1.

What are the two types of communications satellite

Passive and active
2. A typical satellite communications operational link consists of a satellite
and what other two components?
Earth terminals
3. What areas of the earth are not normally covered by satellites?
Extreme polar regions
4. Satellite orientation in space is important for what two reasons?
To allow maximum solar exposure to the sun and satellite antenna
exposure to earth terminals
5. What types of antennas are generally used at earth terminals?
Large, high-gain parabolic antennas
6. Why do earth terminals require highly sensitive receivers?
To overcome satellite transmitter low power and permit extraction
of the desired information from the received signal
7. Why is satellite acquisition and tracking important?
To ensure earth terminal antennas are always pointed towards the
satellite
8. What are the two limitations to an active satellite communications
system?
Satellite down-link transmitter and up-link receiver sensitivity
9. If the line-of-sight distance for an optical beam is 12 km, what would is be,
approximately, for a microwave beam?

16 km
10. The power in the downlink signal from a typical communications satellite
is in the range of _____ per transponder.
10 to 250 watts
11. The power level for an earth station to transmit to a satellite is in the
order of:
10^3 watts
12. Ku-band antennas can be _____ than C-band antennas.
Smaller
13. A geosynchronous orbit is about _____ km above the earth.
35,780
14. A Global Positioning System (GPS) or NAVSTAR is
MEO
15. GPS or NAVSTAR height is
9500 miles
16. An antennas angular direction between east and west?
Azimuth
17. An antennas vertical angle with respect to the earths surface.
Elevation
18. An antennas angle by which it is offset from the earths axis
Declination

19. In geostationary satellites, station-keeping means:

Adjusting the orbits
20. A reduction of TWT power for linearity is called:
Backof
21. The frequency bands used by Ku-band satellites are:
12 GHz and 14 GHz
22. Satellite operating at 27 30 GHz
Ka-band
23. The law that states that a satellite will orbit a primary body following an
elliptical path.
1st Law of Kepler
24. Keplers 2nd law is known as
Law of areas
25. Keplers 3rd law is also known as
Harmonic law
26. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite orbits around the earth at a height of
370 miles
27. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite orbits around the earth at a height
approximately _____.
6000 miles to 12,000 miles
28. Geosynchronous satellites are high-altitude earth-orbit satellites with
heights about _____.
22,300 miles or 36,000 km
29. Iridium is a LEOSAT that has a height of approximately

480 miles
30. MEO frequency band is
1.2 -1.66 GHz
31. All satellites rotate around the earth in an orbit that forms a plane that
passes through the center of gravity of earth called
Geocenter
32. The point on the surface of the earth directly below the satellite
Subsatellite point (SSP)
33. The minimum acceptance angle of elevation
5 degrees
34. The spatial separation of a satellite is between _____.
3 degrees to 6 degrees
35. Antenna used with a rotating satellite whose main beam is continuously
adjusted so that it will illuminate a given area on the earths surface
Despun
36. Satellites radiation pattern that typically target up to 20% of the Earths
surface
Hemispherical beams
37. The radiation pattern that has a satellites antenna beamwidth of 17
degrees and are capable of covering approximately 42% of the earths
surface
Earth or global beams
38. Geostats has an earth coverage of approximately

42.5%
39. LNA stands for:
Low-noise amplifier
40. LNA in satellite transponder system commonly used
Tunnel
41. Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit (a) 500 km above the
earths surface (b) 36,000 km above the earths surface (approximately the
height of geosynchronous satellite).
(a) 7.6 km/s (b) 3.07 km/s

42. Calculate the angle of declination for an antenna using a polar mount at
latitude of 45 degrees.
6.81 degrees

43. Calculate the length of the path to a geosynchronous satellite from an

earth station where the angle of elevation is 30 degrees.
39 x 10^3 km

44. A satellite transmitter operates at a 4 GHz with a transmitter power of

7W and an antenna gain of 40 dBi. The receiver has antenna gain of 30 dBi
and the path length is 40,000 km. Calculate the signal strength at the
receiver.
-88 dBm

45. A receiving antenna with a gain of 40 dBi looks at at a sky with a noise
temperature of 15K. The loss between the antenna and the LNA input, due to
the feedhorn, is 0.4 dB, and the LNA has a noise temperature of 40K.
Calculate G/T (Antenna gain-to-noise-temperature).
20.6 dB

46. A receiver has a noise figure of 1.5 dB. Find its equivalent noise
temperature.
119K

47. The receiving installation whose G/T was found to be 20.6 dB is used as a
ground terminal to receive a signal from a satellite at a distance of 38,000
km. the satellite has transmitter power of 50 watts and an antenna gain of
30 dBi. Assume losses between the satellite transmitter and its antenna is
negligible. The frequency is 12 GHz. Calculate the carrier-to-noise ratio at the
receiver, for a bandwidth of 1 MHz.
30.6 dB

48. If a satellite has a total transmitter power (Pt) of 1000 W, determine the
energy per bit (Eb) for a transmission rate of 50 Mbps.
-47 dBW/bps or -47 dbJ

49. For an equivalent noise bandwidth of 10 MHz and a total noise power of
0.00276 pW, determine the noise density and equivalent noise temperature.
276 x 10^-23 W/Hz or -205.6 dBW/Hz
50. A typical TVRO installation for use with C-band satellite (downlink at
approximately 4 GHz) has a diameter of about 3 m and an efficiency of about
55%. Calculate its gain and beamwidth.
G = 39 dB, beamwidth = 1.75 degrees

51. For an earth station transmitter with an antenna output power of 40dB
(10000 W), a back-off loss of 3dB, a total branching and feeder loss of 3dB,
and a transmitter antenna gain of 40dB, determine the EIRP
74 dBW

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