Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
of Multimedia Learning
Stephen D. Sorden
Mohave Community College/Northern Arizona University
Abstract
Multimedia learning is a cognitive theory of learning which has
been popularized by the work of Richard E. Mayer and others.
Multimedia learning happens when we build mental
representations from words and pictures. The theory has largely
been defined by Mayers cognitive theory of multimedia learning.
Generally, the theory tries to address the issue of how to structure
multimedia instructional practices and employ more effective
cognitive strategies to help people learn efficiently. Baddeleys
model of working memory, Paivios dual coding theory, and
Swellers theory of cognitive load are integral theories that support
the overall theory of multimedia learning. The theory can be
summarized as having the following components: (a) a dualchannel structure of visual and auditory channels, (b) limited
processing capacity in memory, (c) three memory stores (sensory,
working, long-term), (d) five cognitive processes of selecting,
organizing, and integrating (selecting words, selecting images,
organizing work, organizing images, and integrating new
knowledge with prior knowledge), and theory-grounded and
evidence-based multimedia instructional methods. Important
considerations for implementing the theory are discussed, as well
as current trends and future directions in research.
Introduction
The cognitive theory of multimedia learning was popularized by
the work of Richard E. Mayer and other cognitive researchers who
argue that multimedia supports the way that the human brain
learns. They assert that people learn more deeply from words and
pictures than from words alone, which is referred to as the
multimedia principle (Mayer 2005a). Multimedia researchers
generally define multimedia as the combination of text and
pictures; and suggest that multimedia learning occurs when we
build mental representations from these words and pictures
(Mayer, 2005b). The words can be spoken or written, and the
pictures can be any form of graphical imagery including
illustrations, photos, animation, or video. Multimedia instructional
design attempts to use cognitive research to combine words and
pictures in ways that maximize learning effectiveness.
12
14
Critique
There are critics of the theory, however, and the use of multimedia
for instruction has been challenged (Clark & Feldon, 2005; Tufte,
2003). Ballantyne (2008) has criticized the narrowness of some of
the CTML studies and whether the principles derived from CTML
research can be applied in broader, more realistic settings.
Additionally, striking at the very heart of the cognitive theory of
multimedia learning, Rasch & Schnotz (2009) were not able to
show that students actually learned better from text and pictures
than from text alone, calling the multimedia principle itself into
question. They also could not show that students learned better
from interactive pictures than from non-interactive ones.
Gall (2004) points out that Mayers research has tended to focus
mainly on the understanding of physical and mechanical systems,
and thus raises the question of how applicable his results are to
nondidactic, immersive learning environments. This criticism of
whether results obtained in controlled experimental situations can
be applied to dynamic classrooms and learning environments is an
old complaint that has been leveled at psychology since
psychologists first began studying and trying to measure learning.
Often, these charges of non-relevance to real-life learning and
instruction have been justified. But Mayer is careful not to claim
that his research should be seen as the final word on instruction in
the situations he is trying to measure. Rather, it is obvious in the
evolution of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning that they
are only trying to determine what appears to make a difference in
learning situations, hypothesize about it, and then continue to look
for better explanations and hypotheses. The theory is dynamic and
the expectation that it will continue to grow, adapt, and change
appears frequently in the literature.
There has also been general criticism of information-processing
theory and cognitive science on which CTML is based, and there
have also been some negative critiques of certain aspects of
cognitive load theory. Gerjets, Scheiter, & Cierniak (2008) for
example, state that according to the traditional critical rationalism
of Popper, CLT cannot be considered a scientific theory because
some of its fundamental assumptions cannot be tested empirically.
However, Gerjets et al. go on to suggest that in spite of this
limitation, CLT can still be viewed as a scientific theory under
Sneeds structuralist view of theories. De Jong (2010) asserts that
many studies supporting CLT make speculative interpretations of
what happened, but that only when a suitable measure of cognitive
load is developed can these interpretations be considered valid.
18
21
22
23
24
27
28
29
30
31