Types of Production Procedure:Casting Process:This type of procedure required liquid material.

This is the only process

which uses liquid material. This is oldest procedure of production in
which the molten metal is poured into refractory mould cavity and
allowed to solidify. The object from the cavity removed after the
solidification.

Forming Process:This solid state production process involving minimum amount of

material wastage. In this process the metal may be heated to a
temperature, which is slightly below the solidus temperature and then
large force is applied such that material flows and take the desired shape.

Fabrication Process:It essentially, involves joining pieces either permanent or temporarily so

that they would perform necessary function. The joining can be achieved
by either or both of heat and pressure or joining through material. It is
secondary manufacturing procedure.

Material Removal Process:This is also a secondary procedure where the additional unwanted
material is removed in the form of chips from the blank material by a
harder tool so as to obtain the final desired shape.

Production Line:A production line is defined as an arrangement in a factory in which a

thing being manufactured is passed through a set linear sequence of
mechanical or manual operations.
A production line is a set of sequential operations established in a factory
whereby materials are put through a refining process to produce an end-

product that is suitable for onward consumption; or components

assembled to make a finished article.
The production line is required to produce products fast. As well the
market demand is getting increase as well we need more products also
with more in quantity. A production of a whole body by a single labour
was unable satisfied this they was also unable fulfil the demand properly
then we need some processes by which we can produce things fast and
fulfil the requirement of market. Due to these the concept of production
lines introduced in which many units work together to produce
something. This concept reduces the production time up to a mark and
exponentially increases the profits.

Advantages of Production line:1. One of the biggest advantages of assembly line manufacturing is
that it reduces the skill requirements for line workers. When
manufacturing a doll, a craftsman may have to know how to mould
the body, attach hair, paint the face, and sew the clothing.
Assembly manufacturing, however, isolates one specific task or set
of tasks to each worker, meaning that it is easier to train new
workers and mastery of the skill may come faster. Additionally,
automated assembly lines may be easier to create than craftsmanbased versions, because machines may only be able to perform a
limited number of specific tasks.
2. A benefit of the task-isolation principle is it makes it easier to
understand where breakdowns in efficiency occur. If products are
moving along on schedule until they reach a certain point in the
line, it is easy to see that the speed-reduction in speed occurs at a
specific point. This may make efficiency issues easier to address,
since problems may be immediately apparent and have specific
solutions that can be quickly applied.
3. Increased production and better uniformity are two other
advantages of assembly methods. Since the line is optimized for
speed and efficiency, and tasks are limited, most lines can turn out
products much faster than traditional methods of manufacturing.
Since every product is put together in the same order, at the same
speed, by the same technicians, variations in quality are also less
likely. With products that need to be manufactured in large
quantities at a rapid rate, assembly lines may be the most efficient
choice of manufacturing structure.

Disadvantages of Production line:1. The invention of assembly line production resulted in many
different advantages, but there are some significant
disadvantages in the method as well. Most of the benefits have
to do with a reduction in cost and an increased uniformity of the
finished products. In addition to creating higher profit margins,
this can also result in products that are more affordable and
easier to repair. Disadvantages that are often associated with
this method of mass production include lower build qualities,
rigid or inflexible production facilities, and a substantially
higher initial capital investment.
2. Prior to the advent of the assembly line, the alternatives were
less efficient methods such as cottage industries and craft
production. These methods often allowed for the creation of
high quality products, but the cost to produce them was also
high. Each product also tended to be somewhat unique, which
could lead to issues if repairs were needed. Since assembly line
production involves creating highly uniform products at a fast
pace, many of these issues were eradicated. One example is in
automobile manufacturing, where the production method drove
down the cost of the vehicles to the point where the working
class could afford to purchase them.
3. The disadvantages of the assembly line style of production are
the same qualities described above but looked at from another
angle. While several workers using interchangeable,
standardized parts makes for easy repairs and replacements, it
also means each item loses that individualistic flare of unique
craftsmanship. For some products, especially decorative or
luxurious items, it can be very desirable to know that the piece
was uniquely crafted by a single skilled and experienced artisan,
who put a lot of heart and soul into the creationnot just a
bunch of disinterested people on a production line slapping
parts together with no personal investment in the quality of the
finished product.

Factor can affect the Production Process:1. Supplies:- Many manufacturing depends on raw material supplied

from outside sources. Some of the factors that can delay or hamper a

regular delivery schedule include a glitch at the site of a supply source,

problem with transportation or inclement weather. If supplies are not
forthcoming as needed, the potential for shutdown in the manufacturing
process can result. Alternatively a smooth supply operation and well
managed inventory promote production as scheduled.

2. Equipment:- When a manufacturing process involves complex

machines to complete production, a temporary malfunction or a
breakdown in an intricate piece of equipment can affect the production.
Identifying means of improving efficiency of all working parts of
production promotes a continual and more efficient operation. Positioning
of equipment and the personal required to operate machine can also affect
production. In a paper on production cycle times, Mandar M. Chincholkar
of Intel Corporation and several of his academic and research colleagues
explain the concept of Process Drift which they describe as a common
occurrence in production where machine fail to function properly due to
lack of cleaning.

3. Factory overhead:- Production depends on utilities to power

machines, cool equipment and light the workspace in their factories. Even
a temporary shutdown of the power supply or lack of a steady water
source can impact production, thus affecting the production process. In
addition negative and positive ways.
professor R Dan Reid of the University of New Hampshire and Nada R.
Sanders of Lehigh University posit Conformance to specification as
one definition of quality in production. They cite as an example the
situation of machine parts being built to specs. Here an unforeseen
change in made to order parts can have significant impact on production,
especially if the parts are shipped over long distance from offsite.
Disparities in qualities may require multiple orders for the same
inventory, resulting in delays and temporary slowdowns or shutdowns of
the production.

5. People who work at all points:- The workforce especially touch

labour, the workers directly involved in the production can affect that
process in many ways. For example: sick days and vacations taken by key
personal must be figured into production to prevent a negative impact on
production. An intangible factor that affects the production process and is
dealt with after the fact is human error. Alternatively, human inside a

production leading to more labour-efficient and cost-effective methods of

production can affect in a positive way.