, the subject matter involved shall
comment on the draft environmental impact statement made by the lead agency within
thirty (30) days from receipt of the same.
Section 5. Agency Guidelines. The different agencies charged with environmental
protection as enumerated in Letter of Instruction No. 422 shall, within sixty (60) days
from the effectivity of this Decree, submit to the National Environmental Protection
Council (NEPC), their respective guidelines, rules and regulations to carry out the
provisions of Sec. 4 hereof on environmental impact assessments and statements.
Section 6. Repealing Clause. All Acts, Presidential Decrees, executive orders, rules and
regulations or parts thereof which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Decree are
hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.
Section 7. Effectivity. This Decree shall take effect immediately.
Done in the City of Manila this 6th day of June in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred
and seventy-nine.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1586
ESTABLISHING AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM, INCLUDING OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RELATED MEASURES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Section 2. Environmental Impact Statement System. There is hereby established an

Environmental Impact Statement System founded and based on the environmental
impact statement required, under Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 1151, of all
agencies and instrumentalities of the national government, including government-owned
or controlled corporations, as well as private corporations, firms and entities, for every
proposed project and undertaking which significantly affect the quality of the
environment.
Section 4. Presidential Proclamation of Environmentally Critical Areas and Projects. The

President of the Philippines may, on his own initiative or upon recommendation of the
National Environmental Protection Council, by proclamation declare certain projects,
undertakings or areas in the country as environmentally critical. No person, partnership
or corporation shall undertake or operate any such declared environmentally critical
project or area without first securing an Environmental Compliance Certificate issued by
the President or his duly authorized representative. For the proper management of said
critical project or area, the President may by his proclamation reorganize such
government offices, agencies, institutions, corporations or instrumentalities including the
re-alignment of government personnel, and their specific functions and responsibilities.
For the same purpose as above, the Ministry of Human Settlements shall:
(a) prepare the proper land or water use pattern for said critical project(s) or area
(s);
(b) establish ambient environmental quality standards;
(c) develop a program of environmental enhancement or protective measures
against calamituous factors such as earthquake, floods, water erosion and others, and
(d) perform such other functions as may be directed by the President from time to
time.
Section 5. Environmentally Non-Critical Projects. All other projects, undertakings and
areas not declared by the President as environmentally critical shall be considered as
non-critical and shall not be required to submit an environmental impact statement. The
National Environmental Protection Council, thru the Ministry of Human Settlements may
however require non-critical projects and undertakings to provide additional
environmental safeguards as it may deem necessary.
Section 9. Penalty for Violation. Any person, corporation or partnership found violating
Section 4 of this Decree, or the terms and conditions in the issuance of the
Environmental Compliance Certificate, or of the standards, rules and regulations issued
by the National Environmental Protection Council pursuant to this Decree shall be
punished by the suspension or cancellation of his/its certificate or and/or a fine in an
amount not to exceed Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00) for every violation thereof, at
the discretion of the National Environmental Protection Council.
PROCLAMATION No. 2146
December 14, 1981
Proclaiming Certain Areas and Types of Projects as Environmentally Critical
and Within the Scope of the Environmental Impact Statement System
Established under Presidential Decree No. 1586.
WHEREAS, it is the national policy to attain and maintain a rational and orderly
balance between socio-economic growth and environmental conservation and protection;
WHEREAS, there is an urgent need to bring about an intensive, integrated program of

environmental protection through a requirement of environmental impact assessments
and statements;
WHEREAS, the environmental impact statement system established under
Presidential Decree No. 1586 calls for the proper management of environmentally critical
area,
WHEREAS, the pursuit of a comprehensive and integrated environmental
protection program necessitates the establishment and institutionalization of a system
whereby the exigencies of socio-economic undertakings can be reconciled with the
requirements of environmental protection and conservation;
WHEREAS, the national leadership mandates the establishment of such a system
to regulate and minimize the environmental impacts of projects and undertakings which
may significantly affect the quality of the environment in Presidential Decree No. 1586,
and
WHEREAS, in the effective implementation of such a system, there arises the need
to identify and declare certain projects determined to be environmentally critical.
NOW, THEREFORE , I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by
virtue of the powers vested in me by law, hereby proclaim the following areas and types
of projects as environmentally critical and within the scope of the Environmental Impact
Statement System.
A. Environmentally Critical Projects
I. Heavy Industries
a. a.Non-ferrous metal industries
b. Iron and steel mills
c. c.Petroleum and petro-chemical industries including oil and gas
d. Smelting plants
II. Resource Extractive Industries
a. a.Major mining and quarrying projects
b. Forestry projects
1. Logging
2. Major wood processing projects
3. Introduction of fauna (exotic-animals) in public/private forests
4. Forest occupancy
5. 5.Extraction of mangrove products
6. Grazing
c. Fishery Projects
1. Dikes for /and fishpond development projects
III. Infrastructure Projects
a. Major dams
b. Major power plants (fossil-fueled, nuclear fueled, hydroelectric or geothermal)
c. c.Major reclamation projects

d. Major roads and bridges.
B. Environmentally Critical Areas
1. All areas declared by law as national parks, watershed reserves, wildlife preserves
and sanctuaries;
2. Areas set aside as aesthetic potential tourist spots;
3. Areas which constitute the habitat for any endangered or threatened species of
indigenous Philippine Wildlife (flora and fauna);
4. Areas of unique historic, archaeological , or scientific interests;
5. Areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural communities or tribes;
6. Areas frequently visited and/or hard-hit by natural calamities geologic hazards,
floods, typhoons, volcanic activity, etc.
7. Areas with critical slopes;
8. Areas classified as prime agricultural lands;
9. Recharged areas of aquifers;
10.
Water bodies characterized by one or any combination of the following
conditions;;
a. tapped for domestic purposes;;
b. within the controlled and/or protected areas declared by appropriate authorities;
c. which support wildlife and fishery activities.
11.
Mangrove areas characterized by one or any combination or the following
conditions:
a. with primary pristine and dense young growth;
b. adjoining mouth of major river systems;
c. near or adjacent to traditional productive fry or fishing grounds;
d. which act as natural buffers against shore erosion, strong winds and storm
floods;
e. on which people are dependent for their livelihood.
12.
Coral reef characterized by one or any combination of the following
conditions:
a. with 50% and above live coralline cover;
b. Spawning and nursery grounds for fish;
c. Which act as natural breakwater of coastlines.
Republic Act No. 9275

March 22, 2004
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
SECTION 3. Coverage of the Act. - This Act shall apply to water quality management
in all water bodies: Provided, That it shall primarily apply to the abatement and control of
pollution from land based sources: Provided, further, That the water quality standards
and regulations and the civil liability and penal provisions under this Act shall be
enforced irrespective of sources of pollution.
ARTICLE 2 DEFINITION OF TERMS
SECTION 4. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act:
h) Contamination - means the production of substances not found in the natural
composition of water that make the water less desirable or unfit desirable or unfit for
intended use.
j) Discharge includes, but is not limited to, the act of spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,
emitting, emptying, releasing or dumping of any material into a water body or onto land
from which it might flow or drain into said water.
l) Dumping - means any unauthorized or illegal disposal into any body of water or land of
wastes or toxic or hazardous material: Provided, That it does not mean a release of
effluent coming from commercial, industrial, and domestic sources which are within the
effluent standards.
bb) Pollutant- shall refer to any substance, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive,
which directly or indirectly:
(i) alters the quality of any segment of the receiving water body to affect or tend to
affect adversely any beneficial use thereof;
(ii) is hazardous or potential hazardous to health;
(iii) imparts objectionable odor, temperature change, or physical, chemical or
biological change to any segment of the water body; or
(iv) is in excess of the allowable limits, concentrations, or quality standards
specified, or in contravention of the condition, limitation or restriction prescribed in this
Act.
pp) Water Pollution - means any alteration of the physical, chemical, biological, or
radiological properties of a water body resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality.
ARTICLE 3
FINANCIAL LIABILITY MECHANISM
SECTION 15. Financial Liability for Environmental Rehabilitation. - The
Department shall require program and project proponents to put up environmental
guarantee fund {EGF) as part of the environmental management plan attached to the
environmental compliance certificate pursuant to Presidential Decree No.1586 and its
implementing rules and regulations. The EGF shall finance the maintenance of the health
of the ecosystems and specially the conservation of watersheds and aquifers affected by
the development, and the needs of emergency response, clean-up or rehabilitation of
areas that may be damaged during the program's or project's actual implementation.
Liability for damages shall continue even after the termination of a program or project
and, until the lapse of a given period indicated in the environmental compliance
certificate, as determined by the Department. The EGF may be in the form of a trust
fund, environmental insurance, surety bonds, letters of credit, self-insurance and any
other instruments which may be identified by the Department. The choice of the
guarantee instrument or combinations thereof shall depend, among others, on the
assessment of the risks involved and financial test mechanisms devised by the
Department. Proponents required to put up guarantee instruments shall furnish the
Department with evidence of availment of such instruments from accredited financial
instrument providers.
SECTION 16. Clean-Up Operations. - Notwithstanding the provisions of Sections 15
and 26 hereof, any person who causes pollution in or pollutes water bodies in excess of
the applicable and prevailing standards shall be responsible to contain, remove and
clean-up any pollution incident at his own expense to the extent that the same water
bodies have been rendered unfit for utilization and beneficial use: Provided, That in the
event emergency clean-up operations are necessary and the polluter fails to immediately
undertake the same, the Department, in coordination with other government agencies
concerned, shall conduct containment, removal and clean-up operations. Expenses
incurred in said operations shall be reimbursed by the persons found to have caused
such pollution upon proper administrative determination in accordance with this Act.
Reimbursements of the cost incurred shall be made to the Water Quality Management
Fund or to such other funds where said disbursements were sourced.
SECTION 17. Programmatic Environmental Impact Assessment. - The Department
shall implement programmatic compliance with the environmental impact assessment
system, as in the following types of development:
a) development consisting of a series of similar projects, or a project subdivided
into several phases and/or stages whether situated in a contiguous area or
geographically dispersed; and
b) development consisting of several components or a cluster of projects colocated in an area such as an industrial estate, an export processing zone, or a
development zone identified in a local land use plan.
Programmatic compliance with the environmental impact assessment system shall
be guided by carrying capacity assessments determined from ecological profiles.
Ecological profiles shall Identify environmental constraints and opportunities in
programmatic areas. Programmatic assessment shall also take into account cumulative
impacts and risks.
Consistent with the provisions of the Local Government Code, the Department may
enter into agreement with LGUs to incorporate programmatic environmental impact
assessment into the preparation, updating or revision of local land use plans and area
development plans.
CHAPTER 5
CIVIL LIABILITY/PENAL PROVISIONS
SECTION 27. Prohibited Acts. - The following acts are hereby prohibited:
a) Discharging, depositing or causing to be deposited material of any kind directly or
indirectly into the water bodies or along the margins of any surface water, where, the
same shall be liable to be washed into such surface water, either by tide action or by
storm, floods or otherwise, which could cause water pollution or impede natural flow in
the water body;
b) Discharging, injecting or allowing to seep into the soil or sub-soil any substance in any
form that would pollute groundwater. In the case of geothermal projects, and subject to
the approval of the Department, regulated discharge for short- term activities (e.g. well
testing, flushing, commissioning, venting) and deep re-injection of geothermal liquids
may be allowed: Provided, That safety measures are adopted to prevent the
contamination of the groundwater;
c) Operating facilities that discharge regulated water pollutants without the valid
required permits or after the permit was revoked for any violation of any condition
therein;
d) Disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into sea water by vessels unless the
health or safety of individuals on board the vessel is threatened by a great and imminent
peril;
e) Unauthorized transport or dumping into sea waters of sewage sludge or solid waste as
defined under Republic Act No.9003;
f) Transport, dumping or discharge of prohibited chemicals, substances or pollutants
listed under Republic Act No.6969;
g) Operate facilities that discharge or allow to seep, willfully or through gross negligence,
prohibited chemicals, substances or pollutants listed under R. A. No. 6969 into water
bodies or wherein the same shall be liable to be washed into such surface, ground,
coastal, and marine water;
h) Undertaking activities or development and expansion of projects, or operating

wastewater/sewerage facilities in violation of Presidential Decree. No.1586 and its
implementing rules, and regulations;
i) Discharging regulated water pollutants without the valid required discharge permit
pursuant to this Act or after the permit was revoked for any violation of condition therein;
j) Non-compliance of the LGU with the Water Quality Framework and Management Area
Action Plan. In such a case, sanctions shall be imposed on the local government officials
concerned;
k) Refusal to allow entry, inspection and monitoring by the Department in accordance
with this Act;
l) Refusal to allow access by the Department to relevant reports and records in
accordance with this Act;
m) Refusal or failure to submit reports whenever required by the Department in
accordance with this Act;
n) Refusal or failure to designate pollution control officers whenever required by, the
Department in accordance with this Act; and
o) Directly using booster pumps in the distribution system or tampering with the water
supply in such a way as to alter or impair the water quality.
SECTION 29. Administrative Sanctions Against Non-compliance with the Water
Quality Management Area Action Plan. - Local government officials concerned shall
be subject to Administrative sanctions incase of failure to comply with their action plan
accordance with the relevant provisions of R.A. No. 7160.
CHAPTER 6
ACTIONS
SECTION 30. Administrative Action. - Without prejudice to the right of any affected
person to file an administrative action, the Department shall, on its own instance or upon
verified complaint by any person, institute administrative proceedings in the proper
forum against any person who violates:
a) Standards or limitations provided by this Act; or
b) By any such order, rule or regulation issued by the Department with respect to
such standard or limitation.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 979
PROVIDING FOR THE REVISION OF PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 600
GOVERNING MARINE POLLUTION
SECTION 2. Statement of Policy. It is hereby declared a national policy to prevent and
control the pollution of seas by the dumping of wastes and other matter which create
hazards to human health, harm living resources and marine life, damage amenities, or
interfere with the legitimate uses of the sea within the territorial jurisdiction of the
Philippines.
SECTION 3. Definition of Terms. For the purposes of this Decree:
a.Discharge - includes, but is not limited to, any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring,
emitting, emptying or dumping but does not include discharge of effluents from
industrial or manufacturing establishments, or mill of any kind.
b.Dumping means any deliberate disposal at sea and into navigable waters of wastes or
other matter from vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea,
including the disposal of wastes or other matter directly arising from or related to the
exploration, exploitation and associated off-shore processing of sea bed mineral
resources unless the same is permitted and/or regulated under this decree: Provided,
That it does not mean a disposition of any effluent from any outfall structure to the
extent that such disposition is regulated under the provisions of Republic Act Numbered
Three Thousand Nine Hundred Thirty-One, nor does it mean a routine discharge of
effluent or other matter incidental to the propulsion of, or derived from the normal
operations of vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea and their
equipment.
SECTION 4. Prohibited Acts. Except in cases of emergency imperilling life or property,
or unavoidable accident, collision, or stranding or in any cases which constitute danger
to human life or property or a real threat to vessels, aircraft, platforms, or other manmade structure, or if damping appears to be the only way of averting the threat and if
there is probability that the damage consequent upon such dumping will be less than
would otherwise occur, and except as otherwise permitted by regulations prescribed by
the National Pollution Control Commission or the Philippine Coast Guard, it shall be
unlawful for any person to
a. discharge, dump or suffer, permit the discharge of oil, noxious gaseous and
liquid substances and other harmful substances from or out of any ship, vessel, barge, or
any other floating craft, or other man-made structures at sea, by any method, means or
manner, into or upon the territorial and inland navigable waters of the Philippines;
b. throw, discharge or deposit, dump, or cause suffer or procure to be thrown,
discharged, or deposited either from or out of any ship, barge, or other floating craft of
vessel of any kind, or from the shore, wharf, manufacturing establishment, or mill of any
kind, any refuse matter of any kind or description whatever other than that flowing from
streets and sewers and passing therefrom in a liquid state into tributary of any navigable
water from which the same shall float or be washed into such navigable water; and
c. deposit or cause, suffer or procure to be deposited material of any kind in any
place on the bank of any navigable water or on the bank of any tributary of any
navigable water, where the same shall be liable to be washed into such navigable water,
either by ordinary or high tides, or by storms or floods, or otherwise, whereby navigation
shall or may be impeded or obstructed or increased the level of pollution of such water.
SECTION 5. It shall be the primary responsibility of the National Pollution Control
Commission to promulgate national rules and policies governing marine pollution,
including but not limited to the discharge of effluents from any outfall structure,
industrial and manufacturing establishments or mill of any kind to the extent that it is
regulated under the provisions of Republic Act Numbered Three Thousand Nine Hundred
Thirty-One, and to issue the appropriate rules and regulations upon consultation with the
Philippine Coast Guard.
The Philippine Coast Guard shall promulgate its own rules and regulations in
accordance with the national rules and policies set by the National Pollution Control
Commission upon consultation with the latter, for the effective implementation and
enforcement of this decree and other applicable laws, rules and regulations promulgated
by the government.
The rules and regulations issued by the National Pollution Control Commission or
the Philippine Coast Guard shall not include deposit of oyster, shells, or other materials
when such deposit is made for the purpose of developing, maintaining or harvesting
fisheries resources and is otherwise regulated by law or occurs pursuant to an authorized
government program: Provided, That the Philippine Coast Guard, whenever in its
judgment navigation will not be injured thereby and upon consultation with and
concurrence of the National Pollution Control Commission, may permit the deposit of any
of the materials above-mentioned in navigable waters, and whenever any permit is so
granted, the conditions thereof shall be strictly complied with.
SECTION 6. Enforcement and Implementation. The Philippine Coast Guard shall have
the primary responsibility of enforcing the laws, rules and regulations governing marine
pollution. However, it shall be the joint responsibility of the Philippine Coast Guard and
the National Pollution Control Commission to coordinate and cooperate with each other
in the enforcement of the provisions of this decree and its implementing rules and
regulations, and may call upon any other government office, instrumentality or agency to
extend every assistance in this respect.

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE
1992 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTI0N ON CIVIL LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION
DAMAGE AND THE 1992 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF AN INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION
DAMAGE, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. - The State, in the protection of its marine wealth in its
archipelagic waters, territorial sea and exclusive economic zone, adopts internationally
accepted measures which impose strict liability for Oil Pollution Damage and ensure
prompt and adequate compensation for persons who suffer such damage. This Act
adopts and implements the provisions of the 1992 International Convention on Civil
Liability for Oil Pollution Damage and the 1992 International Convention on the
Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage.
SEC. 3. Definition of Terms. - For the purpose of this Act:
(h) "Incident" means any occurrence or series of occurrences having the same
origin which causes Pollution Damage or creates a grave and imminent threat of
causing such damage: Provided That a series of occurrences shall be treated as
having occurred on the date of the first such occurrence;
(l) "Pollution Damage" means:
(1) Loss or damage caused outside the Ship by contamination resulting from
the escape or discharge of Oil from the Ship, wherever such escape or
discharge may occur: Provided, That compensation for impairment of the
environment other than loss of profit from such impairment shall be limited
to costs of reasonable measures of reinstatement actually undertaken or to
be undertaken; and
(2) The costs of preventive measures and further loss or damage caused by
preventive measure;
(n) "Ship" means any sea-going vessel and sea-home craft of any type whatsoever
constructed or adapted for the carriage of Oil in bulk as cargo: Provided That a
Ship capable of carrying Oil and other cargoes shall be regarded as a Ship only
when it is actually carrying Oil in bulk as cargo and during any voyage following
such carriage unless it is proved that it has no residues of such carriage of Oil in
bulk aboard;
SEC. 4. Incorporation of the 1992 Civil Liability Convention and 1992 Fund
Convention. - Subject to the provisions of this Act, the 1992 Civil Liability Convention
and 1992 Fund Convention and their subsequent amendments shall form part of the law
of the Republic of the Philippines.
SEC. 5 Scope of Application. - This law shall apply exclusively to Pollution Damage
caused in Philippine territory, including its territorial sea and its exclusive economic zone,
and to preventive measures, wherever taken, to prevent or minimize such damage.
CHAPTER II
STRICT LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE
SEC. 6. Liability on Pollution Damage. - The Owner of the Ship at the time of an
Incident, or where the Incident consists of a series of occurrences, at the time of the first
such occurrence, shall be liable for any Pollution Damage caused by the Ship as a result
of the Incident. Such damages shall include, but not limited to:
(a) Reasonable expenses actually incurred in clean-up operations at sea or on
shore;
(b) Reasonable expenses of Preventive Measures and further loss or damage
caused by preventive measures;
(c) Consequential loss or loss of earnings suffered by Owners or users of property
contaminated or damaged as a direct result of an Incident;
(d) Pure economic loss or loss of earnings sustained by persons although the
property contaminated or damaged as a direct result of an Incident does not
belong to them;
(e) Damage to human health or loss of life as a direct result of the Incident,
including expenses for rehabilitation and recuperation: Provided, That costs of
studies or diagnoses to determine the long-term damage shall also be included;
and
(f) Environmental damages and other reasonable measures of environmental
restoration.
SEC. 7. Exempting Circumstances. - No liability as stated in the immediately
preceding section shall attach to the Owner or his insurer if he proves that the damage:
(a) Resulted from an act of war, hostilities, civil war, insurrection or a natural
phenomenon of an exceptional, inevitable and irresistible character;
(b) Was wholly caused by an act or omission done with intent to cause damage by
third party; and
(c) Was wholly caused by the negligence or other wrongful act of the government
or other enforcement agencies responsible for the maintenance of lights or other
navigational aids in the exercise of that function. If the Owner proves that the
Pollution Damage resulted wholly or partially either from an act or omission done
with intent to cause damage by the person who suffered the damage or from the
negligence of that person, the Owner may be exonerated wholly or partially from
his liability to such person.
SEC. 8. Persons Exempted from Claims for Compensation for Pollution

Damage. - No claim for compensation Pollution Damage under this Act may be made
against:
(a) The servants or agents of the Owner or the members of the crew;
(b) The pilot or any other person who, without being a member of the crew,
performs services for the Ship;
(c) Any charterer, howsoever described, including a bareboat charterer, manager
or operator of the Ship;
(d) Any person performing salvage operations with the consent of the Owner or on
the instructions of a competent public authority;
(e) Any person taking Preventive Measures; and
(f) All servants or agents of persons mentioned in paragraphs (c), (d) and (e)
hereof, unless the damage resulted from their personal act or omission, committed
with the intent to cause such damage, or committed recklessly and with
knowledge that such damage would probably result: Provided, That nothing in this
Act shall prejudice any right of recourse of the Owner against third parties.
SEC. 9. Joint and Several Liability. - When an Incident involving two or more Ships
occurs and Pollution Damage results therefrom, the Owners of all the Ships concerned,
unless exonerated under Section 7 hereof, shall be jointly and severally liable for all such
damage which is not reasonably separable, without prejudice, however, to the right of
recourse of any of such Owners to proceed against each other or third parties.
CHAPTER III
SYSTEM OF LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
SEC. 10. Limitation of Liability. - The Owner shall be entitled to limit his liability under
this Act with respect to a particular Incident to a total amount calculated as follows:
(a) Three million (3,000,000) units of account for a Ship not exceeding five
thousand (5,000) units of tonnage;
(b) For a Ship with a tonnage in excess thereof, for each unit of tonnage, four
hundred twenty (420) units of account for each unit in addition to the amount
mentioned in paragraph (a): Provided, however, That this aggregate amount shall
not, in any event, exceeds 59.7 million units of account:
Provided, further, That the limit of liability of the Owner as aforementioned shall be
subject to adjustment according to subsequent amendments to the 1992 Civil Liability
Convention.
The limited liability, under this Section may not be availed of by the Owner if it has been
established that such Pollution Damage resulted from his personal act or omission,
committed with intent to cause such damage, or committed recklessly and with
knowledge that such damage would probably result.
The "unit of account" referred to in this Section is the Special Drawing Right (SDR) as
defined by the International Monetary Fund as set forth in the 1992 Civil Liability
Convention. The said amount shall be converted into national currency on the basis of
the value of the currency by reference to the SDR on the date that the fund is
constituted under Section 11 of this Act.
The SDR is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement the
existing official reserves of member countries. SDRs are allocated to member countries
in proportion to their IMF quotas. The SDR also serves as the unit of account of the IMF
and some other international organizations. Its value is based on a basket of key
international currencies.
CHAPTER VI
ACTION FOR COMPENSATION
SEC. 17. Action for Compensation. - An action for compensation on account of
Pollution Damage resulting from the Incident which occurred in the territory may be
brought before the RTC against the following persons:
(a) Owner of the polluting Ship; or
(b) Insurer or other person providing financial security of the said Owners liability
for pollution.
For this purpose, foreign corporation, partnership, association or individual, whether or
not licensed to transact business in the Philippines by any appropriate government
agencies, providing such insurance or financial security for Pollution Damage shall be
considered transacting or doing business in the Philippines and shall be subject to the
jurisdiction of the regular judicial courts of the country.
Such action shall be filed within three years of the date on which the damage occurred,
but not later than six years of the date of the Incident.
The PCG shall investigate, motu proprio or through compensation or violation of this Act,
and shall forthwith file appropriate action with the RTC.
It shall likewise provide the complainant necessary technical evidence or any assistance,
whether or not testimonial or documentary, insofar as the claim for compensation or
violation of this Act is concerned.
Filing of the action under this section shall only require payment of filing fees equivalent
to ten percentum (10%) of the regular rates established therefore by the Supreme Court
of the Philippines. However, indigent plaintiff shall be exempt from payment of docket
and other lawful fees, and of transcripts of stenographic notes which the court may order
to be furnished him. The amount of the docket and other lawful fees which the indigent
was exempted from paying shall be a lien on any judgment rendered in the case
favorable to the indigent, unless the court otherwise provides.
SEC. 18. Adjudication or Settlement of Claims. - The RTC shall decide claims for
compensation or certify the compromise agreement by the parties within a reasonable
period.
Where compensation was not obtained or satisfied under the 1992 Civil Liability
Convention, the claimant may seek compensation under the 1992 Fund Convention. The
RTC shall furnish the IOPC Fund with its certified decision, together with pertinent
documents, on a claim for Pollution Damages.
Where the fund under the 1992 Civil Liability Convention is insufficient to satisfy the
claims of those who are entitled to compensation, the amount of compensation of each
claimant shall be distributed pro rata.
SEC. 19. Intervention by the IOPC Fund - The IOPC Fund may intervene as a party to
any legal proceedings instituted against the Owner of a Ship or his guarantor under
Article IX of the 1992 Civil Liability Convention.
CHAPTER VII
PENALTY PROVISIONS
SEC. 20. Violation of the Act. - The following acts shall be considered violations of the
Act and the persons responsible shall suffer the corresponding fines:
(a) Any person who fails to institute or maintain insurance or other financial
security required under Section 12 of this Act;
(1) Ships of 500 gross tons (GRT) and below - not less than One hundred
thousand pesos (P100,000.00) but not more than Two hundred-fifty thousand
pesos (P250,000.00);
(2) Ships of above 500 to 1,000 GRT - not less than Two hundred fifty
thousand pesos (P250,000.00) but not more than Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00);
(3) Ships of above 1,000 to 5,000 GRT - not less than Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00) but not more than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00);
(4) Ships of above 5,000 to 10,000 GRT - not less than One million pesos
(P1,000,000.00) but not more than Five million pesos (P5,000,000.00);
(5) Ships of above 10,000 to 20,000 GRT - not less than Five million pesos
(P5,000,000.00) but not more than Ten million pesos (P10,0000,000.00); and
(6) Ships of above 20,000 GRT - not less than Ten million pesos
(P10,000,000.00) but not more than Fifteen million pesos (P15,000,000.00).
(b) The Owner and the master of a Ship who operate a Ship without maintaining on
board a certificate of insurance required under Section 13 of this Act:
(1) First violation - Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00);
(2) Second violation - One million pesos (P1,000,000.00); and
(3) Third violation - One million five hundred thousand pesos
(P1,500,000.00).
(c) Any person required under Section 15 of this Act to contribute to the IOPC Fund
but nevertheless fails to comply therewith after due notice by the MARINA
(1) First violation - Three million pesos (P3,000,000.00);
(2) Second violation - Four million pesos (P4,000,000.00); and
(3) Third violation - Five million pesos (P5,000,000.00).
(d) Failure to Submit Report of Contributing Oil. - Any person required under
Section 16 of this Act to submit report of contributing Oil and notwithstanding
l0.day notice thereto, fails to comply therewith:
(1) First violation - Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00);
(2) Second violation - One million pesos (P 1,000,000.00); and
(3) Third violation - One million five hundred thousand pesos
(P1,500,000.00).
(e) Any person who shall refuse, obstruct, or hamper the entry of the duly
authorized representatives of the Department or any person authorized under this
Act aboard any Ship or establishment pursuant to this Act shall be liable to pay a
fine not exceeding One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00); and
(f) Any Ship apprehended for violation of this Act may be subjected to detention.
The fines prescribed in this Section and other sections of this Chapter shall be increased
by at least ten percent (10%) every three years to compensate for inflation and to
maintain the deterrent function of such fines.
SEC. 21. Institutional Mechanism. - The DOTC shall be the lead implementing agency
unless otherwise provided in this Act.
SUBJECT: An Act Instituting a New System of Mineral Resources Exploration,

Development, Utilization, and Conservation
Sec. 3 Definition of Terms. As used in and for purposes of this Act, the following terms,
whether in singular or plural, shall mean:
(aq) "Qualified person" means any citizen of the Philippines with capacity to contract, or
a corporation, partnership, association, or cooperative organized or authorized for the
purpose of engaging in mining, with technical and financial capability to undertake
mineral resources development and duly registered in accordance with law at least sixty
per cent (60%) of the capital of which is owned by citizens of the Philippines: Provided,
That a legally organized foreign-owned corporation shall be deemed a qualified person
for purposes of granting an exploration permit, financial or technical assistance
agreement or mineral processing permit.
CHAPTER II
GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT
Sec. 4 Ownership of Mineral Resources. - Mineral resources are owned by the State and
the exploration, development, utilization, and processing thereof shall be under its full
control and supervision. The State may directly undertake such activities or it may enter
into mineral agreements with contractors.
The State shall recognize and protect the rights of the indigenous cultural communities
to their ancestral lands as provided for by the Constitution.
Sec. 5 Mineral Reservations. When the national interest so requires, such as when there
is a need to preserve strategic raw materials for industries critical to national
development, or certain minerals for scientific, cultural or ecological value, the President
may establish mineral reservations upon the recommendation of the Director through
the Secretary. Mining operations in existing mineral reservations and such other
reservations as may thereafter be established, shall be undertaken by the Department or
through a contractor: Provided, That a small scale mining agreement for a maximum
aggregate area of twenty-five percent (25%) of such mineral reservation, subject to valid
existing mining quarrying rights as provided under Section 112 Chapter XX hereof. All
submerged lands within the contiguous zone and in the exclusive economic zone of the
Philippines are hereby declared to be mineral reservations.
A ten per centum (10%) share of all royalties and revenues to be derived by the
government from the development and utilization of the mineral resources within
mineral reservations as provided under this Act shall accrue to the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau to be allotted for special projects and other administrative expenses
related to the exploration and development of other mineral reservations mentioned in
Section 6 hereof.
Sec. 6 Other Reservations. Mining operations in reserved lands other than mineral
reservations may be undertaken by the Department, subject to limitations as herein
provided. In the event that the Department cannot undertake such activities, they may
be undertaken by a qualified person in accordance with the rules and regulations
promulgated by the Secretary. The right to develop and utilize the minerals found therein
shall be awarded by the President under such terms and conditions as recommended by
the Director and approved by the Secretary. Provided, That the party who undertook the
exploration of said reservation shall be given priority. The mineral land so awarded shall
be automatically excluded from the reservation during the term of the agreement:
Provided, further, That the right of the lessee of a valid mining contract existing within
the reservation at the time of its establishment shall not be prejudiced or impaired.
Sec. 8 Authority of the Department. The Department shall be the primary government
agency responsible for the conservation, management, development, and proper use of
the State's mineral resources including those in reservations, watershed areas, and lands
of the public domain. The Secretary shall have the authority to enter into mineral
agreements on behalf of the Government upon the recommendation of the Director,
promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to implement the intent and
provisions of this Act.
CHAPTER III
SCOPE OF APPLICATION
Sec. 15 Scope of Application. This Act shall govern the exploration, development,
utilization and processing of all mineral resources.
Sec. 16 Opening of Ancestral Lands for Mining Operations. No ancestral land shall be
opened for mining operations without the prior consent of the indigenous cultural
community concerned.
Sec. 17 Royalty Payments for Indigenous Cultural Communities. In the event of an
agreement with an indigenous cultural community pursuant to the preceding section, the
royalty payment, upon utilization of the minerals shall be agreed upon by the parties.
The said royalty shall form part of a trust fund for the socioeconomic well-being of the
indigenous cultural community.
Sec. 18 Areas Open to Mining Operations. Subject to any existing rights or reservations
and prior agreements of all parties, all mineral resources in public or private lands,
including timber or forestlands as defined in existing laws shall be open to mineral
agreements or financial or technical assistance agreement applications. Any conflict that

may arise under this provision shall be heard and resolved by the panel of arbitrators.
Sec. 19 Areas Closed to Mining Applications. Mineral agreement or financial or technical
assistance agreement applications shall not be allowed:
(a) In military and other government reservations, except upon prior written clearance by
the government agency concerned;
(b) Near or under public or private buildings, cemeteries, archeological and historic sites,
bridges, highways, waterways, railroads, reservoirs, dams or other infrastructure
projects, public or private works including plantations or valuable crops, except upon
written consent of the government agency or private entity concerned;
(c) In areas covered by valid and existing mining rights;
(d) In areas expressedly prohibited by law;
(e) In areas covered by small-scale miners as defined by law unless with prior consent of
the small-scale miners, in which case a royalty payment upon the utilization of minerals
shall be agreed upon by the parties, said royalty forming a trust fund for the
socioeconomic development of the community concerned; and
(f) Old growth or virgin forests, proclaimed watershed forest reserves, wilderness areas,
mangrove forests, mossy forests, national parks, provincial/municipal forests, parks,
greenbelts, game refuge and bird sanctuaries as defined by law in areas expressly
prohibited under the National Integrated Protected areas System (NIPAS) under Republic
Act No. 7586, Department Administrative Order No. 25, series of 1992 and other laws.
CHAPTER IV
EXPLORATION PERMIT
Sec. 20 Exploration Permit. An exploration permit grants the right to conduct exploration
for all minerals in specified areas. The Bureau shall have the authority to grant an
exploration permit to a qualified person.
Sec. 21 Terms and Conditions of the Exploration Permit. An exploration permit shall be for
a period of two (2) years, subject to annual review and relinquishment or renewal upon
the recommendation of the Director.
Sec. 23 Rights and Obligations of the Permittee. An exploration permit shall grant to the
permittee, his heirs or successors-in-interest, the right to enter, occupy and explore the
area: Provided, That if private or other parties are affected, the permittee shall first
discuss with the said parties the extent, necessity, and manner of his entry, occupation
and exploration and in case of disagreement, a panel of arbitrators shall resolve the
conflict or disagreement.
The permittee shall undertake an exploration work on the area specified by its permit
based on an approved work program.
Any expenditure in excess of the yearly budget of the approved work program may be
carried forward and credited to the succeeding years covering the duration of the permit.
The Secretary, through the Director, shall promulgate rules and regulations governing
the terms and conditions of the permit.
The permittee may apply for a mineral production sharing agreement, joint venture
agreement, co-production agreement or financial or technical assistance agreement over
the permit area, which application shall be granted if the permittee meets the necessary
qualifications and the terms and conditions of any such agreement: Provided, That the
exploration period covered by the exploration permit shall be included as part of the
exploration period of the mineral agreement or financial or technical assistance
agreement.
Sec. 25 Transfer or Assignment. An exploration permit may be transferred or assigned to
a qualified person subject to the approval of the Secretary upon the recommendation of
the Director.
CHAPTER V
MINERAL AGREEMENTS
Sec. 26 Modes of Mineral Agreement. For purposes of mining operations, a mineral

agreement may take the following forms as herein defined:
(a) Mineral production sharing agreement - is an agreement where the Government
grants to the contractor the exclusive right to conduct mining operations within a
contract area and shares in the gross output. The contractor shall provide the financing,
technology, management and personnel necessary for the implementation of this
agreement.
(b) Co-production agreement - is an agreement between the Government and the

contractor wherein the Government shall provide inputs to the mining operations other
than the mineral resource.
(c) Joint venture agreement - is an agreement where a joint-venture company is
organized by the Government and the contractor with both parties having equity shares.
Aside from earnings in equity, the Government shall be entitled to a share in the gross
output.
A mineral agreement shall grant to the contractor the exclusive right to conduct mining
operations and to extract all mineral resources found in the contract area. In addition,
the contractor may be allowed to convert his agreement into any of the modes of
mineral agreements or financial or technical assistance agreement covering the
remaining period of the original agreement subject to the approval of the Secretary.
Sec. 27 Eligibility. A qualified person may enter into any of the three (3) modes of
mineral agreement with the government for the exploration, development and utilization
of mineral resources: Provided, That in case the applicant has been in the mining
industry for any length of time, he should possess a satisfactory environmental track
record as determined by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau and in consultation with the
Environment Management Bureau of the Department.
Sec. 30 Assignment/Transfer. Any assignment or transfer of rights and obligations under

any mineral agreement except a financial or technical assistance agreement shall be
subject to the prior approval of the Secretary. Such assignment or transfer shall be
deemed automatically approved if not acted upon by the Secretary within thirty (30)
working days from official receipt thereof, unless patently unconstitutional or illegal.
Sec. 31 Withdrawal from Mineral Agreements. The contractor may, by giving due notice
at any time during the terms of the agreement, apply for the cancellation of the mineral
agreement due to causes which, in the opinion of the contractor, make continued mining
operations no longer feasible or viable. The Secretary shall consider the notice and issue
its decision within a period of thirty (30) days: Provided, That the contractor has met all
its financial, fiscal and legal obligations.
Sec. 32 Terms. Mineral agreements shall have a term not exceeding twenty-five (25)
years to start from the date of execution thereof, and renewable for another term not
exceeding twenty-five (25) years under the same terms and conditions thereof, without
prejudice to charges mutually agreed upon by the parties. After the renewal period, the
operation of the mine may be undertaken by the Government or through a contractor.
The contract for the operation of a mine shall be awarded to the highest bidder in a
public bidding after due publication of the notice thereof: Provided, That the contractor
shall have the right to equal the highest bid upon reimbursement of all reasonable
expenses of the highest bidder.
CHAPTER VI
FINANCIAL OR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AGREEMENT
Sec. 33 Eligibility. Any qualified person with technical and financial capability to
undertake large-scale exploration, development, and utilization of mineral resources in
the Philippines may enter into a financial or technical assistance agreement directly with
the Government through the Department.
Sec. 36 Negotiations. A financial or technical assistance agreement shall be negotiated
by the Department and executed and approved by the President. The President shall
notify Congress of all Financial or technical assistance agreements within thirty (30) days
from execution and approval thereof.
Sec. 39 Option to Convert into a Mineral Agreement. The contractor has the option to
convert the financial or technical assistance agreement to a mineral agreement at any
time during the term of the agreement, if the economic viability of the contract area is
found to be inadequate to justify large-scale mining operations, after proper notice to the
Secretary as provided for under the implementing rules and regulations: Provided, That
the mineral agreement shall only be for the remaining period of the original agreement.
In the case of a foreign contractor, it shall reduce its equity to forty percent (40%) in the
corporation, partnership, association, or cooperative. Upon compliance with this
requirement by the contractor, the Secretary shall approve the conversion and execute
the mineral production-sharing agreement.
Sec. 40 Assignment/Transfer. A financial or technical assistance agreement may be
assigned or transferred, in whole or in part, to a qualified person subject to the prior
approval of the President: Provided, That the President shall notify Congress of every
financial or technical assistance agreement assigned or converted in accordance with
this provision within thirty (30) days from the date of the approval thereof.
Sec. 41 Withdrawal from Financial or Technical Assistance Agreement. The contractor
shall manifest in writing to the Secretary his intention to withdraw from the agreement, if
in his judgement the mining project is no longer economically feasible, even after he has
exerted reasonable diligence to remedy the cause or the situation. The Secretary may
accept the withdrawal: Provided, That the contractor has complied or satisfied all his
financial, fiscal or legal obligations.
CHAPTER VII
SMALL-SCALE MINING
Sec. 42 Small-scale Mining. Small-scale mining shall continue to be governed by Republic

Act No. 7076 and other pertinent laws.
CHAPTER VIII
QUARRY RESOURCES
Sec. 43 Quarry Permit. Any qualified person may apply to the provincial/city mining
regulatory board for a quarry permit on privately-owned lands and/or public lands for
building and construction materials such as marble, basalt, andesite, conglomerate, tuff,
adobe, granite, gabbro, serpentine, inset filing materials, clay for ceramic tiles and
building bricks, pumice, perlite and other similar materials that are extracted by
quarrying from the ground. The provincial governor shall grant the permit after the
applicant has complied with all the requirements as prescribed by the rules and
regulations.
The maximum area which a qualified person may hold at any one time shall be five
hectares (5 has.): Provided, That in large-scale quarry operations involving cement raw
materials, marble, granite, sand and gravel and construction agreements, a qualified
person and the government may enter into a mineral agreement as defined herein.
A quarry permit shall have a term of five (5) years, renewable for like periods but not to
exceed a total term of twenty-five (25) years, No quarry permit shall be issued or granted
on any area covered by a mineral agreement, or financial or technical assistance
agreement.
Sec. 45 Cancellation of Quarry Permit. A quarry permit may be cancelled by the
provincial governor for violations of the provisions of this Act or its implementing rules
and regulations or the terms and conditions of said permit: Provided, That before the
cancellation of such permit, the holder thereof shall be given the opportunity to be heard
in an investigation conducted for the purpose.
Sec. 46 Commercial Sand and Gravel Permit. Any qualified person may be granted a
permit by the provincial governor to extract and remove sand and gravel or other loose
or unconsolidated materials which are used in their natural state, without undergoing
processing from an area of not more than five hectares (5 has.) and in such quantities as
may be specified in the permit.
Sec. 47 Industrial Sand and Gravel Permit. Any qualified person may be granted an
industrial sand and gravel permit by the Bureau for the extraction of sand and gravel and
other loose or unconsolidated materials that necessitate the use of mechanical
processing covering an area of more than five hectares (5 has.) at any one time. The
permit shall have a term of five (5) years, renewable for a like period but not to exceed a
total term of twenty-five (25) years.
Sec. 48 Exclusive Sand and Gravel Permit. Any qualified person may be granted an
exclusive sand and gravel permit by the provincial governor to quarry and utilize sand
and gravel or other loose or unconsolidated materials from public lands for his own use,
provided that there will be no commercial disposition thereof.
A mineral agreement or a financial technical assistance agreement contractor shall,
however, have the right to extract and remove sand and gravel and other loose
unconsolidated materials without need of a permit within the area covered by the mining
agreement for the exclusive use in the mining operations: Provided, That monthly reports
of the quantity of materials extracted therefrom shall be submitted to the mines regional
office concerned: Provided, further, That said right shall be coterminous with the
expiration of the agreement.
Holders of existing mining leases shall likewise have the same rights as that of a
contractor: Provided, That said right shall be coterminous with the expiry dates of the
lease.
Sec. 49 Government Gratuitous Permit. Any government entity or instrumentality may be
granted a gratuitous permit by the provincial governor to extract sand and gravel, quarry
or loose unconsolidated materials needed in the construction of building and/or
infrastructure for public use or other purposes over an area of not more than two
hectares (2 has.) for a period coterminous with said construction.
Sec. 50 Private Gratuitous Permit. Any owner of land may be granted a private gratuitous
permit by the provincial governor.
Sec. 51 Guano Permit. Any qualified person may be granted a guano permit by the
provincial governor to extract and utilize loose unconsolidated guano and other organic
fertilizer materials in any portion of a municipality where he has established domicile.
The permit shall be for specific caves and/or for confined sites with locations verified by
the Department's field officer in accordance with existing rules and regulations.
Sec. 52 Gemstone Gathering Permit. Any qualified person may be granted a nonexclusive gemstone gathering permit by the provincial governor to gather loose stones
useful as gemstones in rivers and other locations.
CHAPTER XII
AUXILIARY MINING RIGHTS
Sec. 72 Timber Rights. Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, a contractor
may be ranged a right to cut trees or timber within his mining area as may be necessary
for his mining operations subject to forestry laws, rules and regulations: Provided, That if
the land covered by the mining area is already covered by existing timber concessions,
the volume of timber needed and the manner of cutting and removal thereof shall be
determined by the mines regional director, upon consultation with the contractor, the
timber concessionaire/permittee and the Forest Management Bureau of the Department:
Provided, further, That in case of disagreement between the contractor and the timber
concessionaire, the matter shall be submitted to the Secretary whose decision shall be
final. The contractor shall perform reforestation work within his mining area in
accordance with forestry laws, rules and regulations.
Sec. 73 Water Rights. A contractor shall have water rights for mining operations upon
approval of application with the appropriate government agency in accordance with
existing water laws, rules and regulations promulgated thereunder: Provided, That water
rights already granted or vested through long use, recognized and acknowledged by
local customs, laws, and decisions of courts shall not thereby be impaired: Provided
further, That the Government reserves the right to regulate water rights and the
reasonable and equitable distribution of water supply so as to prevent the monopoly of
the use thereof.
Sec. 74 Right to Possess Explosives. A contractor/ exploration permittee shall have the
right to possess and use explosives within his contract/permit area as may be necessary
for his mining operations upon approval of an application with the appropriate
government agency in accordance with existing laws, rules and regulations promulgated
thereunder: Provided, That the Government reserves the right to regulate and control the
explosive accessories to ensure safe mining operations.
Sec. 75 Easement Rights. When mining areas are so situated that for purposes of more
convenient mining operations it is necessary to build, construct or install on the mining
areas or lands owned, occupied or leased by other persons, such infrastructure as roads,
railroads, mills, waste dump sites, tailings ponds, warehouses, staging or storage areas
and port facilities, tramways, runways, airports, electric transmission, telephone or
telegraph lines, dams and their normal flood and catchment areas, sites for water wells,
ditches, canals, new river beds, pipelines, flumes, cuts, shafts, tunnels, or mills, the
contractor, upon payment of just compensation, shall be entitled to enter and occupy
said mining areas or lands.
Sec. 76 Entry into Private Lands and Concession Areas. Subject to prior notification,
holders of mining rights shall not be prevented from entry into private lands and
concession areas by surface owners, occupants, or concessionaires when conducting
mining operations therein: Provided, That any damage done to the property of the
surface owner, occupant, or concessionaire as a consequence of such operations shall be
properly compensated as may be provided for in the implementing rules and regulations:
Provided, further, That to guarantee such compensation, the person authorized to
conduct mining operation shall, prior thereto, post a bond with the regional director
based on the type of properties, the prevailing prices in and around the area where the
mining operations are to be conducted, with surety or sureties satisfactory to the
regional director.
CHAPTER XIII
SETTLEMENT OF CONFLICTS
Sec. 77 Panel of Arbitrators. There shall be a panel of arbitraters in the regional office of
the Department composed of three (3) members, two (2) of whom must be members of
the Philippine Bar in good standing and one licensed mining engineer or a professional in
a related field, and duly designated by the Secretary as recommended by the Mines and
Geosciences Bureau Director. Those designated as members of the panel shall serve as
such in addition to their work in the Department without receiving any additional
compensation. As much as practicable, said members shall come from the different
bureaus of the Department in the region. The presiding officer shall be on a yearly basis.
The members of the panel shall perform their duties and obligations in hearing and
deciding cases until their designation is withdrawn or revoked by the Secretary. Within
thirty (30) working days, after the submission of the case by the parties for decision, the
panel shall have exclusive and original jurisdiction to hear and decide on the following:
(a) Disputes involving rights to mining areas;
(b) Disputes involving mineral agreements or permits;
(c) Disputes involving surface owners, occupants and claimholders/concessionaires; and
(d) Disputes pending before the Bureau and the Department at the date of the effectivity
of this Act.
Sec. 78 Appellate Jurisdiction. The decision or order of the panel of arbitrators may be
appealed by the party not satisfied thereto to the mines Adjudication Board within fifteen
(15) days from receipt thereof which must decide the case within thirty (30) days from
submission thereof for decision.
Sec. 79 Mines Adjudication Board. The Mines Adjudication Board shall be composed of
three (3) members. The Secretary shall be the chairman with the Director of the Mines
and Geosciences Bureau and the Undersecretary for Operations of the Department as
member thereof. The Board shall have the following powers and functions:
(a) To promulgate rules and regulations governing the hearing and disposition of cases
before it, as well as those pertaining to its internal functions, and such rules and
regulations as may be necessary to carry out its functions;
(b) To administer oaths, summon the parties to a controversy, issue subpoenas requiring
the attendance and testimony of witnesses or the production of such books, paper,
contracts, records, statement of accounts, agreements, and other documents as may be
material to a just determination of the matter under investigation, and to testify in any
investigation or hearing conducted in pursuance of this Act;
(c) To conduct hearings on all matters within its jurisdiction, proceed to hear and
determine the disputes in the absence of any party thereto who has been summoned or
served with notice to appear, conduct its proceedings or any part thereof in public or in
private, adjourn its hearings at any time and place, refer technical matters or accounts
to an expert and to accept his report as evidence after hearing of the parties upon due
notice, direct parties to be joined in or excluded from the proceedings, correct, amend, or
waive any error, defect or irregularity, whether in substance or in form, give all such
directions at it may deem necessary or expedient in the determination of the dispute
before it and dismiss the mining dispute as part thereof, where it is trivial or where
further proceedings by the Board are not necessary or desirable;
(1) to hold any person in contempt, directly or indirectly, and impose appropriate
penalties therefor; and
(2) To enjoin any or all acts involving or arising from any case pending before it which, if
not restrained forthwith, may cause grave or irreparable damage to any of the parties to
the case or seriously affect social and economic stability.
In any proceeding before the Board, the rules of evidence prevailing in courts of law or
equity shall not be controlling and it is the spirit and intention of this Act that shall
govern. The Board shall use every and all reasonable means to ascertain the facts in
each case speedily and objectively and without regard to technicalities of law or
procedure, all in the interest of due process. In any proceeding before the Board, the
parties may be represented by legal counsel. the findings of fact of the Board shall be
conclusive and binding on the parties and its decision or order shall be final and
executory.
A petition for review by certiorari and question of law may be filed by the aggrieved
party with the Supreme Court within thirty (30) days from receipt of the order or decision
of the Board.

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PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3571

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7586

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8371

Definition of Terms. For purposes of this Act, the following terms

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1151

government-owned or controlled corporations, as well as private corporations firms and

Section 2. Environmental Impact Statement System. There is hereby established an

Section 4. Presidential Proclamation of Environmentally Critical Areas and Projects. The

WHEREAS, there is an urgent need to bring about an intensive, integrated program of

c. c.Major reclamation projects

Republic Act No. 9275

h) Undertaking activities or development and expansion of projects, or operating

Republic Act No. 9483

SEC. 8. Persons Exempted from Claims for Compensation for Pollution

Republic Act No. 7942

SUBJECT: An Act Instituting a New System of Mineral Resources Exploration,

agreements or financial or technical assistance agreement applications. Any conflict that

Sec. 26 Modes of Mineral Agreement. For purposes of mining operations, a mineral

(b) Co-production agreement - is an agreement between the Government and the

Sec. 30 Assignment/Transfer. Any assignment or transfer of rights and obligations under

Sec. 42 Small-scale Mining. Small-scale mining shall continue to be governed by Republic

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