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INDEX
A
Absolute entropy, 311
Absolute gas temperature scale, 30
Absolute pressure, 3334
Absolute temperatures, 276, 277
Absorptivity (a), 384, 668670
Acceleration of a body, work by, 7475
Acid rain, 9495
Adiabatic process, 67, 272273, 334341
efficiency, 334341
energy transfer by, 67
reversible compression, 273
reversible expansion, 272
steady-flow devices, efficiency of,
334341
Adiabatic fin tip, 433
Air, properties of, 796800, 839841
Air conditioners, 262
Ampere (A), unit of, 6
Annual fuel utilization (AFUE), 8586
Annulus, turbulent flow in an, 597
Approach velocity, 537
Approximate analysis of ideal gas, 319320,
322
Aspect ratio of enclosures, 631632
Average (mean) temperature, 573574
Average (mean) velocity, 201, 573574
B
Baffles, shell-and-pass heat exchangers, 715
Bar (bar), unit of, 33
Barometer, pressure measurement using,
3739
Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state, 143,
144
Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, 143,
144
Bessel functions (modified) for fin efficiency,
436
Biot number (Bi), 474475, 480481
Blackbody radiation, 384, 657663
emissive power, 657658
functions, 661663
Plancks law, 658
spectral emissive power, 658
StefanBoltzmann law, 384, 657,
660661
Weins displacement law, 659
Boltzmann constant, 311
Boundaries, 22, 72, 158165, 479499
movement of for mechanical work, 72
semi-infinite solids, 497499
system, 22
work, 158165
Boundary layers, 527528, 532536,
541542, 575578
buffer, 536
convection and, 527528
entrance region, 575
external forced convection and, 532536,
541542
friction coefficient for, 534, 541542
hydrodynamic entrance region, 575
internal forced convection and, 575578
irrotational (core) flow region, 575
Newtonian fluids and, 533
overlap, 536
Prandtl number for, 535
surface shear stress, 533
thermal, 534535, 575577
turbulent, 536
velocity, 527528, 532534, 575
viscosity, 527, 533534
viscous sublayer, 536
Bourdon tube, pressure measurement using,
4142
British thermal unit (Btu), 9
Buffer layer, 536
Buoyancy force, 612614, 627628
C
Caloric theory, 6768
Calorie (cal), unit of, 9
Candela (cd), unit of, 6
Capacity ratio (c) for heat exchangers, 740,
742743
Carnot cycle, 271273, 277283
absolute temperatures of, 277
coefficient of performance (COP),
281282
heat engine, 272, 277281
heat pump, 281283
refrigerator, 281283
reversed, 273
reversible processes of, 272273
Carnot principles, 273275
Celsius scale (!C), 2931
Centigrade scale, see Celsius scale
Characteristic equation (eigenfunction), 482
Characteristic length for lumped system
analysis, 474
Characteristic values (eigenvalue), 482
Chemical energy, 61
Chemical equilibrium, 26
Classical thermodynamics, 4
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Back Matter
Index
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D
Darcy friction factor for, 585586
Density (r), 2425
Depth, variation of pressure with, 3537
Diffuse reflection, 669
Diffusers, steady flow and, 213216
Dimensional homogeneity, 910
Dimensions, 611
homogeneity of, 910
primary, 69
secondary, 6, 1011
SI units and, 67
units and, 67
unity conversion ratios, 1011
Direction, sign convention for, 69
Double-pipe heat exchanger, 714, 740
Drag, 527, 537540
coefficient, 538
film temperature, 540
heat transfer and, 540
lift, 538
pressure, 538
separated region, 539
skin friction, 538539
surface, 527
velocity and, 537, 538
wake, 539
Ducts, steady flow and, 224226
Dynamic-type regenerative heat
exchanger, 717
Dynamic viscosity, 533534
E
Eddies in turbulent flow, 57
Effective thermal conductivity of enclosures,
630631
Effectiveness, 436439, 724, 735745
effectiveness-NTU method, 724, 735745
finned surfaces, 436439
engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition
Back Matter
Index
Index
natural convection inside, 629638
radiation heat transfer in, 691700
three-surface, 693700
two-surface, 691693
vertical rectangular, 632
Energy, 35, 57108, 252294. See also
Heat transfer; Work
analysis, 7692
balance, 7778, 80
change of a system, 7879
chemical, 61
conservation of, 58, 7677
conversion, 8497
efficiency and, 8492
environment and, 9297
first law of thermodynamics and, 4,
7684
flow (work), 6465
forms of, 5965
heat transfer, 5, 62, 6669, 79
internal (U), 59, 6162
introduction to, 5859
kinetic, (KE), 5960
latent, 61
mass flow (m) rate, 60, 79
mechanical, 6465
nuclear, 6164
potential (PE), 60
quality of, 252253, 279281
reservoirs, 253
second law of thermodynamics and, 4, 5,
251294
sensible, 61
sink, 253
source, 253
stationary systems, 60, 7879
thermal, 62, 66, 253
thermodynamic systems and, 5960,
7879
thermodynamics as, 34, 57108
time rate of change for, 60
total (E), 59, 78
transfer, 62, 6876
transfer, 6676, 7980, 342343
work (W), transfer, 62, 6876, 79
Energy analysis, 7692, 157196, 199250
closed systems, 157196
conservation of mass and, 200206
control volumes, 199250
cycle, work output during, 80, 165
energy balance, 7778, 80, 165170
enthalpy (h), 172180, 181184
first law of thermodynamics for, 7684
flow work, 206209
incompressible substances, 181184, 204
internal energy (u), 172184
mechanisms of energy transfer, 69,
7980
mass balance, 202204, 210, 226227
moving boundary work, 158165
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Back Matter
Index
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EquilibriumCont.
state of systems and, 2526
thermal, 2526
Error function, 496
Exact analysis of ideal gas, 320321, 323
Exact differentials, 69
Extensive properties, 2324
External flow, 529
External forced convection, 525570
cylinders, flow across, 549558
drag in, 537540
flat plates and, 540549
friction coefficient for, 534, 541542
friction drag, 538539
heat transfer coefficient for, 542544,
553555
laminar flows, 535537
Nusselt number for, 528529, 554555
parallel flow, 540549
pressure drag, 538554
Reynolds number for, 536537
spheres, flow across, 549558
surface roughness, effect of on, 551553
turbulent flows, 535537
uniform heat flux, 545
velocity in, 537
F
Fahrenheit scale (!F), 29, 31
Film temperature, 540
Finned surfaces, 429443, 625629
adiabatic (negligible heat loss) fin tip, 433
Bessel functions (modified) for, 436
convection from fin tip, 433434
cooling by natural convection, 625626
corrected length of, 433434
effectiveness of, 436439
efficiency of, 434436
equations for, 430434
heat transfer from, 429443
infinitely long, 432433
length of fins for, 439441
mass flow rate between spaces of,
627628
natural convection and, 625629
steady heat conduction, for, 429443
First law of thermodynamics, 4, 5, 58,
7684
conservation of energy, 58, 7677
energy analysis using, 7684
energy balance and, 7778, 80
energy change of a system, 7879
energy transfer and, 7684
heat transfer (Q) and, 5, 79
mass flow (m) and, 79
mechanisms of energy transfer, 7980
thermodynamics and, 4
total energy (E), 7677
work (W) and, 79
G
Gage pressure, 3334
Gas constant (R), 135, 766, 810
Gases, 111, 135142, 174, 270, 766,
799800, 810, 842843. See also
Ideal gas
compressibility (Z) factor, 137142
constant (R), 135, 766, 810
expansion, irreversible process of
unrestrained, 270
ideal gas, 135137
molar mass (M), 135136, 766, 810
molecular phase of, 111
monatomic, 174
tables for, 766, 799800, 810, 842843
universal constant, 135136
General Conference on Weights and
Measures (CGPM), 67,
276277
Generator efficiency, 86, 8990
Global warming (climate change), 9597
Grashof number, 617618
Gravity force (g), 89
Greenhouse effect, 9597, 671
H
h-s diagram, 308309
Head loss, 586
Headers, shell-and-pass heat exchangers, 715
Heat, see Heat transfer; Thermal energy
Heat capacity, 379, 725
Heat engines, 254259, 275281
Carnot, 277281
KelvinPlanck statement, 259
quality of energy from, 279
thermal efficiency of, 255259, 277278
thermodynamic temperature scales and,
275277
waste energy, 257258
working fluid for, 254
Heat exchangers, 222224, 713763
analysis of, 724726
baffles, 715
engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition
Back Matter
Index
Index
boilers as, 716, 726
capacity ratio (c) for, 740, 742743
compact, 714715
condensers as, 716, 726
correction factor (F) for, 729730
counter-flow, 714, 728, 740741
cross-flow, 715, 729730, 740741
double-pipe, 714, 740
effectiveness-NTU method, 724, 735745
fouling factor for, 719721
headers, 715
heat capacity rate, 725
heat transfer and, 713763
heat transfer effectiveness (e), 736
log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
method, 724, 726735
number of transfer units (NTU), 740743
overall heat transfer coefficient for,
716724
parallel-flow, 714, 741
plate and frame, 716
regenerative, 716
selection of, 746749
shell-and-tube, 715716, 729730, 741
space radiators as, 716
steady flow and, 222224
Heat flow, 66
Heat flux, 579580, 587588
Heat pumps, 259265, 281283
air conditioners, 262
air-source, 262
Carnot, 281282
Clausius statement, 264
coefficient of performance (COP),
261262, 281282
energy efficiency rating (EER), 262
refrigerators and, 259265, 281283
Heat reservoirs, 253
Heat transfer (Q), 1, 2, 56, 62, 6669,
7684, 257259, 270, 342343,
371763. See also Energy; Heat
Exchangers; Thermal sciences
adiabatic process and no, 67
caloric theory, 6768
conduction, 68, 374381, 401524
convection, 68, 382383, 525654
energy and, 5, 62, 6668
energy transfer mechanisms, as, 69, 79
entropy (S) balance and, 342343
exchangers for, 222224, 713763
finned surfaces for, 429443
first law of thermodynamics and, 5,
7684
introduction to, 374
irreversible process of, 270
kinetic theory, 67
lumped systems, in, 475478
mechanisms of, 373400, 386391
per unit mass, 67, 80
radiation, 68, 383386, 653712
I
Ice point, 29, 31
Ideal gas, 135137, 172180, 318326,
767769, 796, 808, 811813, 839
approximate analysis of, 319320, 322
compressibility (Z) factor, 137142
compressibility chart for, 140142, 808
corresponding states, principle of, 139
energy analysis of closed systems of,
172180
enthalpy (h) of, 172180
entropy (S) change of, 318326
equation of state, 135137
exact analysis of, 320321, 323
gas constant (R), 135
internal energy (u) of, 172180
isentropic properties of, 322326
molar mass (M), 135136
monatomic gases as, 174
pseudo-reduced specific volume, 141
reduced pressure, 139140
reduces temperature, 139140
specific heats of, 172180, 319323,
767769, 811813
tables for, 767769, 796, 808, 811813,
839
universal gas constant, 135136
water vapor as a, 137
Incompressible flow, 530
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Back Matter
Index
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J
Joule (J), unit of, 9
K
Kelvin (K) scale, 6, 29, 31, 276277
KelvinPlanck statement, 259, 264265
Kilogram (k), unit of, 67
Kilogram-force (kgf), units of, 8, 33
Kilopascal (kPA), unit of, 33
Kinematic viscosity, 533
Kinetic energy (KE), 5962
Kinetic theory, 67
Kirchoffs law, 384, 670671
L
Laminar flow, 530, 535537, 574, 583593
boundary layers of, 536
constant surface heat flux of, 587588
constant surface temperature of, 588589
entrance region, development of in, 590
external forced convection and, 535537
internal forced convection and, 574,
583593
noncircular tubes, in, 589
Nusselt number for, 587, 589590
pressure drop, 585587
Reynolds number, 536537
temperature profile for, 587
transition to turbulent, 535537
tubes, in, 574, 583593
turbulent versus, 530
Latent energy, 61
Latent heat, 114
Lift, 538
Lighting efficacy, 86
Liquid film, work by stretching, 74
M
Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 614615
Macroscopic forms of energy, 59, 62
Magnetic work, 76
Magnitude, sign convention for, 69
Manometer, pressure measurement using,
3941
Mass (m), 8, 60, 79, 200206, 208210,
226227, 343, 627628
balance, 202204, 210, 226227
conservation of, 200206
N
Natural convection, 382, 611654
buoyancy force, 612614, 627628
cooling by, 625627
engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition
Back Matter
Index
Index
current, 612
cylinders and, 619, 620622, 632633
enclosures, inside, 629638
equation of motion for, 615618
friction force, 614
Grashof number for, 617618
heat transfer, 612
Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 614615
mass flow rate, 627628
Nusselt number for, 618619
physical mechanisms of, 612615
plates and, 620621, 627628
printed circuit boards (PCBs) and,
625629
radiation combined with in enclosures,
633634
Rayleigh number for, 618
spheres and, 621622, 633
surfaces, over, 618629
volume expansion coefficient, 613614
Natural (unforced) flow, 530
Net heat input, 166
Net radiation heat transfer, 688690
Net work output, 166
Newton (N), unit of, 6, 8
Newtonian fluids, 533
Newtons law of cooling, 382, 526527
Newtons second law, 8
Noncircular tubes, fluid flow in, 589, 596
Nondimensionalized one-dimensional
transient heat conduction problem,
479494
Nonmechanical work, 7576
Normal stress, 33
No-slip condition, 527528
Nozzles, 89, 213216, 339341
efficiency, 89
isentropic efficiency of, 339341
steady flow and, 213216
Nuclear energy, 6164
Number of transfer units (NTU), 740743
Nusselt numbers, 528529, 554555,
577578, 587, 589, 590, 618619
convection and, 528529
cylinders, for flow in, 554555
entrance region entry lengths, for,
577578, 590
external forced convection, 554555
internal forced convection, 577578, 587,
589, 590
laminar flow, for, 587589, 590
natural convection, 618619
surfaces, for, 618619
O
One-, two-, and three-dimensional flow,
531532
One-term approximation, 484485, 489490
Open-channel flow, 529
P
P-T diagram, 122
P-v diagram, 118122
P-v-T surface diagram, 123125
Package icing, 116
Parallel flow, external forced convection and,
540549
Parallel-flow heat exchanger, 714, 741
Pascal (Pa), unit of, 33
Pascals law, 37
Path functions, 69
Path of the process, 2627
Per unit mass of heat transfer, 67, 80, 165
Performance, see Efficiency
Periodic flow, 531
Perpetual-motion machines, 265267
first kind (PMM1), 265266
history of patents of, 267
second kind (PMM2), 265267
Phase diagram, 122
Phase equilibrium, 26
Phase-change processes, 111135
compressed (subcooled) liquid, 112,
118119, 131132
consequences of saturation temperature
and pressure dependence, 115116
latent heat, 114
liquidvapor saturation, 112114,
118119, 127130
liquids, 111116, 118119, 125127,
131132
package icing, 116
pressure, 113116
property diagrams for, 116124
property tables for, 124135
saturation, 112116, 118119, 125130
superheated vapor, 112113, 118119,
130131
temperature, 113116
vacuum cooling, 115116
vacuum freezing, 116
vapor, 112113, 118119, 121, 125127,
130131
Photons (quanta), 383, 655
Piezoelectric transducers, pressure
measurement using, 43
Pipes, steady flow and, 224226. See also
Tubes
Plancks law, 658
Plane walls, 402411, 478494
Heisler charts for, 485490
multilayer, 407411
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Back Matter
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Pressure (P)Cont.
reduced, 139140
relative, 323324
saturation, 113116
specific heat and, 170172, 174175,
181182
tables for, 774775, 786, 798799,
818819, 829, 841842
transducers, 4245
units of, 33, 3738
vacuum, 34
Printed circuit boards (PCBs), 625629
cooling by natural convection,
626627
mass flow rate between spaces of,
627628
natural convection and, 625629
Problem solving technique for thermal
sciences, 1, 1116
Processes, 2628, 67, 158162, 203204,
268273, 298299, 307308.
See also Phase-change
processes
adiabatic, 67, 272273
Carnot cycles and, 272273
equilibrium changes and, 2628
irreversible, 268270
isentropic, 307308
isobaric, 27
isochoric (isometric), 27
isothermal, 27, 272273
moving boundary work, for analysis of,
158165
path of, 2627
polytropic process, 163165
quasi-static (quasi-equilibrium), 27,
158162
reversible processes, 268269, 270273,
298299
steady-flow, 28, 203204
thermodynamic systems, of, 2628
Product solution method, 503505
Properties of systems, 2326
extensive, 2324
independent, 26
intensive, 2324
specific, 24, 25
state postulate for, 26
Property diagrams, 116124, 308310
compressed liquid region, 118119
critical point, 117118
entropy (S), involving, 308310
h-s, 308309
Mollier, 309
P-T, 122
P-v, 118122
P-v-T surface, 123125
saturated liquid line, 118
saturated liquidvapor region, 118
saturated vapor line, 118
Q
Quality (x) of saturation, 127
Quality of energy, 252253, 279281, 312
Carnot cycle and, 279
entropy and, 312
quantity versus, 280281
second law of thermodynamics and,
252253, 279281
Quasi-static (quasi-equilibrium) process, 27,
158162
R
Radiation, 68, 383386, 633634, 653712
absorptivity (a), 384, 668670
black surfaces, heat transfer of,
685687
blackbody, 384, 657663
combined heat transfer coefficient, 385
diffuse gray surfaces, heat transfer of,
687700
electromagnetic spectrum, 655656
electromagnetic waves and, 383384,
654655
emissivity (e), 384385, 664668
energy transfer by, 68
greenhouse effect and, 671
infrared region of, 656
introduction to, 654655
irradiation (G), 668
Kirchoffs law, 384, 670671
light and, 655656
microwaves, 656
natural convection combined with in
enclosures, 633634
properties of, 663671
reflectivity (r), 668670
solar, 656
StefanBoltzmann law, 384, 657,
660661
surface phenomenon, as a, 657
surfaces, heat transfer of, 683700
thermal, 384, 655657
transmissivity (t), 668670
ultraviolet, 656
view factor for, 671685
volumetric phenomenon, as a, 656
Radiosity, 688
Rankine scale (R), 29, 31
Rarified gas law theory, 24
Rate form of heat transfer, 67, 80, 165
Rayleigh number, 618
Reciprocity relation for view factors,
673674
Reflectivity (r), 668670
Refrigerants, 259, 784789, 791, 828832,
834
P-h diagram for, 789, 832
pressure tables for, 786, 829
saturated 134a, 784786, 791, 828829,
834
superheated 134a, 787788, 830831
temperature tables for, 784785, 828
Refrigerators, 259265, 281283
air conditioners, 262
Carnot, 281282
Clausius statement, 264
coefficient of performance (COP),
260261, 281282
energy efficiency rating (EER), 262
heat pumps and, 259265, 281283
engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition
Back Matter
Index
Index
refrigerant for, 259
vapor-compression cycle, 259260
Regenerative heat exchanger, 716
Relative density, see Specific gravity (SG)
Reversible processes, 268273, 296299,
326330
adiabatic compression, 273
adiabatic expansion, 272
Carnot cycle, 272273
efficiency and, 269
entropy (S) as, 296299, 326330
externally, 270271
internally, 270271, 298299
isothermal compression, 272273
isothermal expansion, 272
second law of thermodynamics and,
268271
steady-flow work, 326330
totally, 271
Reynolds number, 536537
Roughness, see Surface roughness
S
Saturation, 112116, 118119, 125130,
772774, 781, 784786, 790793,
816819, 825, 828829, 833836
consequences of temperature and pressure
dependence, 115116
liquid, 112, 118119, 125127
liquidvapor mixture, 112114, 118119,
127130
pressure, 113116
property diagram lines and regions of,
118119
property tables of, 125130
tables for, 772774, 781, 784786,
790793, 816819, 825, 828829,
833836
temperature, 113116
vapor, 112113, 118119, 125127
Second (s), unit of, 6, 7
Second law of thermodynamics, 4, 5,
251294, 296299
Carnot cycle, 271273, 277283
Carnot principles, 273275
Clausius statement, 264265
entropy (s) and, 252, 296299
heat engines, 254259, 277281
heat pumps, 259265, 281283
heat transfer and, 5
introduction to, 252253
irreversible processes, 268270
KelvinPlanck statement, 259,
264265
perpetual-motion machines, 265267
quality of energy and, 252253, 279281
refrigerators, 259265, 281283
reversible processes, 268273
thermal energy reservoirs, 253
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Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition
Back Matter
Index
The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008
Steady flowCont.
ducts for, 224226
energy analysis of, 210212
engineering devices for, 213226
entropy (S) and, 326341
entropy balance for, 346348
heat exchangers for, 222224
incompressible substances, 204
isentropic efficiencies of devices for,
334341
mass balance for, 203204, 210
mixing chambers for, 220221
nozzles for, 213216
pipes for, 224226
power and, 212
process, 28, 203204, 346348
proof of efficiency of, 329330
reversible work, 326330
throttling valves for, 219220
turbines for, 216218
Steady heat conduction, 401470
critical radius of insulation, 426429
cylinders, in, 420426
finned surfaces for, 429443
insulation and, 413414, 426429,
448449
multilayers and, 407411, 422426
plane walls, in, 402411
shape factor, 444449
spheres, in, 420426
thermal resistance, 403407, 412419
Steam point, 29, 31
StefanBoltzmann law, 384, 657, 660661
Strain-gage transducers, pressure
measurement using, 43
Stretching a liquid film, work by, 74
Sublimation, 122
Summation rule for view factors, 674679
Superheated vapor, 112113, 118119,
130131, 776, 787788, 820,
830831
phase change processes of, 112113,
118119, 130131
property diagrams, region of, 118119
property tables for, 130131
refrigerant-134a, 787788, 830831
water, 776, 820
Superposition rule for view factors,
679681
Surface drag, 527
Surface roughness, 551553, 595596, 807
Colebrook equation for, 595, 596
fluid flow, effect of on, 551553
Moody chart for, 595596, 807
relative roughness, 595
turbulent flow and, 595596
Surface tension, 74
Surfaces, 533, 551553, 579582, 587589,
595597, 618629, 683700. See
also Finned surfaces
T
T ds relations of entropy, 314315
T-S diagram, 308310
T-v diagram, 116118, 120122
Temperature (T), 56, 2833, 113116,
139140, 275277, 540, 573574,
580582, 587589, 772773,
784785, 816817, 828
absolute, 276
absolute gas scale, 30
engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition
Back Matter
Index
Index
introduction to, 118
problem solving techniques, 1, 1116
significant digits and, 1516
thermodynamics, 14
units of, 611
unity conversion ratios, 1011
Thermodynamics, 14, 19369. See also
Energy; Fluid flow; Heat; Thermal
sciences; Work
Carnot cycle, 271273, 277283
Carnot principles, 273275
classical, 4
closed systems, 22, 157196, 345
conservation of energy principle, 4
conservation of mass, 200206
control volumes, 2223, 60, 199250,
345346
energy analysis, 7692, 157196,
199250
energy as, 34, 57108
energy transfer, 6876, 342343
enthalpy (h) and, 124125, 172180,
181184
entropy (s) and, 124, 295369
first law of, 4, 7684
flowing fluids, 206232, 326330,
334340
heat engines, 254259, 277281
heat pumps, 259265, 281283
heat transfer (Q), 12, 56, 62, 6669, 79
introduction to, 2155
irreversible processes, 268270
isentropic processes, 307308
molecules and, 4
perpetual-motion machines, 265267
pressure (P), 3345
property diagrams for, 116124, 308310
property tables for, 124135
pure substances, 109156, 303307
refrigerators, 259265, 281283
reversible processes, 268273, 298299,
326330
second law of, 4, 251294
statistical, 4
steady flow and, 203204, 210226,
326330, 334341
systems, 2228
temperature (T) and, 2833, 275277
thermal science, as a, 14
third law of, 311
unsteady flow and, 226232
work (W), 62, 6876, 79
zeroth law of, 2833
Third law of thermodynamics, 311
Throttling valves, steady flow and,
219220
Time constant for lumped system analysis,
473
Time rate of change, 60
Torr (torr), unit of, 38
859
The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008
860
857
U
Ultraviolet radiation, 656
Uniform-flow process, 227228, 531
Uniform heat flux, 545
United States Customary System (USCS),
see English system of units
Units of measurement, 611, 2933, 3738,
275278
dimensional homogeneity and, 910
English system of, 69
General Conference on Weights and
Measures (CGPM), 67,
276277
International System (SI) of, 69
International Temperature Scale of 1990
(ITS-90), 3133
metric, 6
pressure, 33, 3738
thermodynamic temperature scales,
2931, 275278
United States Customary System (USCS)
of, 6
unity conversion ratios, 1011
Unity conversion ratios, 1011
Universal gas constant, 135136
Unsteady flow, 226232, 531
convection and, 531
energy analysis of, 226232
mass balance for, 226227
uniform-flow process for, 227228
Upstream velocity, 537
Useful pumping power, 89
V
Vacuum cooling, 115116
Vacuum freezing, 116
Vacuum pressure, 34
Van der Waals equation of state, 142143
Vapor, 112113, 118119, 121, 125127,
130131, 137, 781, 825. See also
Liquidvapor saturation
ideal gas, water vapor as a, 137
property diagram lines and regions of,
118119
property tables of, 125127, 130131
saturated, 112113, 118119, 125127
sublimation, 122
superheated, 112113, 118, 130131
water, 137, 781, 825
858
engel: Introduction to
Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, Second Edition
Back Matter
Index
The McGrawHill
Companies, 2008
kinematic, 533
no-slip condition and, 527
Viscous flow, 529
Viscous sublayer, 536
Volume (V), 24, 60, 170171, 174175,
181182, 201, 204, 323324
constant, 170171, 174175, 181182
flow rate, 60, 201, 204
incompressible flow and, 204
isentropic processes of ideal gases and,
323324
relative specific, 323324
specific (v), 24, 323324
specific heats and, 170171, 174175,
181182
Volume expansion coefficient, 613614
W
Wake from separation flow, 539
Walls, see Plane walls
Waste energy, 257258
Water, properties of, 722783, 790,
816827, 833
Weight (W), 8
Z
Zero-pressure specific heat, 173
Zeroth law of thermodynamics, 2829