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6.11 Isentropic Processes

315

or
#
#
scomp 5 mref 1s2 2 s12
kg
kJ
1 kW
5 a0.07 b10.98225 2 0.95722a
b`
`
s
kg ? K 1 kJ/ s
5 17.5 3 1024 kW/ K
Valve

Finally, for the control volume enclosing the throttling valve, the entropy rate balance reduces to
#
#
0 5 mref 1s3 2 s42 1 svalve
#
Solving for svalve and inserting values
kg
kJ
1 kW
#
#
svalve 5 mref 1s4 2 s32 5 a0.07 b 10.3078 2 0.29362a
b`
`
s
kg ? K 1 kJ/ s
5 9.94 3 1024 kW/ K
(b) The following table summarizes, in rank order, the calculated entropy production rates:

Component

#
scv (kW/K)

compressor
valve
condenser

17.5 3 1024
9.94 3 1024
7.95 3 1024

Entropy production in the compressor is due to fluid friction, mechanical friction of the moving parts, and internal heat transfer. For the valve, the irreversibility is primarily due to fluid friction accompanying the expansion
across the valve. The principal source of irreversibility in the condenser is the temperature difference between
the air and refrigerant streams. In this example, there are no pressure drops for either stream passing through
the condenser, but slight pressure drops due to fluid friction would normally contribute to the irreversibility of
condensers. The evaporator shown in Fig. E6.8 has not been analyzed.
Due to the relatively small temperature change of the air, the specific heat cp
can be taken as constant at the average of the inlet and exit air temperatures.
#
Temperatures in K are used to evaluate mref , but since a temperature difference is involved the same result would be obtained if temperatures in C were
used. Temperatures in K, and not C, are required when a temperature ratio
is involved, as in Eq. 6.22 used to evaluate s6 2 s5.
By focusing attention on reducing irreversibilities at the sites with the highest
entropy production rates, thermodynamic improvements may be possible. However, costs and other constraints must be considered, and can be overriding.
If the compressor operated adiabatically and without internal
irreversibilities, determine the temperature of the refrigerant at the compressor exit, in C, keeping the compressor inlet state and exit pressure
the same. Ans. 65C.

6.11

Isentropic Processes

The term isentropic means constant entropy. Isentropic processes are encountered in
many subsequent discussions. The object of the present section is to show how properties are related at any two states of a process in which there is no change in specific
entropy.

Skills Developed
Ability to
apply the control volume

mass, energy and entropy

rate balances.
develop an engineering model.
retrieve property data for
Refrigerant 22.
apply the ideal gas model
with constant cp.

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Chapter 6 Using Entropy

T

p1

T1

p1
T1
p2

p2
T2

T3
p3

p3

T2

T3
s

Fig. 6.8 Ts and hs diagrams showing states having the same value of specific entropy.

6.11.1 General Considerations

The properties at states having the same specific entropy can be related using the
graphical and tabular property data discussed in Sec. 6.2. For example, as illustrated
by Fig. 6.8, temperatureentropy and enthalpyentropy diagrams are particularly convenient for determining properties at states having the same value of specific entropy.
All states on a vertical line passing through a given state have the same entropy. If
state 1 on Fig. 6.8 is fixed by pressure p1 and temperature T1, states 2 and 3 are readily located once one additional property, such as pressure or temperature, is specified.
The values of several other properties at states 2 and 3 can then be read directly from
the figures.
Tabular data also can be used to relate two states having the same specific entropy.
For the case shown in Fig. 6.8, the specific entropy at state 1 could be determined
from the superheated vapor table. Then, with s2 5 s1 and one other property value,
such as p2 or T2, state 2 could be located in the superheated vapor table. The values
of the properties y, u, and h at state 2 can then be read from the table. (An illustration of this procedure is given in Sec. 6.2.1.) Note that state 3 falls in the two-phase
liquidvapor regions of Fig. 6.8. Since s3 5 s1, the quality at state 3 could be determined using Eq. 6.4. With the quality known, other properties such as y, u, and h
could then be evaluated. Computer retrieval of entropy data provides an alternative
to tabular data.

6.11.2
T
2

v2
p2

Figure 6.9 shows two states of an ideal gas having the same value of specific
entropy. Let us consider relations among pressure, specific volume, and temperature at these states, first using the ideal gas tables and then assuming specific heats
are constant.

T2

v1
p1

Ideal Gas Tables

T1

For two states having the same specific entropy, Eq. 6.20a reduces to

Fig. 6.9 Two states of an

ideal gas where s2 = s1.

Using the Ideal Gas Model

0 5 s81T22 2 s81T12 2 R ln

p2
p1

(6.40a)

Equation 6.40a involves four property values: p1, T1, p2, and T2. If any three are
known, the fourth can be determined. If, for example, the temperature at state 1 and

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6.11 Isentropic Processes

317

the pressure ratio p2/p1 are known, the temperature at state 2 can be determined
from
s81T22 5 s81T12 1 R ln

p2
p1

(6.40b)

Since T1 is known, s8(T1) would be obtained from the appropriate table, the value of
s8(T2) would be calculated, and temperature T2 would then be determined by interpolation. If p1, T1, and T2 are specified and the pressure at state 2 is the unknown,
Eq. 6.40a would be solved to obtain
p2 5 p1 exp c

s81T22 2 s81T12
d
R

(6.40c)

Equations 6.40 can be used when s8 (or s8) data are known, as for the gases of Tables
A-22 and A-23.

AIR. For the special case of air modeled as an ideal gas, Eq. 6.40c provides the
basis for an alternative tabular approach for relating the temperatures and pressures at two states having the same specific entropy. To introduce this, rewrite the
equation as
exp3s81T22/ R4
p2
5
p1
exp3s81T12/ R4
The quantity exp[s8(T)/R] appearing in this expression is solely a function of temperature, and is given the symbol pr(T). A tabulation of pr versus temperature for
air is provided in Tables A-22.1 In terms of the function pr, the last equation
becomes
p2
pr2
5 1s1 5 s2, air only2
p1
pr1

(6.41)

where pr1 5 pr(T1) and pr2 5 pr(T2). The function pr is sometimes called the relative
pressure. Observe that pr is not truly a pressure, so the name relative pressure has no
physical significance. Also, be careful not to confuse pr with the reduced pressure of
the compressibility diagram.
A relation between specific volumes and temperatures for two states of air having
the same specific entropy can also be developed. With the ideal gas equation of state,
y 5 RT/p, the ratio of the specific volumes is
p1
y2
RT2
5a
ba
b
y1
p2
RT1
Then, since the two states have the same specific entropy, Eq. 6.41 can be introduced
to give
pr1T12
RT2
y2
5 c
dc
d
y1
pr1T22
RT1
The ratio RT/pr(T) appearing on the right side of the last equation is solely a function of temperature, and is given the symbol yr(T). Values of yr for air are tabulated
1

The values of pr determined with this definition are inconveniently large, so they are divided by a scale factor
before tabulating to give a convenient range of numbers.

TAKE NOTE...

When applying the software

IT to relate two states of
an ideal gas having the
same value of specific
entropy, IT returns specific
entropy directly and does
not employ the special
functions s, pr , and vr .

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Chapter 6 Using Entropy

versus temperature in Tables A-22. In terms of the function yr, the last equation
becomes
y2
yr2
5 1s1 5 s2, air only2
y1
yr1

(6.42)

where yr1 5 yr(T1) and yr2 5 yr(T2). The function yr is sometimes called the relative
volume. Despite the name given to it, yr(T) is not truly a volume. Also, be careful
not to confuse it with the pseudoreduced specific volume of the compressibility
diagram.

Assuming Constant Specific Heats

Let us consider next how properties are related for isentropic processes of an ideal
gas when the specific heats are constants. For any such case, Eqs. 6.21 and 6.22 reduce
to the equations
p2
T2
2 R ln
p
T1
1
T2
y2
0 5 cy ln
1 R ln
y1
T1

0 5 cp ln

Introducing the ideal gas relations

cp 5

kR
R
,cy 5
k21
k21

(3.47)

where k is the specific heat ratio and R is the gas constant, these equations can be
solved, respectively, to give
p2 1k212/k
T2
5a b
1s1 5 s2, constant k2
p1
T1
T2
y1 k21
5 a b 1s1 5 s2, constant k2
y2
T1

(6.43)
(6.44)

The following relation can be obtained by eliminating the temperature ratio from
Eqs. 6.43 and 6.44:
p2
y1 k
5 a b 1s1 5 s2, constant k2
p1
y2

(6.45)

Previously, we have identified an internally reversible process described by pyn 5

constant, where n is a constant, as a polytropic process. From the form of Eq. 6.45, it
can be concluded that the polytropic process pyk 5 constant of an ideal gas with
constant specific heat ratio k is an isentropic process. We observed in Sec. 3.15 that
a polytropic process of an ideal gas for which n 5 1 is an isothermal (constanttemperature) process. For any fluid, n 5 0 corresponds to an isobaric (constant-pressure)
process and n 5 6q corresponds to an isometric (constant-volume) process. Polytropic processes corresponding to these values of n are shown in Fig. 6.10 on py and
Ts diagrams.

6.11.3

Illustrations: Isentropic Processes of Air

Means for evaluating data for isentropic processes of air modeled as an ideal gas are
illustrated in the next two examples. In Example 6.9, we consider three alternative
methods.

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6.11 Isentropic Processes

p

n=k

n=
n = 1
n=0
t
n
a
nst
co

co
ns

tan

n = 1

319

s=

v
p=

co
ns

t
tan
ns
co

n=

n=0

tan

n=1

n=1
n=k
v

Fig. 6.10 Polytropic processes on py and Ts diagrams.

cccc

EXAMPLE 6.9 c

Analyzing an Isentropic Process of Air

Air undergoes an isentropic process from p1 5 1 atm, T1 5 5408R to a final state where the temperature is
T2 5 11608R. Employing the ideal gas model, determine the final pressure p2, in atm. Solve using (a) pr data
from Table A-22E, (b) Interactive Thermodynamics: IT, and (c) a constant specific heat ratio k evaluated at the
mean temperature, 8508R, from Table A-20E.
SOLUTION
Known: Air undergoes an isentropic process from a state where pressure and temperature are known to a state
where the temperature is specified.
Find: Determine the final pressure using (a) pr data, (b) IT, and (c) a constant value for the specific heat ratio k.
Schematic and Given Data:
T

Engineering Model:
p2 = ?
2

1. A quantity of air as the system undergoes an isentropic process.

T2 = 1160R

p1 = 1 atm
T1 = 540R

2. The air can be modeled as an ideal gas.

3. In part (c) the specific heat ratio is constant.

Fig. E6.9

Analysis:
(a) The pressures and temperatures at two states of an ideal gas having the same specific entropy are related by

Eq. 6.41
pr2
p2
5
p1
pr1
Solving
p2 5 p1

pr2
pr1

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Chapter 6 Using Entropy

With pr values from Table A-22E

p 5 11 atm2

21.18
5 15.28 atm
1.3860

(b) The IT solution follows:

T1 5 540 // R
p1 5 1 // atm
T2 5 1160 // R
s_TP(Air, T1,p1) 5 s_TP(Air,T2,p2)
// Result: p2 5 15.28 atm
(c) When the specific heat ratio k is assumed constant, the temperatures and pressures at two states of an ideal
gas having the same specific entropy are related by Eq. 6.43. Thus

p2 5 p1 a

T2 k /1k212
b
T1

From Table A-20E at the mean temperature, 3908F (8508R), k 5 1.39. Inserting values into the above
expression

p2 5 11 atm2a

1160 1.39/0.39
b
5 15.26 atm
540

IT returns a value for p2 even though it is an implicit variable in the specific

entropy function. Also note that IT returns values for specific entropy directly
and does not employ special functions such as s8, pr, and yr.
The close agreement between the answer obtained in part (c) and that of
parts (a), (b) can be attributed to the use of an appropriate value for the
specific heat ratio k.

Skills Developed
Ability to
analyze an isentropic process

using Table A-22E data,

Interactive Thermodynamics,

and
a constant specific heat

ratio k.

Determine the final pressure, in atm, using a constant specific

heat ratio k evaluated at T1 5 5408R. Expressed as a percent, how much does
this pressure value differ from that of part (c)? Ans. 14.53 atm, 25%.

Another illustration of an isentropic process of an ideal gas is provided in Example 6.10 dealing with air leaking from a tank.

cccc

EXAMPLE 6.10 c

Considering Air Leaking from a Tank

A rigid, well-insulated tank is filled initially with 5 kg of air at a pressure of 5 bar and a temperature of 500 K.
A leak develops, and air slowly escapes until the pressure of the air remaining in the tank is 1 bar. Employing
the ideal gas model, determine the amount of mass remaining in the tank and its temperature.
SOLUTION
Known: A leak develops in a rigid, insulated tank initially containing air at a known state. Air slowly escapes
until the pressure in the tank is reduced to a specified value.
Find: Determine the amount of mass remaining in the tank and its temperature.

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6.11 Isentropic Processes

321

Schematic and Given Data:

Engineering Model:
1. As shown on the accompanying sketch, the closed system is the

mass initially in the tank that remains in the tank.

System boundary
Slow leak

2. There is no significant heat transfer between the system and its

surroundings.
3. Irreversibilities within the tank can be ignored as the air slowly

Mass initially
in the tank that
remains in the tank

Mass initially in the

tank that escapes

escapes.
4. The air is modeled as an ideal gas.

Initial condition of tank

Fig. E6.10
Analysis: With the ideal gas equation of state, the mass initially in the tank that remains in the tank at the end

of the process is
p2V

m2 5

1R/ M2T2

where p2 and T2 are the final pressure and temperature, respectively. Similarly, the initial amount of mass within
the tank, m1 is
m1 5

p1V
1R/ M2T1

where p1 and T1 are the initial pressure and temperature, respectively. Eliminating volume between these two
expressions, the mass of the system is
m2 5 a

p2 T1
b a bm
p1 T2 1

Except for the final temperature of the air remaining in the tank, T2, all required values are known. The remainder of the solution mainly concerns the evaluation of T2.
For the closed system under consideration, there are no significant irreversibilities (assumption 3), and no
heat transfer occurs (assumption 2). Accordingly, the entropy balance reduces to
S 5

dQ 0
b 1 s0 5 0
T b

Since the system mass remains constant, S 5 m2 s, so

s 5 0
That is, the initial and final states of the system have the same value of specific entropy.
Using Eq. 6.41
pr2 5 a

p2
bp
p1 r1

Skills Developed

where p1 5 5 bar and p2 5 1 bar. With pr1 5 8.411 from Table A-22 at 500 K,
the previous equation gives pr2 5 1.6822. Using this to interpolate in Table A-22,
T2 5 317 K.
Finally, inserting values into the expression for system mass

Ability to
develop an engineering model.
apply the closed system

1 bar 500 K
ba
b 15 kg2 5 1.58 kg
m2 5 a
5 bar 317 K

analyze an isentropic process.

Evaluate the tank volume, in m3. Ans. 1.43 m3.

entropy balance.