III.

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

CHAPTER III
Reinforced Concrete Beams
by Ultimate Strength Method
3.1 ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD
(STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD)
In the strength design method (formerly called Ultimate Strength method), the
service loads are increased sufficiently by factors to obtain the load at which
failure is considered to be imminent. This load is called the factored load or
factored service load. The structure or structural element is then proportioned
such that the strength is reached when the factored load is acting. The
computation of this strength takes into account the nonlinear stress-strain
behavior of concrete.
The design strength method may be expressed by the following:
Strength Provided

Strength required to carry factored loads

Where the "strength provided " ( such as moment strength ) is computed in

accordance with rules and assumptions of behavior prescribed by a building
code, and the " strength required " is that obtained performing a structural
analysis using factored loads.
The strength provide has been commonly referred to by practitioners as
necessary" Ultimate strength " However, it is a code-defined value for
strength, and is not necessary " Ultimate " in the sense of being a value above
which it is impossible to reach.
The ACI Code uses a conservative definition of strength; thus the modifier "
ultimate " is not appropriate.

Yassin S. Sallam

38

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

3.2 ANALYSIS OF R/C BEAMS

a) INTRODUCTION
Moment capacity of beams basic assumptions of design:
1.
Plane sections before bending remain plane.
2.
Stress sections relations for steel & concrete are nonlinear.
3.
Strain in concrete is concrete is to be neglected.
4.
Tensile strength of concrete is to be neglected.
5.
Tensile stress in reinforcement = fy (neglect steel hardening )
6.
The strength of members shall be based on satisfying the
applicable conditions of equilibrium and compatibility of strains.
7.
Strain in the steel reinforcement and in the concrete shall
be assumed directly proportional to the distance from the
neutral axis N.A ( except for deep members covered under ACI10.2)

b) NOMINAL (Mn) AND ULTIMATE MOMENTS (Mu) OF BEAMS:

For computation of nominal flexural Mn the following assumptions (ACI 318-10.3) are made as shown in figure (3.1):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

The strength of members shall be based on satisfying the

applicable conditions of equilibrium and compatibility of
strains.
Strain in the steel reinforcement and in the concrete shall be
assumed directly proportional to the distance from the neutral
axis N.A ( except for deep members covered under ACI-10.2)
The maximum usable strain cu at the extreme concrete
compression fiber shall be assumed equal to 0.003
The modulus of elasticity of nonpresressed steel reinforcement
may be taken 200 GPa
For practical purposes the relationship between the concrete
compressive stress distribution and the concrete strain when
nominal strength is reached may be taken as an equivalent
rectangular stress distribution( ACI-10.2.7), where the average
compression stress in concrete = 0.85 f c' .
The height of the block = a = 1 .c
Where: c = distance between N.A. and top of section (depth
of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers.

Yassin S. Sallam

39

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

cu = 0.003

ARBT (525-351)
0 . 85 f c'

kfc'

a /2
C a = 1c

C = 0.85 f c' .ab

N.A
d

Z =d- a/2

As

T = As f s

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a) Beam section

(b) Strain
(c) Actual compression stress distribution
(d) Assumed compression stress distribution ( Whitney rectangular stress block)
Figure(3.1 ) : Definition of Whitney rectangular stress distribution.

f c' ( MPa)

0.85
0.085 0.008( f c' 30)

30
30 f c' 56

0.65

56
'

Table (3.1) values of 1 for different value of f c

For rectangular section:

Force in concrete:
C = 0.85. f c' .a.b

C = 0.85. f c 1 .c.b
Force in steel :
T = As f y
For under-reinforced section

The Nominal Moment, from stresses in the beam

Since C = T

0.85 f c .a.b = As f y

Where

a = 1 .c =

As f y
0.85. f c' .b

a
M n = T .Z = As f y (d )
2

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40

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

Nominal Moment:
To obtain the nominal moment of a beam, the simple steps to follow are used
as is illustrated in examples
1. Compute total tensile force T = As . f y
2. Equal total compression force C = 0.85 f c' .a.b to T = As . f y
3. Solve for (a) In this expression (a-b) is the assumed area stressed
in compression at 0.85 f c' . The compression force C and the tensile
force T must be equal to maintain equilibrium at the section
4. Calculate the distance between the centers of gravity of T and C
a
2

rectangular section it equals ( Z = d )

5. Determine Mn, which equals T or C times the distance between
their centers of gravity.
Example(3.1) ;
Determine the nominal moment of the beam section shown in Figure (3.2) if
f c' = 28 MPa f y = 420 MPa
0.3

Solution:
As = 3(

.d 2

) = 3 x(

x (25) 2
4

4
T=C
As f y = 0.85 f c' .a.b

500 mm

) = 1472.6 mm 2
3 25 mm

Figure (3.2)

As . f y

(1472.6)(420)
a=
=
= 86.8 mm
'
0.85 f c b 0.85 x 28 x 300
a
a
86.8
M n = As f y (d ) = C (d ) = 1472.6 x 420 x (450
)
2
2
2
= 252 x 10 6 N .mm

=252 kN.m
The nominal moment in term of
a
M n = As f y (d )
2

M n = As f y (d

Put
As . f y .d
'
c

2 x0.85 xf b.d

Yassin S. Sallam

a=

As f y
0.85. f c' .b
Since =

41

As
bd

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

M n = As f y .d (1 0.59

fy
f c'

As f y
.
f c' bd f c.
M n = As f y .d (1 0.59 )
Let =

/no
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40

1
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.5
2
2.5
3.1
3.8
4.5
5.3
6.2
7.1
8
9.1
10
11
13

2
1
1.6
2.3
3.1
4
5.1
6.3
7.6
9
11
12
14
16
18
20
23
25

fy

ARBT (525-351)

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
4.5
2.4 3.1 3.9 4.7 5.5 6.3 7.1
3.4 4.5 5.7 6.8 7.9 9
10
4.6 6.2 7.7 9.2 11 12 14
6
8 10 12 14 16 18
7.6 10 13 15 18 20 23
9.4 13 16 19 22 25 28
11 15 19 23 27 30 34
14 18 23 27 32 36 41
16 21 27 32 37 42 48
18 25 31 37 43 49 55
21 28 35 42 49 57 64
24 32 40 48 56 64 72
27 36 45 54 64 73 82
31 41 51 61 71 81 92
34 45 57 68 79 91 102
38 50 63 75 88 100 113

10
5.02
7.85
11.3
15.4
20.1
25.4
31.4
38
45.2
53.1
61.5
70.7
80.4
90.7
102
113
126

11
5.53
8.64
12.4
16.9
22.1
28
34.5
41.8
49.7
58.4
67.7
77.7
88.4
99.8
112
125
138

12
6.03
9.42
13.6
18.5
24.1
30.5
37.7
45.6
54.3
63.7
73.9
84.8
96.5
109
122
136
151

14
7.034
10.99
15.83
21.54
28.13
35.61
43.96
53.19
63.3
74.29
86.16
98.91
112.5
127
142.4
158.7
175.8

16
8.038
12.56
18.09
24.62
32.15
40.69
50.24
60.79
72.35
84.91
98.47
113
128.6
145.2
162.8
181.4
201

18
9.04
14.1
20.3
27.7
36.2
45.8
56.5
68.4
81.4
95.5
111
127
145
163
183
204
226

Table (3.2): Steel bars area (cm2)

3.3 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS

Ultimate moment, Mu is the section nominal moment multiplied by reduction
factor . where M u = .M n
The factors for understrength are called strength reduction factor
according to ACI-318-9.3. These are also called resistance factors.
These factors are used in basic strength equation, which give the nominal
strength, assuming:
o Material strengths are as specified.
o Member sizes are as shown on the drawings.
o Bars are of full weight, and cross-section.
o Calculations are accurate.

Yassin S. Sallam

42

Building Structure

20
10
15.7
22.6
30.8
40.2
50.9
62.8
76
90.4
106
123
141
161
181
203
227
251

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

o Strength equation itself is theoretically accurate and

applicable to concrete members.
The following table shows Factors of Safety or reduction factor ( )

according to different cases. table (3.3).

Case

Flexure & Axial tension,

0.90

Shear and Torsion

0.85

Compression Members, Spirally Reinforced

0.70

Compression Members (Tied)

0.65

Bearing on Concrete

0.70

Plan Concrete: flexure, compression, shear and bending

0.65

Table (3.3): value of

Ultimate Moment:
Ultimate moment of the section:
M u = . As . f y .d .(1 0.59 )
b.d . f c'
Multiply
b.d . f c'

A .f
M u = . s y ' . f c' .b.d 2 .(1 0.59 )
b.d . f c
1
424
3

M u = . f b.d 2 . (1 0.59 )
'
c

The relation between nominal and ultimate moment:

M u = .M n = Ru bd 2
Or

Ru =

Mu
= . f c' . (1 0.59 )
2
bd

In addition, we can obtain steel ratio from Ru = .Rn as follows:

M
1
Rn = n2 = . f y (1 .m)
bd
2
fy
2.m.Rn
1
Where: m =
= (1 1
)
0.85 f c'
m
fy

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43

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

Example (3.2)
Find nominal Mn and ultimate moments Mu, for the section, as shown in
figure (3.3)
Assume fc = 28 MPa , fy = 400 MPa
Solution:
d 2
(12) 2
As = (
) x3 =
x3 = (113.3) x3 = 339.3 mm 2
0.2
4
4

= 339.3 x10 6 m
a) Ultimate moment
A f
339.3 x10 6 400
= s . y' =
x
= 0.024
bd f c
0 .2
28
M u = . f c'b.d 2 . [(1 0.59 ]

500 mm
As = 3 12

= (0.9)(28 X 10 3 )(0.2)(0.45) 2 (0.024)[1 (0.59)(0.024)]

Figure (3.3)

= 24.15 kN .m
b) The nominal moment:
M
24.15
= 26.83 kN .m
Mn = u =
0 .9

Example (3.3)
Find As for the shown section in figure (3.4),
f c' = 25 MPa f y = 400 MPa
Solution:
b = 30 cm = 300 mm
d = 73 cm = 730 mm
Mu= 330 kN.m =330 x106 N.mm
M
330 x10 6
Mn = u =
= 367 x10 6 N .mm

0 .9
6
M
367 x10
Rn = n2 =
= 2.29 MPa
bd
300 x(730) 2
fy
400
m=
=
= 18.8
'
0.85 f c 0.85 x 25
a) Steel ratio:
2.m.Rn
1
= (1 1
)
m
fy

Yassin S. Sallam

44

Mu=330 kN m
75 cm
80 cm

30

Figure (3.4)

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

1
2 x18.8 x 2.29
(1 1
) = 0.006
18.8
400
= 0.6 %
b) Steel area:

= 13.14 cm2
Example (3.4)
Find the percentage of steel ratio , the ultimate and the nominal moment for
the concrete section shown in figure (3.5),
Ru = 4.64 MPa
f c' = 25 MPa
f y = 400 MPa

Rn =

M n (kN .m)
1000 x bd 2 (m)

Solution:
b = 32.5 cm = 325 mm
d = 61.5 cm = 615 mm
As=30 cm2 =30 x102 mm2
A
30 x10 2
a) Steel ratio: = s =
= 0.015 = 1.5 %
bd 325 x615
R
4.64
Rn = u =
= 5.156

0 .9
M
Since Rn = n2
bd

61.5cm

30 cm

32.5 cm

Figure (3.5)

b)Nominal moment: M n = Rn .bd 2 = 5.156 x325 x(615) 2 = 633791632 N .mm

= 634 kN.m
c)Ultimate moment: M u = .M n = 0.9 x 634 = 570 kN .m

3.4 BALANCED R/C RECTANGULAR BEAM

The balanced beam in ultimate strength design is not a practical beam, but the
concept is fundamental to the philosophy of the code.
ACI requires that the concrete strain be taken at 0.003 as also shown in Figure
(3.6), for the balance condition to assure ductile failure produced by yielding
of steel, which gives sufficient warning.
Analysis of the Balanced Beam

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45

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

The analysis of the balanced beam stats from the stain triangles at failure,
when the concrete strain is 0.003 . In this case the reinforced steel strain
shall be equal to the rate of yield stress to steel elasticity modulus. The
neutral axis can be located from the similarity of the strain triangles of Fig.
(3.6.b ) (compression strain triangle and the large dotted triangle)as follows:
cu = 0.003

0 . 85 f c'

kfc'

a /2
C a = 1c

C = 0.85 f c' .ab

N.A
d

Z =d- a/2

As

T = As f s

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a) Beam section

(b) Strain
(c) Actual compression stress distribution
(d) Assumed compression stress distribution ( Whitney rectangular stress block)
Figure (3.6) : Definition of Whitney rectangular stress distribution.

a) OVER REINFORCED BEAM:

o

cu p y

o
As f Asb
or s f sb
o
The failure of this beam could be sudden and violent
failure, when the concrete reaches the crushing strain cu = 0.003
before steel. ( steel does not yield), .figure(3.7.a)
o
Failure occurs which is not desirable.
b) UNDER REINFORCED BEAM:
o
y p cu

o
or s p sb
As p Asb
o
The failure of this beam could be failure, when the steel
yield first before concrete its the crushing strain cu = 0.003 .
o
The yield of steel gives warning of the failure, which give
time to evacuate building. figure(3.7.b).

Yassin S. Sallam

46

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

Stress

kN/mm2

Steel

f c'

Concrete

f c'

f c'

Strain
1

3 4

(a)

(b)

3
4 x510

(c)

Figure (3.7) Stress-Strain curve for concrete and steel reinforcement,

and definition of y and cu

c) BALANCE REINFORCED BEAM:

o
y = cu

o
or s = sb
As = Asb
o
The relative amount of tension steel compared to that in
the balanced strain condition will determine whether the failure
is ductile. figure(3.7.c).
To find the value of , we analyze the beam assuming:
cu = 0.003
and
f
s = y = y ,
E
E = 200 GPa = 200 x10 3 MPa

C = 0.85 f x' a.b = 0.85 f c' 1 .c.b

T = Asb . f y

( Asb : steel area that causes balanced state)

Since we know cu = 0.003 and s = y =

fy

,
E
We can find value of c from strain geometry of d :
cu
cu
c
=
=
f
d cu + s
cu + y
Es
c
600
0.003
=
=
fy
d
600 + f y
0.003 +
3
200 x10

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47

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

c=(

ARBT (525-351)

600
).d
600 + f y

where:
d = depth of beam in cm
c = the height of stress distributed in curved form
Es = 200x103 MPa = modulus of elasticity of steel
f y = steel yield stress
Calculation of Reinforcement Ratio in Balanced
A
The ratio = s , where As is the area of steel reinforcement and b and d
bd
are shown in Fig.( ) where b represents the width of the beam and d the depth
of beam to the center of reinforcing steel bars. To find b , we equal
T = C
Asb . f y = 0.851 . f ' .c.b
c

600
Asb . f y = 0.851 . f ' .
600 + f y

.b.d

600
Asb
f y = 0.851 . f '
bd
{
600 + f y

The Balanced Steel Ratio:

(b =

f ' 600
b = 0.85 1 .
f y 600 + f y
c

Asb
)
bd

The depth of the beam:

span
d=
For simply supported beam
10
span
For continues beams
d=
12
The wide of the beam: assume that :
1
Width of the beam = depth of the beam
2
For example the depth of the simply supported beam has a span of 8 m is
span 8
= = 0.8 m = 80 cm
10
10
We can increase the depth according to the loads and moments, we can use
d = 80 cm with b = 40 cm
Depth

d=

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48

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

Example (3.5 )
For the section given in the figure (3.8)
f c' = 25 MPa
f y = 300 MPa
Find:
a) Balanced steel Ratio
b ,
b) Nominal balanced moment M nb ,
c) Ultimate balanced moment M ub and
d) Steel balanced area Asb

0.45 m

0.2 m

Solution
We can find b , M nb , and M ub in terms of b, d
for f c' = 25 MPa
1 = 0.85
a) Balanced steel Ratio

b = (0.85 1

b ,
fc '
600
)(
)
f y 600 + f y

25
600
x
= 0.04 = 4%
300 600 + 300
b) Nominal Balanced Moment M nb ,
a
M nb = C.Z = C.(d )
2

b = 0.85 x0.85 x

1 = 0.85

600
600

.d =
x 0.45 = 0.3
c =
600
+
600
+
300
f
y

a = 0.85 x 0.3 = 0.255

M nb = C (0.45

0.255
) = 0.3223C
2

C = 0.85 1 . f c' .c.b

C = 0.85 x0.85 x 25 x10 3 x0.3 x0.2 = 1083.75

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49

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

a
M nb = C.Z = C (d )
2
M nb = 1083.75 (0.450

0.255
) = 349.5 kN .m
2

c)Ultimate balanced moment M ub

M ub = .M nb
M ub = 0.9 x349.5 = 314.5 kN .m
d) Steel balanced area
Asb = b b.d
= 0.04 x0.2 x0.45 = 0.0036 m 2
= 0.36 cm 2
= 3600 mm 2

Number of bars =

Asb
3600
=
5
Abar (30) 2
4

Use 5 30
Asb = 5 x

(30) 2
4

= 3534 mm 2

d) MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM AND ECONOMICAL STEEL

RATIOS
To ensure that all beams have the desired characteristics of visible
warning if failure is imminent, as well as reasonable ductility at failure, it
is recommended by the Code that:
-

Maximum Steel Ratios.

max = 0.75 b

max = 0.75 (0.851

-

Minimum Steel Ratios.

1 .4
min =
fy

Yassin S. Sallam

f c'
600
) (
)
f y 600 + f y

( f y in MPa)

50

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

min =

ARBT (525-351)

1 .4
max = 0.75 b
fy

Economical Steel Ratios.

If no architecture conditions, for the beam depth and dimensions. Some
references give a value of to begin the design cycle. This value is base on
the economical design ranges defined from experience or economy studies.
f/
Some references give the economic range as
= 0.18
fy
c

Other references give initial reinforced ratio

0.4 b

Example :

f y = 300 MPa and f c' = 25 MPa

25

= 0.015
300
very close
= 0.4 b = 0.016

= 0.18 x

Example (3.6)
For a section of dimension 0.25m by 0.50 m f c' = 28 MPa , f y = 400 MPa
Find the ultimate design moment M u this section can carry for the following
reinforcement ratios:

a)
b)

1) = min
2) = 0.45 b
3) = max
Find values of , Ru
and Mu for each steel ratio
Draw relationships of Mu / and Ru/

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Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Solution
Find :
1.

2.

= min

ARBT (525-351)

min ,
b ,
max
1 .4 1 .4
=
=
= 0.0035
f y 400

f c'
600
b = 1 x(0.85) .
=
f y 600 + f y
28
600
x
= 0.0303
400 600 + 400
= 0.45 b = 0.45 x0.0303 = 0.0136
= 0.75 b = 0.75 x(0.0303) = 0.0227

= 0.85 x0.85 x
3.

= max

a)

calculation ,

Ru, and Mu

a.1) for = min= 0.0035

f
400
= y' = 0.0035 x
= 0.05
fc
28

Ru = . f c' (1 0.59 ) = 0.05 x 28 x(1 0.59 x0.05) = 1.359 MPa

M u = .Ru .b.d 2 = 0.9 x1.359 x10 3 x0.25 x(0.455) 2 = 63.3 kN .m
a.2) for = 0.45b= 0.0136
fy
400
= ' = 0.0136 x
= 0.194
fc
28

Ru = . f c' (1 0.59 ) = 0.194 x 28 x(1 0.59 x0.194) = 4.810 MPa

M u = .Ru .b.d 2 = 0.9 x 4.81x10 3 x0.25 x(0.455) 2 = 224 kN .m
a.3) for = max= 0.0227
fy
400
= ' = 0.0227 x
= 0.324
fc
28
Ru = . f c' (1 0.59 ) = 0.324 x 28 x(1 0.59 x0.324) = 7.338 MPa
M u = .Ru .b.d 2 = 0.9 x7.338 x10 3 x0.25 x(0.455) 2 = 342. kN .m

b) For these values we draw the diagram of figure (3.9)

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Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

0.0035
0.0136
0.0227

Mu

0.050
0.194
0.324

ARBT (525-351)

Ru (MPa)
1.359
4.810
7.338

Mu (kN.m)
63.3
224
342
Ru (MPa)

(N.m)

500

(Mpa)
400

7.11

Ru

0.325

Ru
5.33

200

3.56

0.113

Mu

Mu
1.78

100

Ru

Mu (KN-m)

300

0.004

0.008 0.001

0.014

0.018 0.02

0.024 0.026

P
3.5

DESIGN OF R/C BEAMS

The nominal moment capacity of R/C Beam with tension reinforcement only:
M n = As f y d (1 0.59 )
This formula can be expressed in terms of
A
M n = s . f y .d .b.d (1 0.59 )
b.d
{

M n = . f y .b.d 2 (1 0.59 )
This can also be expressed in terms of f c' and
. f y
Mn =
. f c '.b.d 2 (1 0.59 ) = . f c' .b.d 2 (1 0.59 )
fc '
{
Where =

. f y

f c'

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Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

Any one of these three formulas can be used for design . We may write last
one as non-dimension
Mn
= .(1 0.59 )
f c '.b.d 2
This formula can be transferred into a table that gives value of for each value
of .
Example (3.7)
Mn
Calculate
for
f c '.b.d 2

given value of

= .

fy

f
0.064
0.175

Mn
f c '.b.d 2

'
c

0.0616
0.1569

3.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR

MOMENT DESIGN
3.6.a. MINIMUM REINFORCE RATIO :
The minimum reinforcement ratio is used for tension or shrinkage and
temperature effects.
According to ACI code
1.4
for Tension :
min =
fy

min 0.002

for Shrinkage or temperature:

for deferent values of f y as shown in table (3.4):

f y (MPa)

min =

320
350
400
450
500
600

1.4
fy

0.0044
0.004
0.0035
0.0031
0.0028
0.0023
Table (3.4)

Yassin S. Sallam

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3.6.b. DEFLECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR BENDING

The ACI Code recommends minimum thickness hmin for members designed
for bending , see table (3.5).
Table minimum thicknesses of non prestressed beams or one way slabs unless
deflections are computed

Member

Simply
supports

Solid
One-way slabs

l
20
l
16

Beams or
Ribbed
One - way slabs

Minimum thickness hmin

One end
Both ends
Cantilever
continuous continuous

l
28
l
21

l
24
l
18.5

l
10
l
8

Table (3.5): Minimum thickness of nonprestressed beams or one-way slabs unldeflections

are computed

If f y 400 MPa multiply values by a of:

Minimum thickness;
-

hmin x factor = hmin x(0.4 +

fy

)
690
For light weight concrete, also modify values
Do not apply when sensitive partitions are present.

Example (3.8):
For a simply supported beam 5 m span, and f y = 300 MPa
300
= 0.83
690
l
5
=
x factor =
x0.83 = 0.21 m
20
20
= 21 cm

Factor = 0.4 +
hmin

3.6.c. CONCRETE COVER (C.C)

Concrete cover is necessary for four reasons:

1. Provide bond between steel & concrete

c.c bar diameter

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2. Protect reinforcement against corrosion

c.c 10 75 mm
3. Protect reinforcement from strength loss due to over heating
due to fire.
4. In garages and factories cover is needed to account for
abrasion due to traffic.
5. For beams: for primary reinforcement (c.c) min = 15 mm
(c.c) max = 40 mm
6. For slabs not in contact with ground exposed
(bars < 35 mm)
(c.c) min = 15 mm
(c.c) min = 20 mm

Use

3.6.d. BAR SPACING (S)

There are many requirements for bar spacing, in general:
For one layer of bars in parallel, spacing should be
S min bar diameter
25 mm
1.3 max . aggregat size
Example( 3.9 )
A slab is reinforced by bars of 10 mm, and using f c' = 25 MPa with
maximum aggregate size in concrete 20mm
Solution:
The spacing should by:
Smin 10 mm
25 mm
1.3 x 20 mm = 26 mm
Then
Smin =26 mm
Also, there is a maximum spacing that we should observe so that
reinforcement is effective
For slabs and walls

Smax 3 x slab thickness

500 mm

3.7 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

SECTIONS
There are two possible methods to design a R/C section:

Yassin S. Sallam

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ARBT (525-351)

When all section dimensions are known : in his case we, find section
dimensions based an certain assumption, and find the only unknown:
(and hence As )
check that min< < max
When section depth is not known : in this case we need to assume ,
and find (bd2) assuming b or b/d , we can find value of d can find
approximate value of hand then recalculate based on the new modified
value of d.
I. Design of R/C Sections when its Dimensions are known
In this method, we find estimates of section dimensions that are used for
design,
Mu
From
we can find
and As
. f c' .bd 2
This method in detailed step:
a.
Design loads
b.
Select section dimensions
Select section width :
d
- For beams use b = (0.25 ~ 0.6 )d ,
usually b =
2
- For slabs use b =1m = strip width
Find effective depth
Design loads
Select section dimensions
c.
Design loads
d.

effective depth = overall depth concret cov er stirrup bar diameter

d = h c.c sb

e.

bar diameter

Design of moment:

Mu: type of beam

Mn=Mu/

stirrup

cc

For simply supported beam: M u =

Ul
8

bar

For continuous beam /slab : we may use design factors given by ACI
f.

Steel ratio:

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fy

m=

ARBT (525-351)

0.85 f c'
M n (kN .m)
Rn =
1000 x bd 2 (m)

1
1
m

2 mR
fy

check that min< < max

g.

Reinforcement steels

Find steel area As = .b.d

Chose diameter of bars

Determine the number of bars for one meter

A
n s = entier number
Ab

h.

Check spacing S for beam:

smin s smax

stirrup

cc
Sbar
b

bar

b = 2 cc + 2 sb + n b + ( n 1) s
For Beam

s =

For Slab

s=

Yassin S. Sallam

b 2 c .c 2 sb n b
n 1
width 1000
=
4
n

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ARBT (525-351)

Example (3.10) :
Design a slab show in figure (3.10), with h = 0.18 m , M u = 29.5 kN .m ,
f c' = 28 MPa ,
f y = 400 MPa
Solution:
a. Design Loads
b. Find effective depth, d
14
d = 180 25
= 148 mm.
2

b=10 m

0.18

= 14 mm

c. Steel ratio :
400
= 16.81
0.85 f
0.85 x 28
Mn
32.778
Rn =
=
= 1.496
2
1000 x bd
1000 x(0.148) 2
fy

m=

=
Check that

'
c

1
m

2 mR n
1 1
fy

2 x 16 . 81 x 1 . 496
1

1
1

400
16 . 81
= 0.00337

min = 0.0035
= 0.00337

min f

Use = min= 0.0035

d. Reinforcement steels
As = min .b.d = 0.0035 x1000 x148 = 518 mm 2

Using

= 14 mm

Number of bars /m

Yassin S. Sallam

Ab =

(14) 2

= 154 mm 2

4
4
A 518
n= s =
= 3.36 4 bars / m '
Ab 154
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

i.

ARBT (525-351)

Check spacing

Use

width 1000
=
= 250 mm
n
4
4 = 14 mm bars, S = 250 mm

Exactly

4 = 14 mm bars,

S=

Bar spacing

S=

1000
= 270 mm
3.59

Example (3.11)
Design the beam B1, Mu=125.5 kN.m, dimensions =0.25x0. 45 m,
f c' = 28 MPa ,
f y = 400 MPa , figure (3.11)
a. Design Loads
b. Find effective depth
d = h c.c sb

b
2
d

20
= 450 25 10
= 405 mm
2
d = 0.405 m
b = 0.25 m
b
c.
Nominal moment
M u = 125.5 kN .m
M
125.5
Mn = u =
= 139.44 m

0 .9
d.
Steel ratio :
fy
400
=
= 16.81
m=
'
0.85 f c 0.85 x 28

Rn =

1
m

Mn
139.44
=
= 3.4
2
1000 x bd
1000 x(0.25) x(0.405) 2

2 mR n
1 1
fy

1
16 . 81

Yassin S. Sallam

2 x 16 . 81 x 3 . 4
400

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ARBT (525-351)

= 0.00922
Check that

min = 0.0035
= 0.00922
min = 0.0035 p = 0.00922 p max = 0.02276
e. Reinforcement steels

Using = 20 mm

Ab =

(20) 2

= 314 mm 2

4
4
As = .b.d = 0.0092 x 250 x 405 = 931.5 mm 2
A 931.5
Number of bars /m n = s =
= 2.97 bars / m '
314
Ab

Actual Steel Ratio:

Provided
As= 3x314 = 942mm
A
942
= s =
= 0.0093 mm 2
bd 250 x 405
Optimum Reinforcement:
opt = 0.45 b = 0.45 x0.0303 = 0.1360
Used

= 0.00930 p opt = 0.1360

f. Check Spacing
250 2 x 25 2 x10 3 x 20
= 60 mm
Bar spacing S =
2
s
s
b

Maim steel
Stirru

= 20 mm bars,

s = 60 mm

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ARBT (525-351)

Example (3.12)
Design the same beam using optimum reinforcement ratio, opt = 0.45 b ,
b = 0.25 m ,

Solution

f c' = 28 MPa ,

f y = 400 MPa ,

M u = 125.5 kN .m

opt = 0.45 b = 0.45 x(0.0303) = 0.01364

b: see example (3.6)

a. Design Loads
b. Determine the depth oh the beam:
f
400
= y' = 0.01364 x
= 0.1949
fc
28
M u = . f c' . b .d 2 . (1 0.59 )
125.5 = 0.9 x 28 x10 3 x0.25 xd 2 x0.1948 x(1 0.59 x 0.1949)
= 1086.676 d 2

d =

Yassin S. Sallam

125 . 5
= 0 . 11549
1086 . 676
0 . 11549 = 0 . 340 m
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c. Section total depth:

h = d + c.c + sb +
h = 340 + 25 + 10 +

ARBT (525-351)

b
2

20
= 385 mm
2

Use
h = 400 mm
Actual value of reinforcement based on he used depth,
h = 400 mm.
d. Steel ratio:
fy
400
=
= 16.81
m=
'
0.85 f c 0.85 x 28
Mn
139.44
Rn =
=
= 4.43
1000 x bd 2 1000 x(0.25) x(0.340) 2

1
m

1
16 . 81

= 0.01236
Check that

2 x 16 . 81 x 4 . 43
1
400

2 mR
fy

min = 0.0035
= 0.01236
min = 0.0035 p = 0.01236 p max = 0.02276
e.

O.K

Reinforcement steels
As = b.d = 0.01236 x 250 x340 = 1051 mm 2

Using

= 20 mm

Number of bars /m n =

Provided

Ab =

2
4

(20) 2
4

= 314 mm 2

As 1051
=
= 3.4 = 4 bars / m '
Ab 314

f. Actual Steel ratio :

As= 4x314 =1256 mm

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ARBT (525-351)

As
1256
=
= 0.0148 mm 2
bd 250 x340

g. Check spacing
b 2 c .c 2 sb n b
s=
n 1
250 2 (25) 2 (10) 4(20)
S=
= 33.3 mm
4 1

stirrup

cc
Sbar
b

bar

Figure : (3.12)

Minimum spacing:
s min 25 mm
b = 20 mm
b = 1.3 xMax. Agg .Size mm
b = 1.3 x19 = 26 mm
s = 30 mm f s min = 26
Bar spacing =30
Spacing is acceptable
= 20 mm bars, S = 30 mm

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ARBT (525-351)

Example (3.13)
Design a rectangular simply supported beam, has 10m of span and :
WDL = 12 kN / m ' (Including O.W.),
WLL = 7 kN / m ' ,
Use f c' = 25 MPa , f y = 400 MPa , the maximum aggregate size = 19 mm.
The economical reinforcement is possible.

Solution:
a. Design Loads
U= 1.2 DL+1.6 LL
= 1.2 x12+1.6x7 = 25.6 kN/m'
b. Ultimate moment Mu

For simply supported beam;

Mu =

c.

Ul 2 25.6 x(10) 2
=
= 320 kN .m
8
8

Reinforcement ratio
f c'
25
= 0.18 = 0.18 x
= 0.01125 (economical reinforcement)
fy
400

400
= 0.18
f
25
Ru = . f .(1 0.59 ) = 0.18 x 25 x(1 0.59 x0.18) = 4.022

fy

'
c
'
c

= 0.01125 x

d. Dimension of beam
M u = .Ru .b.d 2

assume (d = 2b)

320 x10 6 = 0.9 x 4.022 xbx(2b) 2 = 14.479b 3

b 3 = 22100973.8
b =3

22.1x10 6 = 280 mm

Using b = 300 mm
d = 2b = 2 x 300 = 600 mm
e. Area of steel
As = .b.d = 0.01125 x300 x600 = 2025 mm 2

Using = 25 mm
(25) 2
Ab =

= 491 mm 2

4
A
2025
= 4 bars
Number of bars = n = s =
Ab
491

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ARBT (525-351)

f. Reinforcement ratio Check

= 0.01125
min =

1 .4 1 .4
=
= 0.0035
f y 400

max = 0.75 b = 0.751

f c'
600
25
600
(
) = 0.75 x0.85 x
(
) = 0.0239
f y 600 + f y
400 600 + 400

min p p max

min = 0.0035 p = 0.01125 p max 0.0239

O.K.

g. Section total depth

h = d + c.c + b + sb
2
25
= 560 + 20 + + 10 = 602.5 mm
2

Using h = 600 mm
h. Design beam

300 mm x 600 mm
4 25 mm
i. Check spacing

s=
s=

b 2 c .c 2 sb n b
n 1

300 2 (20) 2 (10) 4(25)

4 1

= 46.7 mm

Minimum spacing: S min 25 mm

b = 25 mm
b = 1.3 xMax. Agg .Size mm
b = 1.3 x 20 = 26 mm S = 45 mm f S min = 26 mm

Bar spacing = 45

Yassin S. Sallam

Spacing is acceptable
4 = 25 mm bars, s = 45 mm

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ARBT (525-351)

300

56
60

20

10
25

45

3.7 DESIGN OF T-BEAMS

Most of concrete floors are cast integrally with the beams in place together
(monolithic construction), both beam and adjacent slabs act together to resist
applied forces, and hence the stresses resulting from them.
For beams in middle, the beam and slabs on both sides form a T-beam, while
an edge beam and the adjacent slab form an L-beam. As show in figure
(3.13)Since concrete resists mainly compression stresses , the slab shares in
resisting forces only when it is subjected to compression stresses. This occurs
at mid span (along the beam axis ) for both simple and continuous beams

bf = effective flange
id h
d

bw

L -Beam (at the edges)

hf

T-Beam (in the middle)

Figure (3.13)

3.7.a) TYPE OF BEAMS

When the T-beam is subjected to moment, the strain distribution in the beam
are similar to those of rectangular beam. However, stress distribution is
different, where the compression zone extends across the beams total width (

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ARBT (525-351)

the flange width , b f ). Depth of the compression zone may extend within the
flange only (case a), or may extend into the web case (b)
Case (1) the beam behaves as a rectangular beam with :
bf = b

cu = 0.003

hf

N.A

s
bw

a) a t f
-

b = bf
a tf

a=

M u = . f c .b f .d 2 . (1 0.59 )

As f y
0.85 f b
'
c
'

. f y .d
0.85 f c'

tf

M u = . As f y b f d
2

This case is the prevalent case in typical construction (multi-story buildings,

short span bridges,)
b) a = t f
-

As f y

a=

As =

M u = . f c .b f .d 2 . (1 0.59 )

0.85 f b
'
c

. f y .d

0.85 f c'

0.85 f c ' bt
fy

= tf

or

t=

As f y
0.85 f c'

'

M u = . As f y b f d
2

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68

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ARBT (525-351)

Case (2) the beam behaves as a "true T-beam" where the moment capacity is
derived based on the compression zone extending below the flange thickness
t f and a f t f Ac f bt :
b
a hf

cu = 0.003
1

fc

N.A

Z
T

s
bw
case (b): Compression zone extends into web
Figure(3.14 ): Design of T beam
(a)Acts as rectangular beam (b) Direct analysis as T-beam

a f tf

a=

Asf =

( As Asf ) f y
0.85 f c'bw
0.85 f c't (b f bw )
fy

M n = Tension Force(1) x Momentarm(1) + Tension Force(2) x Moment arm(2)

M n = T1 .Z 1 + T2 .Z 2
t
a
M n = Asf . f y (d ) + ( As Asf ). f y (d )
2
2
To check a beam to determine its type case (a) or case (b ), we calculate the
moment that generates compression zone that extends over the whole flange
(a = tf )
Flange moment capacity M nf
tf
M nf = 0.85 f c' .b f .t f .(d )
2
t
M n = As f y .(d f )
2
And compare applied nominal moment capacity M nf
If M n M nf T-beam behaves a "rectangular Beam" with b = b f

Yassin S. Sallam

69

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ARBT (525-351)

If M n f M nf T-beam behaves a "True T- Beam"

3.7.b) FLANGE WIDTH FOR T - AND L - BEAMS :

It is necessary to determine value of b f for T - and L- beams.
ACI code gives b f as the smallest value of the following three equations:
1) Flange width

beams length
4

span
4

L1
4
2) Overhanging part of the slab shall not exceed 8 x flange
thickness: overhang 8 t f
b f bw + 16.t f
bf

3) Overhanging part of the slab shall not exceed half the clear
distance between webs :
l
b f bw + l 2
overhang 2
2
( l2 : clear distance between webs = ls )

Case of Solid Slab on Beams

Exemple (3.14) :
Find the flange width for the beam
show in Fig.
L2 = 4.8 m
L1 = 6 m,
bw = 0.3 m
tf =0.12 m ,

l2

l1

1) bf L1/4 =6/4 =(6/4) = 1.5 m

2) bf 16 tf + bw
16(0.12) +0.3 = 2.22 m
3) bf 2 + bw
(4.8 0.3 ) + 0.3 = 4.8 m

The flange width for T-beam is the

Smallest of (1.5 , 2.22 , 4.8 )

0.12 m
0.3 m

bf =1.5 m

Yassin S. Sallam

0.3 m

Figure (3.15)

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Case of Ribbed Slab (one - way )

Example (3.15) as shown in figure (3.16) :
L1 =4.8 m,
L2= 0.5 m
bw = 0.12 m
tf =0.1 m ,

bf L1/4 =4.8/4 = 1.2 m

bf 16 tf + bw
16(0.10) + 0.12 = 1.82 m
bf 2 + bw
(0.5 - 0.1 ) + 0.1 = 0.5 m

Beam

l2
l1

Rib

Rib

Rib

Beam
Figure (3.16)

The flange width for T-beam is the

Smallest of (1.2 , 1.85 , 0.5 )

bf =0.5 m
The above conditions Table (3.6) become as follows for T-beams and Lbeams:
Condition

T-Beams
l
bf 1
4
b f 16 t f + bw

L-Beams
l
bf 1
4
b f 8 t f + bw

b f l 2 + bw

bf

l2
+ bw
2

Table(3.6 ) b f as the smallest value of the equations, according to ACI code

3.7.C) REINFORCEMENT RATIO LIMITS FOR T-BEAMS :

The reinforcement ratio for T-beams and L-beams should be applied
carefully, since maximum limit is related to the flange width bf , while
minimum reinforcement is related to bw , since minimum reinforcement is
provided to prevent tensile rupture of the web(the area subjected to tension).
To simplify the check process, we may use steel areas ; As min , As, and
As max
As = .b f .d
As (min) = min .bw .d
As (max) = max .b f .d

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and apply the following reinforcement check:
Check using reinforcement area:
or
As (min) As . As (max)

ARBT (525-351)

(min) (max)

Simplified Analysis of T Sections:

In this simplified analysis, which is good enough for practical applications as
it gives reasonable results, we assume that the N.A lies at the top beam web.
Therefore
t
M u = .( As . f y ).(d f )
2
Example (3.16)
2400 mm

100 mm

Mu= 600 kN.m

fy= 400 Mc =30 MPa
Find Steel area As?
Solution:
a)

600 mm

Simplified Analysis

d = h cc sb

400 mm

Figure (3.17)

20
= 600 20 10
= 560
2
tf
M u = .( As . f y ).(d )
2

600 x10 6 = 0.9 As (400)(560

As = 3268 mm 2

100
)
2

b)

From exact solution

As = 3288 mm 2
Example (3.17)
Solve the problem (11) the beam B1, shown in Figure (3.18):
M u = 125 .5 kN .m
bw = 0.25 m ,
t f = 0.18 m
h = 0.45
m
0.45
Figure
(3.18)

f c' = 28 MPa

f y = 400 MPa

L1 = 6 m

L2 = 5 m

Design this beam

Yassin S. Sallam

bw= 0.25 m
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Building Structure

hf =0.18

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Solution
d = h c.c sb

ARBT (525-351)

2
20
= 405 mm
d = 450 25 10
2

Find b f ( for L- beam):

l 6
1) b f 1 = = 1.5 m
4 4
2) b f 8.t f + bw = 8(0.18) + 0.25 = 1.69 m
l
5 0.25
3) b f 2 + bw =
+ 0.25 = 2.65 m
2
2

The flange width for T-beam is the

Smallest of (1.5, 1.69, 2.65)
b f = 1 .5 m

Use

Check Mn against =Mnf :

M
125.5
Mn = u =
= 139.4 kN .m

0 .9
t
M n f = 0.85. f c' .b f .t f (d f )
2
0.18

M n f = 0.85(28 x10 3 )(1.5)(0.18) 0.405 (

) = 2024.2 kN .m
2

M n = 139 . 4 kN .m p M nf = 2024 . 2 kN .m
Then the Section is Rectangular with:
b = b f = 1.5 m
400
= 16.81
0.85 f
0.85 x 28
Mn
139.4
Rn =
=
= 0.5666
2
1000 x bd
1000 x(1.5) x(0.405) 2
m=

=
=

1
m

fy

'
c

2 mR n
1 1
fy

1
16 . 81

Yassin S. Sallam

73

2 x 16 . 81 x 0 . 5666
400

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

= 0.001437
Design the beam:
As = .b f .d = 0.001437(1.5)(0.405) x10 6 = 873 mm 2
using = 20mm

Ab =

(20)
4

= 314mm 2

A
873
No of bares : n = s =
= 2.78 bars 3
Ab 314

3 20 mm

Then
(20)

As ( provided ) =

x3 = 942 mm 2

4
As ( provided ) = 942 f As (required ) = 873 O.K
Example (3.18)
The floor of figure (3.19) consists of 100 mm slab supported by beams of 6.70
m span, cast monolithically with the slab at spacing of 2.50 m center to
center. These beams have 300 mm wide webs and 500 mm depth to the centre
of steel plus the necessary cover to steel. Dead load moment 86 kN.m, and fy
= 400 MPa and fc=28 MPa.
Calculate the required area of steel As
b= 1.675

Effective depth

d=0.5
0.3

2.5 m

0.3

2.5 m

0.3

Figure (3.19)

Solution:

a)

b)

Use b f = 1.675m
Ultimate moment
M u = 1.2.M DL + 1.6M LL
M u = 1.2 x86 + 1.6 x166 = 369 kN .m

Nominal moment

Yassin S. Sallam

74

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Mn =

Mu

ARBT (525-351)

369
= 410 kN .m
0 .9

Nominal moment for flange:

M nf = 0.85 x f c x b f x t f (d

tf
2

M nf = 0.85 x 28 x10 3 x1.675 x0.1(0.5

0.1
) = 1794 kN .m
2

M nf f M n
The section is rectangular
c)
Reinforcement ratio for web:
400
= 16.81
0.85 f
0.85 x 28
Mn
410
Rn =
=
= 1.491
2
1000 x bd
1000 x(1.1) x(0.5) 2
m=

fy

'
c

2 mR n
1
1 1

m
f y

2 x 16 . 81 x 1 . 491
1
=
1
1
16 . 81
400

= 0.00385
d)

Design the beam:

As = .b f .d = 0.00385(1.1)(0.5) x10 6 = 2173 mm 2

Use = 25mm

(25)

Ab =

No of bares

= 314mm2
n=

As 2173
=
= 4.4 bars 5
Ab
491

Then

e)

(25) 2
5 25 mm As =
x5 = ( provided ) = 2454mm 2
4
Check bar spacing:

s=

b 2 c .c 2 sb n b
n 1

Yassin S. Sallam

75

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

300 2(20) 2(10) 5(25)

= 28.8 mm
4
Minimum spacing:
S min b = 20mm
S min 25mm
S min 1.3xMax. Agg.Size
S min 1.3x 20 = 26 mm
s=

S min = 26mm p S = 28mm

Example (3.19)

Calculate the design moment of rectangular section with the following

details: b=250 mm, d= 440 mm d' 60 mm, tension steel is six bars 25
mm in diameter ( in two rows) , compression steel is three bars 25 mm in
diameter, f c' = 20 MPa ,
f y = 350 MPa ,
Solution:
1) Check if the compression steel yields:
(25) 2
2
As =

x6 = 2945 mm

As' =

(20) 2
4

x3 = 942 mm 2

As
As;
942
2945
'
=
=
= 0.0268
=
=
= 0.0086
bd 250 x 440
bd 250 x 440
As As' = 2945 942 = 2003
' = 0.0268 0.0086 = 0.0182

For compression steel to yield:

f c' d '
600
= .0.85 x
(
)
f y d 600 f y
'

20 60
600
)(
)(
) = 0.0135
350 440 600 350
' = 0.0182 f 0.0135 Therefore, compression steel yields.

' = 0.85 x0.85 x(

2) Calculate M n

Yassin S. Sallam

76

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

ARBT (525-351)

2003 x 350
( As As' ) f y
a=
=
= 165 mm
0.85 b f c' 0.85 x 20 x 250
a
M n = ( As As' ) f y (d ) + As' x f y (d d ' )
2
165
M n = 2003 x 350(440
) + 942 x350(440 60) x10 6
2
= 250 x10 6 + 125 = 433 x10 6 = 433 kN .m
Example (3.20):
Design for the bending the shown cantilever.
f c' = 25 MPa , f y = 400 MPa
Solution
For the section a-a
Mu(a) = - (67 x 3) x 1.5 = - 301.5 kN.m
M
301.5
Mn = u =
= 335 kN .m
0 .9

M
335 x10 6
Rn = n2 =
= 2.73
bd
0.3 x10 3 (0.64 x10 3 ) 2
fy
400
m=
=
= 18.8
'
0.85 f c 0.85 x 25

=
=

Wu=67 kN/m
3m

301.5 kN.m

d=64 cm

2mR n
1
(1 1
)
m
fy

h =70 cm
30 cm

1
2 x18.8 x 2.73
) = 0.0073
(1 1
18.8
400

= 0.73%

Figure (4.13 )

1 .4 1 .4
=
= 0.0035
f y 400
= 0.35%
f c'
600
max = 0.75(0.85 x 0.85) (
)
f y 600 + f y
25
600
max = 0.75 x 0.85 x 0.85 x
(
) = 0.02
400 600 + 400
=2%
min p p max
As = .b.d = 0.0073 x30 x 64 = 14 cm 2

min =

Yassin S. Sallam

77

Building Structure

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Ab =

( 22) 2
4

ARBT (525-351)

As =1400 mm2
= 380 mm 2

Use 4 22 mm
Open stirrups for beams with significant torsion

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Close stirrups for beams with significant torsion

1 . 3l

Concrete confinement
one side

Concrete
confinement

Figure (3.14) Types of stirrups

Yassin S. Sallam

78

Building Structure