INTERNAL SURFACE OF CRANIAL BASE

is divided into: the anterior cranial fossa

the middle cranial fossa
the posterior cranial fossa
anterior cranial fossa:
1. frontal bone - orbital parts - superior surfaces
2. ethmoidal bone - cribriform plate olfactory n.(1st)
3. sphenoid bone - lesser wings

middle cranial fossa:

1. sphenoid bone body - hypophysial fossa (hypophysis=pituitary gland)
- optic canal - optic nerve (2nd)
- ophthalmic a.
- sulcus chiasmatis (optic chiasm)
greater wings - cerebral surface
foramen rotundum: Maxillary n. (5th/2)
foramen ovale: Mandibular n. (5th/3)
foramen spinosum: middle meningeal a.
superior orbital fissure: Oculomotor n.(3rd)
Trochlear n.(4th)
Abducent n. (6th)
Ophthalmic n.(5th/l)
Sup. ophthalmic v.
2. temporal bone - petrous part - anterior surface
trigeminal impression
tegmen tympani
carotid canal internal carotid a.
foramen lacerum - borders:sphenoid,petrous,occipital
posterior cranial fossa:
1. temporal bone -petrous part -internal acoustic meatus:
Facial n. (7th)
Vestibulocochlear n. (8th)
- mastoid part - internal surface
2. occipital bone - basilar part - superior surface
- lateral parts - superior surface
- squama - internal surface
jugular foramen - borders: dorsal margin of petrous part
occipital b. - jugular notch
internal jugular v.
Glossopharyngeal n. (9th)
Vagus n. (10th)
Accessory n. (11th)
hypoglossal canal: Hypoglossal n. (12th)

NORMA BASALIS (External surface of cranial base)

maxilla - body - infratemporal surf.
- alveolar process
- palatine process
- zygomatic process
zygomtic bone
zygomatic arch
palatine bone - horizontal plate - inferior surface
sphenoid bone - body - inferior surface
- greater wings - infratemporal sufrace
- pterygoid process
vomer
temporal bone - petrous part - inferior surface
- squamous part - ext. surf.- zygomatic process, condylar
- tympanic part
fossa
- styloid part
- mastoid part - external surface
occipital bone - basilar part - inferior surface
- lateral parts - inferior surface
- squamous part - external surf. - from foramen magnum
to superior nuchal line
!!! other important structurs:
inferior orbital fissure:
borders:greater wings
maxilla
posterior nasal apertures:
borders:horizontal plate of palatine
madial plate of pterygoid process
inf. surf. of sphenoid body
vomer
infratemporal fossa:
borders: ifratemporal surface of greater wings
body of maxilla -infratemporal surface
lateral plate of pterygoid process
ramus of mandible (lateral wall)

VESSELS AND NERVES TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE FORAMINA ON THE

NORMA BASALIS:
greater palatine foramen: greater palatine n.
lesser palatine foramina: lesser palatine nerves
pterygoid canal: nerve and vessels of pterygoid canal
foramen ovale: mandibular n.
foramen spinosum: middle meningeal a.
carotid canal: internal carotid a.
jugular foramen: internal jugular v.
9th, 10th, 11th cerebral nerves
stylomastoid foramen: facial n.

mastoid and condylar canals: emissary veins

hypoglossal canal hypoglossal n.
ORBIT
orbital opening:
borders: frontal bone
zygomatic bone
maxilla
superior wall: frontal bone - orbital part - orbital surface
sphenoid bone - lesser wing
medial wall: maxilla - frontal process
lacrimal bone
ethmoid bone - labyrints - lateral (orbital) plate
inferior wall: zygomatic bone
maxilla - body - orbital surface
lateral wall: zygomatic bone
sphenoid bone - greater wing - orbital surface

!!!important structures:
optic canal (optic nerve, central a. of retina)
superior orbital fissure borders: greater wings, lesser wings
(transmits:III.,IV.,VI.,V/l nerves, ophthalmic a., v.)
inferior orbital fissure borders: greater wings
maxilla
transmits:infraorbital a. v., n.,
inf. ophthalmic v.

BONY NASAL CAVITY

anterior nasal aperture
borders: maxilla and nasal bones
posterior nasal apertures - choanae
borders: superiorly: sphenoid bone - body
laterally: pterygoid process - medial plate
inferiorly: palatine bone horizontal plate
roof: nasal bones
frontal bone
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
body of sphenoid bone
floor: maxilla - palatine process
palatine bone - horizontal plate
lateral wall: nasal bone
lacrimal bone
maxilla - frontal process
- body - nasal surface
ethmoid bone - medial plate
palatine bone - perpendicular plate
pterygoid process of sphenoid bone medial plate)
nasal septum: ethmoid bone - perpendicular plate (anterosup.part)
vomer (posteroinf. part)
nasal conchae superior and middle are projections of ethmoid b.
- inferior concha (separate bone connected to the maxillary nasal surface)
nasal meatuses - superior, middle, inferior

PARANASAL SINUSES - cavities in bones bordering nasal cavity

l. frontal sinus
2. maxillary sinus
3. ethmoid sinuses - anterior, middle and posterior
4. sphenoid sinus
openings of paranasal sinuses:
sphenoid and post. ethmoid sinuses open into the superior nasal meatus
frontal, ant. and middle ethmoid, maxillary sinuses open into the middle nasal meatus

(nasolacrimal canal - into inferior nasal meatus)