179

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

MODULE 15

The Teaching Of Graph

Topic : Pictograph
LEARNING OUTCOMES :
To plan teaching and learning activities to identify
1.
the attributes of a pictograph;
2.
the various types of pictograph.
TIME ALLOCATION : 2 hours
CONTENTS :
1.

A pictograph consists of the following attributes:

the title of the graph;

data in the tabulate form;

categories of the axis;

symbols to represent data;

the scale.

2.

The various types of bar graphs are :

pictograph with one symbol;

pictograph with two or more symbols.

Number of cakes sold in a week

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
represents 15 cakes

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

180

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

Family Size Of Taman Cahaya

No child
1 - 2 children
3 - 4 children
5 - 6 children
7 8 children
9 10 children
represents 5 families
represents 1 family
SUGGESTE ACTIVITIES:
Activity I: To locate references, which represent data with pictographs.
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Look at some example of the pictographs.

Lecturer shows some pictographs.
You are required to search news paper, magazine, pamphlets,
economic/financial reports where pictographs are used.
Make photocopies of these graphs.
Trainees search pictographs in library.
Go to internet. Look for pictographs.
Download and print the related files.
Trainees surf internet for pictographs in IT laboratory.
Pin all your graphs on the big board here.
How many different types of pictographs are there?
What are the differences and similarities between these
graphs?
What are the essential parts of the bar graphs?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

Activity II:
1.
2.

181

Trainees in groups, plan and act out on how to introduce and

identify the attributes of a pictograph.
How would you make the students tell you what is a
pictograph?
Trainees plan and act it out.
How would you make the students tell you what should be in
a pictograph?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

182

Topic : Pictograph
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
To plan teaching and learning activities to
collect data;
management of data;
draw a pictograph.
TIME ALLOCATION: 1 hour
CONTENTS:
1.
2.

3.

Steps in collection of data.

Identification of topic of investigation;

Identification of location or target of investigation.

Management of data.

recording of raw data by jotting down on a piece of paper;

regrouping of data into different categories;

present the data in a table (if necessary).

Steps in drawing a pictograph.

The title;

Write down the categories in the x-axis and y-axis;

Choose the symbols;

Determine and write down the scale;

Draw the symbols on the graph.

SUGGESTE ACTIVITIES:
Activity I

Trainees collect data within the compound of a class.

1.

Get a topic you are interested in.

Something that exists in the class.
How about sizes of your shoes, number of brothers and
sisters you have or your weights?
Give me your suggestions.
Trainees get their topics of investigation.

2.

Go around and get information from your friends.

Jot down on a piece of paper.
Trainees collect data.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

3.

Activity II:

How many categories do you have?

I want at least five.
Group your data in a table.
Lecturer shows an example of a table.
Trainees draw pictographs.

1.

Tell me what should be in a pictograph.

Trainees list the attributes.

2.

Which one should be drawn first?

Arrange them in correct sequence.
Trainees arrange steps in sequence. Lecturer corrects their
mistakes.

3.

Draw your pictograph now.

Trainees draw pictographs.

4.

Pin your pictograph and let everybody see.

5.

Well , you have done a good job. (Optional)

Activity III:
draw

183

Trainees in groups, plan and act out on how to guide students to

pictograph.

1.

Students are drawing pictographs.

How would you guide them to list down the sequence of
drawing?
Trainees plan and act it out.

2.

What does a teacher do when students are drawing?

3.

Students have finished drawing.

How would you let them tell each other what is right and what
is wrong?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

184

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

Topic : Bar Graph

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
To plan teaching and learning activities to identify

the attributes of a bar graph;

the various types of bar graphs.

TIME ALLOCATION : 2 hours
CONTENTS :
1.

A bar graph consists of the following attributes:

the title of the graph;

data in the tabulate form;

categories of the axis;

labeling of the axis;

the keys;

the bars to represent data.

The various types of bar graphs are :

simple vertical bar graph;

simple horizontal bar graph;

clustered column bar graph;

stacked column bar graph;

stacked column percentage bar graph.

2.

Students With Spectacles

500

400

Year

Number Of Car Sold

Half Yearly Car Sale

300
200

3
1

100

0
Jan

Feb

Mac

Apr

Month

May

June

20

40

60

80

100

Number wearing spectacles

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Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

185

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

Soft Drinks Consumption

Nomber of bottles
consumed x 1000

100
80

AA Cola

60

BB Cola

40

CC Cola

20

Quarter The Year

Soft Drinks Consumption

4th

2nd

3rd

CC Cola
BB Cola
AA Cola

3rd
2nd
1st
60

80

100

Soft Drinks Consumption

100

Nomber of bottles consumed x 1000

Nomber of bottles
consumed x 1000

Quarter The Year

4th

40

50

Nomber of bottles consumed x 1000

Soft Drinks Consumption

20

AA Cola

1st
0

4th

Quarter The Year

BB Cola

2nd

0
1st

CC Cola

3rd

200
150

CC Cola

100

BB Cola

50

AA Cola

0
1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Quarter The Year

SUGGESTE ACTIVITIES
Activity I :
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

To locate references, which represent data with bar graphs.

Look at some example of the bar graphs.
Lecturer shows some bar graphs.
You are required to search news paper, magazine, pamphlets,
economic/financial reports where bar graphs are used.
Make photocopies of these graphs.
Trainees search bar graphs in library.
Go to internet. Look for bar graphs.
Download and print the related files.
Trainees surf internet for bar graphs in IT laboratory.
Pin all your graphs on the big board here.
How many different types of bar graphs are there?
Try to name these graphs.
What are the essential parts of the bar graphs?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

Activity II :

186

In the IT laboratory , exploring the various types of bar graphs.

Run Microsoft Words, Excel or Power Point.
Click <Insert> , <Picture>, <Chart>.
How many types of bar graphs do you see?

Activity III:
1.
2.
3.

Trainees in groups, plan and act out on how to introduce and

identify the attributes of a bar graph.
How would you make the students tell you what is a bar
graph?
Trainees plan and act it out.
How would you make the students tell you how many type of
bar graphs are there?
How would you make the students tell you what should be in
a bar graph?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

187

Topic : Bar Graph

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
To plan teaching and learning activities to
collect data;
management of data;
draw a bar graph.
TIME ALLOCATION: 1 hour
CONTENTS:
1.
2.

3.

Steps in collection of data.

Identification of topic of investigation;

Identification of location or target of investigation.

Management of data.

recording of raw data by jotting down on a piece of paper;

regrouping of data into different categories;

present the data in a table.

Steps in drawing a pictograph.

The title;

Write down the categories in the x-axis and y-axis;

Label the axis;

Draw and label the keys;

Draw the bars on the graph.

SUGGESTE ACTIVITIES:
Activity I:
1.
2.
3.

Trainees are required to try out the following activities.

Each trainee is given a colored block.
Trainees take turn to pile up their block on a table in front of the
class according to the color
A 3-D graph is formed.
A pictograph ? A bar graph ?
What do you think ?
Give your reasons.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

Activity II:

Trainees draw bar graphs using data collected previously.

1.

Tell me what should be in a bar graph.

Trainees list the attributes.

2.

Which one should be drawn first?

Arrange them in correct sequence.
Trainees arrange steps in sequence. Lecturer corrects their
mistakes.

3.

Using the data you have collected last time.

Draw your bar graph now.
Trainees draw pictographs.

4.

Pin your bar graph and let everybody see.

5.

Well , you have done a good job. (Optional)

Activity III:

Drawing bar graph using Microsoft Software

(MS Word , Excel, Power Point)

1.

In IT laboratory.
Run MS Word.
Click <Insert> , <Picture>, <Chart>.

2.

Key in your data.

Explore how you can print a nice and complete chart using
computer.

Activity IV:

188

Trainees in groups plan and act out on how to guide students to

draw bar graph.

1.

Students are drawing bar graphs.

How would you guide them to list down the sequence of
drawing?
Trainees plan and act it out.

2.

What does a teacher do when students are drawing?

3.

Students have finished drawing.

How would you let them tell each other what is right and what
is wrong?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph

Mathematics Department
Institut Perguruan Sultan Mizan
Besut, Terengganu.

189

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
To plan exercises and strategies in guiding students in problem solving.
TIME ALLOCATION: 2 hours
CONTENTS:
1.
2.

Reading and interrelating pictographs and bar graphs.

Level of difficulty in graphs problems.
(Knowledge to application)

SUGGESTE ACTIVITIES:
1.

In the library.
Look for the various kind of problems (pictograph & bar
graphs).
Make photocopies and pin up in the class.
Trainees look for various kind of problems.

2.

Look at all the problems.

Can you classify them into three categories?
Knowledge, comprehension and application.
Trainees classifying.

3.

Lecturer picks some problems.

Solve these problems.
Trainees solving problems.

4.

What difficulties do you students will face?

Trainees - group discussion
Possible scale conversion, misinterpreted keys and labeling or
mistakes in calculation.

5.

How do you guide them in these difficulties?

Trainees act it out.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Module 15 - The Teaching Of Graph