Campus Recruitment Training Material

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

GITAM Institute of Technology,
GITAM University
Visakhapatnam - 530045

Contents
1. Electronic Devices and Circuits

2. Signals and Systems

3. Digital Electronics

4. Basic Circuit Theory

5. Electromagnetic waves and Transmission lines

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6. Analog Electronics and Circuits

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7. Microprocessors

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8. Analog Communications

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9. Antennas and Wave Propagation

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10. Microwave Engineering

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11. Digital Communications

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12. Computer Networks

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ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

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Explain why semiconductor acts as an insulator at 0 degree Kelvin and why its
conductivity increases with increasing temperature.
What is the difference between the band structure of a semiconductor and of a metal.
What is the distinguish between an intrinsic and an extrinsic semiconductor.
What is the difference between Diffusion current and Drift current.
Define Hall effect.
Define Generation and Recombination of charge carriers.
Explain effect of temperature on Fermi level of n-type, p-type and intrinsic
semiconductors.
Why we are calling Metal is a unipolar device.
What are the examples of unipolar and Bipolar devices.
Is the temperature coefficient of resistance of a semiconductor positive or negative.
How can u say the conductivity of a metal decreases with increasing of temperature.
Suppose if we combine lightly doped semiconductor and heavily doped semiconductor the
width of depletion region is more penetrate into which semiconductor.
For a reverse biased diode, does the transition region increase or decrease in width.
What is the order of magnitude of the space charge width at a p-n junction. What does this
space charge consist of ----- electrons,holes,neutral donors,neutral acceptors,ionized
donors,ionized acceptors, etc.
Write the volt-ampere equation for a p-n diode and explain the meaning of each symbol.
How does the reverse saturation current of a p-n diode vary with temperature. How does
the diode voltage vary with temperature.
What are the approximate cutting voltages for silicon and Germanium.
What is the difference between Avalanche Breakdown and Zener breakdown.
How does the transition capacitance Ct vary with the depletion layer width.
How does the diffusion capacitance Ct vary with dc diode current.
Sketch the volt- ampere characteristic of a tunnel diode. Indicate the negative resistance
portion.
What is meant by ripple and how can you reduce the ripples.
How can you say the current in a open-circuited p-n junction diode is zero.
The reverse saturation in a p-n junction diode is 40 micro amperes at 20 degree centigrade.
What is reverse saturation current at 40 degree centigrade.
What are the advantages of full wave rectifier compare with half wave rectifier.
What are the advantages of Bridge rectifier compare with full wave rectifier.
In which region BJT acts as an amplifier.
Explain base width modulation.
What are advantages of CE Configuration compare with CB and CC Configurations.
What is the range of and .

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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What are the advantages of FET over BJT.

Why we calling BJT is a current controlled device.
The width of the depletion region of a p-n junction diode depends upon which parameters.
In how many ways can we generate new electron hole pairs.
What are advantages of MOSFET over JFET.
In which region FET acts as a Voltage variable resistor.
What is the difference between enhancement MOSFET and Depletion MOSFET.
Define trans-conductance.
What is the condition to form the channel in Enhancement MOSFET.
What is threshold voltage of Enhancement MOSFET and Depletion MOSFET.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

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Define signal.
Define system.
What are major classification of signals.
Define even and odd, power and energy signals.
Write down exponential form of the Fourier series representation of a periodic signal.
Find even and odd component of the signal cost + sint + costsint.

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Using Fourier Transform find the convolution between

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Determine the Fourier series representation for x(t)=2Sin(2t-3)+ Sin(6t)

A system is defined by its impulse response h[n] = 2 u[n 2] find the given system is
Stable
or unstable and causal or non causal.
If the step response of a system is s(t) = (1 e-at ), then find its impulse response.
The discrete-time signal x (n) = (-1)n is periodic then find its fundamental period.
Calculate the power and energy for each of the following signals:
(a) x1(t) = e-2tu(t); (b) x2(t) = cos(t)
A discrete-time signal is shown in Figure. Sketch and label the following signal:

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and

(a) x[3n + 1];

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A system may or may not be (1) memoryless (2) time invariant (3) linear.
Determine which of these properties hold and which do not hold for each of the following
continuous-time systems. Justify your answers.
y(t) = x(t-2)+x(2-t) ; (b) y(t) =

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Let x(t) = u(t-3)-u(t-5) and h(t) =

. Compute y(t) = x(t)*h(t).
Consider a discrete-time LTI system with impulse response h[n] =
Determine whether this system is causal and/or stable. Justify your answer.
Consider a continuous-time LTI system with impulse response. H(t) =
.
Determine whether this system is causal and/or stable. Justify your answer.
Consider the following three continuous-time signals with a fundamental period of
T = 1/2:x(t) = cos(4 ), y(t) = sin(4 ), z(t) = x(t)y(t).

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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(a) Determine the Fourier series coefficients of x(t).

(b) Determine the Fourier series coefficients of y(t).
Calculate the Fourier transforms of the following signals.
(t) =
, (t) =
Let x(t) be a signal with Nyquist rate. Determine the Nyquist rate for each of the following
signal:
(a) x(t) + x(t - 1).

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Consider the signal x[n] =

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Express each of the following complex numbers in Cartesian from (x + jy).

,

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u[n-3]. Evaluate the z-transform of this signal.

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Two sequences x1 (n) and x2 (n) are related by x2 (n) = x1 (- n). In the z- domain, their
ROCs are the same. or reciprocal of each other.
The Fourier transform of the exponential signal
is rectangle or impulse function

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If the Laplace transform of f (t) is

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The auto-correlation function of a rectangular pulse of duration T is a triangular pulse of

duration T. or a triangular pulse of duration 2T.
The Fourier transform (FT) of a function x (t) is X (f).
The FT of dx(t)/ dt
The FT of a rectangular pulse existing between t = -T / 2 to t = T / 2 is a sinc or sine
function.
Given a unit step function u(t), its time-derivative is ramp or impulse.
The frequency response of a system with h(n) =(n) -(n-1) is.
Z-transform converts convolution of time-signals to multiplication or division.
When two honest coins are simultaneously tossed, the probability of two heads on any
given trial is.
A continuous-time periodic signal x(t) , having a period T, is convolved with itself. The
resulting signal is periodic or aperiodic.
If the Fourier series coefficients of a signal are periodic then the signal must be a discrete
or continuous.
Convolution si used to find for what purpose.
The property of Fourier Transform which states that the compression in time domain is
equivalent to expansion in the frequency domain is scaling or duality.
What is the Nyquist Frequency for the signal x(t) =3 cos 50t +10 sin 300t cos100t.
The step response of a LTI system when the impulse response h(n) is unit step u(n) is.
The function which has its Fourier transform, Laplace transform, and Z transform unity is
Called.
The region of convergence of the z-transform of the signal u(n)- u(-n-1) is.

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then the value of

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

is zero or infinity.

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DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
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Define fan in
Why totem pole outputs cannot be connected together.
State advantages and disadvantages of TTL.
Define binary logic.
What are the basic digital logic gates.
What is a Logic gate.
Which gates are called as the universal gates? What are its advantages.
Output will be a LOW for any case when one or more inputs are zero for a gate.
Explain two ways to convert a 2 input NAND gate an inverter.
Name two XOR gates among which one can function as buffer and the other as inverter.
Define combinational logic.
Define Half adder and full adder.
Define Decoder.
Define Encoder.
What is priority Encoder.
Define multiplexer.
Define registers.
Define shift registers.
What is programmable logic array. How it differs from ROM.
List the major differences between PLA and PAL.
Define Flip flop.
What is difference between latch and flip-flop.

What is the operation of D flip-flop.

Define race around condition.
What is edge-triggered flip-flop.
What is a master-slave flip-flop.
Define propagation delay.
Give the comparison between combinational circuits and sequential circuits.
What do you mean by present state.
Define synchronous sequential circuit.
What do you mean by next state.
Define Asynchronous sequential circuit.
Give the comparison between synchronous & Asynchronous sequential circuits.
The t Pd for each flip-flop is 50 ns. Determine the maximum operating frequency for
MOD - 32 ripple counter.
ii. What is fundamental mode sequential circuit.
jj. What is the significance of state assignment.
When does race condition occur.
What is non critical race.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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What is hazard.
What is static 1 hazard.
What is static 0 hazard.
What is dynamic hazard.
What is the cause for essential hazards.
Which number system is understood easily by the computer.
What does (10)16 represent in decimal number system.
How many bits have to be grouped together to convert the binary number to its
Corresponding octal number.
Which bit represents the sign bit in a signed number system.
The ones complement of 1010 is
How many bits are required to cover the numbers from +63 to -63 in ones
Complement representation.
Perform the following number system conversions:
(a) 101101112 =? ( )10 (b) 567410 =? ( )
(c) 100111002 =? ( )8 (d) 24538 =? ( )2
(e) 1111000102 =? ( )16 (f) 6893410 =?( ) 2
(g) 10101.0012 =? ( )10 (h) 6FAB716 =?( ) 10
(I) 11101.1012 =? ( )8 (j) 5623816 =? ( )2
Convert the following hexadecimal numbers into binary and octal numbers
(a)78AD (b) DA643 (c) EDC8
What is the range of unsigned decimal values that can be represented by 8 bits.
What is the range of signed decimal values that can be represented by 8 bits.
Determine the decimal equivalent of twos complement numbers given below:
(a) 1010101 (b) 0111011 (c) 11100010
Mention the important characteristics of digital ICs. Define Fan-out.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 6

Basic Circuit Theory

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Ohms law, KVL &KCL will fail at______________

2.

Equivalent impedance seen across terminals a, b is

3.

What is the value of i1?

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The voltage V in fig always equal to

5. Find voltage eo in the fig shown?

6. In the circuit of fig. The value of the voltage source E is

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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7. The energy stored in the capacitor is

8. Obtain potential of node B with respect to G in the network shown in figure

9. What is the equivalent resistance between AB when each branch resistance is 2 ohms?

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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10. Which of the following elements are always equal in number in a pair of dual networks?
a) voltage sources
b) capacitors
c)resistors
d) inductors
0

11. V1 leads V2 by if V1= sin ( wt + 30 ), V2 = -5 sin (wt 15 )

12. An alternating current source having voltage E= 110 sin (t + (/3) ) is connected in an a.c.
circuit . If the current drawn from the circuit varies as I = 5 sin (t ( / 3) ). Impedance of the
circuit will be
13. The current i( t ) through a 10 ohms resistor in series with an inductance is given by
0
0
i(t) = 3+ 4 sin ( 100t + 45 ) + 4 sin ( 300t + 60 ). The RMS value of the current and the power
dissipated in the circuit are
14. What is the transformer turns ratio for the circuit shown

15. In a perfect transformer, if L1 and L2are the primary and secondary inductances, and M is the
mutual inductance, then _________________
16. An RLC parallel resonant circuit has a resonance frequency of 1.5 MHZ and a bandwidth of
1KHZ. If C= 150 PF, then the effective resistance of the circuit will be ____________
17. In a series RLC circuit, given R = 10, L = 14H, C = 1F. Find damping ratio.
18. The phase response of parallel LC circuit is_________

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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19. The parallel RLC circuit having damping ratio p is connected in series with same values,
then series circuit damping ratio s is
20. Find Z in at resonance?

21. In a parallel RLC resonant circuit R = 10 K C = 0. 47 F, the bandwidth will be ______

22. A series RLC circuit is excited by an ac voltage v(t) = Sint. If L=10H and C=0.1F, then the
peak value of the voltage across R will be ____________
23. A coil of wire has inductive impedance. At high frequencies the impedance will be
represented by_____

24. The value of the capacitance C in the given ac circuit to make it a constant resistance circuit
for the supply current to be independent of its frequency is

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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25. In the network shown, which one of the following theorems can be conveniently used to
calculate the power consumed by the 10 ohm resistor.

26. The Thevenin equivalent voltage V TH appearing between the terminals A and B of the
network shown in fig. is given by

27. Find V a for which max power is transferred to the load

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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28. A 5 + j2 source has a 4 + j3 internal impedance. The load impedance ZL for receiving
maximum power equals_________

29. A voltage source with an internal resistance R s , supplies power to load RL. The power
delivered to the load varies with RL as __________

30. Find the current I in the figure

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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31. What is V c (0+)?

32. In the circuit shown above, the switch is closed at t = 0. The current through the capacitor
will decrease exponentially with a time constant

33. The short circuit admittance matrix of a two-port network is as shown

The two-port network is reciprocal ,passive & active or not ?

34. If the transmission parameters of the network are A = C = 1, B = 2 and D = 3, then the value
of Z m is

35. The necessary and sufficient condition for a rational function of T (s) to be driving point
impedance of an RC network is that all poles and zeros should be __________

36. Match list-1 with list-2 and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-1:

A)Bridge T- network
C) Lattice network

B) Twin T- network
D) Ladder network

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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List-2:

37. An impedance function whose real part varnishes at some real frequency is called
38. For the driving point impedance function of an R-C network,
a) the critical frequency nearest the origin is a pole
b) poles and zeros can occur in any sequence
c) all internal poles are on the positive real axis
d) all internal zeros are on the positive axis
39. A linear time invariant system has an impulse response e 2 t , t > 0. If the initial conditions
are zero and input is e 3t , the output for t >0 is _______________
40. Find Y 22 for the fig shown?

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 14

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES

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What is meant by an orthogonal system.

Mention the conditions for right handed system in all the 3 coordinate systems.
Write the expressions for differential length, differential normal surface area and
differential volume in all the three coordinate systems.
Among differential length, differential normal surface area and differential volume which
one is a scalar quantity.
Define scalar and vector quantities.
What is meant by unit vector.
State Divergence and Stokes theorem.
Chargce of an electron is ______________
State Coulombs law.
Units of charge,line charge, surface charge,volume charge, o , o, force, electric field
intensity, electric flux, displacement density, potential, energy, work, dipole moment,
current, curren density, conductivity, resistance, capacitance, inductance, wavelength,
State Gauss law and write the equation.
Define equipotential surface.
Write the relation between E and V ____________________
What is meant by an electric dipole?
Expression for energy stored in electrostatic fields is _____________________________
Relation between D and E is ________________
write the equation for conservative property in electrostatic fields.
Define Polarization.
Expression for equation of continuity is ___________
Mention the boundary conditions in electrostatic fields.
Write Laplaces and Poissons equations.
Expression for capacitance of parallel plate, coaxial and spherical capacitors is ________
Primary constants of a transmission line are _______________
Secondary constants of a transmission line are _______________
Define characteristic impedance.
,, and Zo for lossless transmission line and distortionless transmission line are
________
define reflection coefficient.
Relation between reflection coefficient and VSWR is _________________
Expression for input impedance of a transmission line is _____________
How transmission line can be used as circuit elements?
Range of reflection coefficient and VSWR is ________________ and ___________
What is meant by stub.
What is the purpose of a stub.
What is meant by quarter wave transformer.
How impedance matching is achieved by single stub.
.Explain BiotSavarts law
Explain about Amperes circuital law and its applications
Find magnetic field intensity(H) at (-3,4,0) due to current element along x-axis
Explain the concept of scalar and vector potential.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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Compare the boundary conditions of magnetic field with those of electric field.
Derive the expression for energy stored and energy density in magnetic field.
A circular loop of three units radius is centered at the origin in z=0 plane and carries a DC
current of 10Ma along direction. Find the mabnetic flux density at (0,0,4) and (0,0,-4).
What is time harmonic fields? Give time harmonic Maxwells equations in point form.
Write Maxwells equations in point and integral form and give their word statements.
What is the significance of displacement current density.
Derive wave equations for free space.
What is a uniform plane wave and explain about ii.
Derive the relationship between E and H in uniform plane wave
Explain the wave propagation in lossless medium and derive the expressions of and .
Explain the wave propagation in good conductors and derive the expressions of and .
What is skin depth and write its expression.
What is polarization and explain their types with neat diagrams.
A plane wave travelling in air is normally incident on a material with r=4 and r=1. Find
the Reflection and transmission coefficients.
State and explain pointing theorem.
What is meant by surface impedance and derive its expression for perfect conductor.
What is Brewester angle?

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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ANALOG ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

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Discriminate Enhancement mode and depletion mode MOSFETs.

What are the properties of Ideal controlled sources.
Differentiate Linear and Nonlinear Elements.
What is the significance of small signal model of an element.
Define Threshold Voltage and what are the parameters influencing it.
Explain about the effect of finite output impedance on the voltage gain of an amplifier.
Compare BJT and MOSFET with reference to analog circuit applications.
What is the significance of 3-dB frequency.
What is the significance of Noise figure of an amplifier.
Define Transition Frequency.
What limits the speed of a circuit.
Explain why BJT works like an amplifier in active region.
Explain why MOSFET works like an amplifier in Saturation region.
Compare Common Collector (CC) and Common Emitter (CE) Configurations.
Compare Common Drain (CD) and Common Source (CS) Configurations.
What are the differences between Integrated and discrete circuits.
Discriminate Systematic and Random mismatches.
Define Slew rate and what are the ways of increasing the slew rate.
What are the properties of Ideal operational amplifier.
How to reduce the base width modulation effect.
Explain about various ways of stabilizing the collector current (IC), in an amplifier.
Explain about various ways of stabilizing the Drain current (Id), in an amplifier.
Explain about Gain Bandwidth Product.
Explain how cascoding will improve the voltage gain.
Explain about Gain and voltage swings tradeoff.
What are the advantages of Darlington pair.
What are the various types of amplifiers based on the frequency of operation.
What is the significance of Gain Margin and Phase margin.
Explain why compensation techniques are necessary for amplifiers.
Differentiate low time constant and high time constant RC circuits.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 17

MICROPROCESSORS(8085+8086)
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What is a Microprocessor.
Define Mnemonics.
What is ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE.
What is HAND ASSEMBLY.
What is Complier.
What is an INTERPRETOR.
8085 has address bus width.
8085 has data bus width.
Register pairs of 8085 are..
SP and PC are .bit registers in 8085.
Draw the hardware model in 8085.
Draw the programming model of 8085.
What are EXTERNALLY initiated signals in 8085.
What are serial input and output pins of 8085.
Give the instruction set briefly in 8085.
Write data transfer instructions in 8085.
What is ALE.
Draw the minimum mode of 8086 microprocessor.
Give the segment registers in 8086.
What is the purpose of IP in 8086.
What is hardwired zero.
Write about REGISTER ADDRESSING MODE.
Write about Base +INDEX addressing mode.
Write about base relative +index addressing mode.
Explain STRING instructions in 8086.
Explain about Iteration control instructions.
Explain about Mul, IMUL, DIV, IDIV instructions
Explain AAS, AAM, AAD, LOCK, TEST, WAIT instructions.
Explain XCHG, XLAT instructions.
Explain REPE, REPNE instructions.
Explain CLD, CMC, STD instructions.
Write the MAXIMUM mode configuration of 8086.
Develop the Machine code for MOV SP, BX.
Develop the Machine code for MOV BX,[1234]
Draw the PINOUT of 8259A.
Draw the pin out 0f 8284A CLOCK GENERATOR.
Draw the pin out 0f 8288.
Draw the pinout of 8282.
Address bus of 8086 is

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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Data bus of 8086 is

Total memory of 8086 is number of bytes.
Explain about types of interrupts.
Explain about interrupt priorties.
Explain about Type 0 interrupt.
Wrie the CS and IP values of different interrupts.
Draw the Pinout of 8255 PPI.
Draw the pinout 0f 8257 DMA
Draw the pinout of 8237.
Draw the pinout of 8279.
Draw the pinut of 8253 and 8254.
Draw the pinout of 8251 USART.
Draw the interfacing diagrams of 8086 with 8255.
What is a flow chart.
What is macro.
What is BUS INTERFACE UNITin 8086.
What is EXECUTION UNIT in 8086.
Write the functional block diagram 0f 8085.
Write a program in 8086 to add two 16 bit numbers.
Write a program to Transfer a BLOCK OF data from one memory location to other.
Write a program to DISPLAY FIRE DELAY HELP using monitor routines.
Write a program to display Decimal counter using routines.
Write a program to display the car blinckers using 8255.
List out the addressing modes in 8085.
What is NMI in 8086.
What is IF and TRAP flag in 8086.
List out Minimum mode pins of 8086.
List out Maximum mode pins of 8086.
What is wait state in 8086.
List out the configuration of 8088 microprocessor.
List out the configuration 0f 8080A.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 19

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
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What is meant by carrier signal.

In Analog and Digital signals which one consume less power.
What is base band communication.
Define modulation.
What is frequency translation.
Which parameter will change(vary) in amplitude modulation.
Define carrier communication.
What are the characteristics of a carrier signal.
Give another name for modulation index in AM.
Give the expression for AM band width.
What is the necessity of modulation.
Name some transmission media.
Write examples for unguided channels.
Classify various amplitude modulation techniques.
Give the expression for AM wave equation.
Write examples for guided channels.
What is the condition for perfect(critical) modulation.
Give the expression for transmitted power in AM system.
What is meant by modulation index in AM.
How much is the transmission efficiency in AM.
How much percent of power is wasted in AM.
Classify AM generation and detection methods.
Draw the AM wave and mention Vmin and Vmax.
What is meant by High level and Low level amplitude modulations.
Give the expression for BW in DSB-SC system.
How much percent of total power is saved in DSB-SC system.
What are the drawbacks of AM .
Define synchronous(or coherent) detection.
Give the expression for BW in SSB-SC system.
How much percent of total power is saved in SSB-SC system.
What are the applications of AM system.
How much percent of total power is saved in SSB-SC system when m=1 & m=0.5.
How much percent of total power is saved in DSB-SC system when m=1 & m=0.5.
What are the advantages of digital communication over Analog communication.
What are the applications of SSB system.
What are the advantages of SSB transmission over AM and DSB-SC systems.
Classify SSB generation and detection methods.
Classify DSB-SC generation and detection methods.
Draw the spectrum of AM,DSB and SSB systems.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 20

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What are the most commonly used filters in SSB generation.

Draw the waveform for over modulation and mention the phase reversals.
What is the B.W of VSB.
Give any one application of VSB system.
What is the frequency range of AM broadcasting medium wave.
Which modulation system used for long distance communication
Give the expression for SSB system.
Give examples for exponential modulation.
Give the expression for FM wave.
What is the frequency range of FM broadcasting.
What is the channel width of FM system.
What is meant by single tone modulation.
FM signal with a modulation index mf is passed through a frequency Tripler and a
doublers then what will be the output.
Define frequency deviation.
What is meant by carrier swing in FM.
Write an expression for bandwidth in FM.
Draw the spectrum of FM signal, from which give the expression for bandwidth.
Define modulation index in FM.
Explain the effect of modulation index on FM bandwidth.
Give the maximum frequency deviation in FM broadcasting.
What is meant by guard band.
Why the FM system need guard band.
Give the condition for non-overlapping between adjacent channels.
FM waveform and mention the frequency deviation.
Classify the FM techniques.
Define frequency modulation.
Based on Carsons rule classify the FM systems.
Give the expression for practical bandwidth in FM.
Write the condition for narrow band FM and wide band FM.
Compare AM and FM.
What are the advantages of FM over AM.
Give the expression for bandwidth of PM.
Give the relation between PM and FM using block diagram.
Compare NBFM and WBFM systems.
Give the generation detection methods of FM.
Which modulation system used for short distance communication.
Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits.
Draw the response of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits.
Give example for PE and DE circuits.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 21

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Give the expression for SSB system.

Convert FM to PM and PM to FM with the help of block diagram.
Write various sources of noise.
Define thermal noise.
Give the expression for spectral density of thermal noise.
What is the main property of Gaussian noise.
Give some examples for external noise and internal noise.
Define equivalent noise band width.
What is effective noise temperature.
Give the expression for overall noise figure of a cascaded amplifier with two stages.
Define signal to noise ratio.
What is meant by noise figure.
Give the expression for SNR at the output for coherent reception with SSB modulation.
Write the expression for Figure of merit of SSB reception.
Give the expression for SNR and Figure of merit at the output for coherent reception with
DSB-SC modulation.
Give the expression for SNR and Figure of merit at the output for coherent reception with
conventional AM modulation.
Define shot and flicker noises.
What is the necessity of tracking in radio receiver.
What is the need of an amplitude limiter in FM receiver.
Write the characteristics of AM radio receiver.
Define super heterodyning in AM receiver.
What is the intermediate frequency(IF) of AM broad casting receiver.
Classify the AM radio receivers.
What are the drawbacks of TRF receiver.
What is the other name of TRF receiver.
What are the advantages of super heterodyne receiver.
Give the functions of RF section in receiver.
What is meant by AGC.105. Draw the responses for simple AGC and delayed AGC.
Write the function of AGC.
Define selectivity and fidelity and draw their responses.
Define threshold effect in FM.
What is the function of PLL demodulator.
Define image frequency reception.
What is meant by spot noise figure.
Classify the radio transmitters.
Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits used in which sections in communication system.
Give examples for high level and low level transmitters.
What is the advantage of Armstrong transmitter.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 22

ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPOGATION

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Derive the relationship between directivity and effective area and Define effective length,
gain, radiation pattern, antenna beam width, antenna bandwidth, radiation resistance.
Define 1) Radiation Intensity, ii) Beam Area, iii) Effective Height and iv)Resolution
How a unidirectional pattern is obtained in an end fire array. Explain.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of binomial array.
Write a short notes on
i) D-layer, ii) Sporadic E-layer, iii) Fading and iv). Atmospheric noise.
What is meant by critical frequency? Describe a method to measure it.
What is LOS propagation? Under what conditions it can exist.
Explain the formation of inversion layer in the troposphere in the phenomenon of duct
propagation
Find Directivity of Half Wave Dipole.
Define
i. Radial power flow.
ii. Radiation resistance for a short dipole.
iii. Uniform current distribution.
Derive an expression for the antenna terminal impedance as a function of frequency and
hence define its bandwidth.
Obtain the power radiated by a /10 dipole in free space if the current distribution is
i) Uniform and ii) Triangular and is given by I peak = 2 Amps. What will be the radiation
resistance.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of loop antennas.
What is a uniform linear array and what are its applications.
Sketch the radiation pattern of a two element array with progressive phase-shift and fed
with equal amplitudes. Derive the expression used.
Explain the effects of D-layer in sky wave propagation.
Distinguish between the terms MUF, LUHF, and Optimum frequency.
Radiation Resistance of Alternating Current is ____
Define and explain Directivity and Power Gain of an Antenna. Prove that the directivity of
a half wave dipole is 2.15dB.
What are principle planes. How the Antenna Beam Width is defined in such planes.
Give the expression for Electric Field due to current element. Find the distance from a
radiating element with 60Hz current such that Radiation and Induction fields are equal.
What is short magnetic Di-pole? How is it realized.
Derive the conditions for the linear array of N isotropic elements to radiate in end-fire
and broadside mode and find the first two side lobe levels.
What are the various differences between end-fire and broadside arrays.
Write a short notes on

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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i). Ionosphere abnormalities.

ii). Optimum working frequency and LUHF.
Describe the fading of short wave broadcast signals.
Differentiate Travelling and standing wave antennas.
A source has bidirectional power pattern with a radiation intensity of U = 4Sin. Find its
directivity and HPBW.
Define the terms electrostatic field, induction field, and radiation field of an antenna and
bring out their significance.
Sketch and compare radiation patterns of horizontal half wave dipole with those of vertical
half wave dipole and c) What are short antennas.
Explain the principle of multiplication of patterns.
Find the radiation pattern for four isotropic elements fed in face, spaced /2 apart by using
pattern multiplication.
Define Dipole Antenna and Impedance of folded dipole is _____
Define Uniform linear array.
Differentiate Broadside and endfire array.
Define Half power beam and Beam Width between First Nulls for broad-side and end fire
arrays.
What is the directivity of an alternating current element.
Define radiation mechanism of an antenna.
Radiation resistance of a half wave dipole, Quarter Wave Monopole is _______
What are the parasitic elements in Yagi-Uda antenna.
Which antenna is used to produce circular polarization.
Define Reflector and microstrip antenna.
Define Anechoic chamber.
Measurement of gain and phase.
The first side lobe ratio of uniform Linear array is ________
What are the advantages and disadvantages of binomial array.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 24

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
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Define a microwave and mention the range of microwaves.

Write the differences between a transmission line and a waveguide.
What is the frequency range of Ku, Ka, K, X bands.
What are the high frequency limitations of conventional tubes.
Define O & M type tubes.
What is the difference in operation between klystron & TWT.
Why 1 mode is considered as a dominant mode in Reflex klystron.
Define early, late and reference electrons in case of a klystron.
Define a Reentrant cavity and mention its types.
Define a slow wave structure and mention its types.
Why helical slow wave structure is most preferred.
What is the need for a slow wave structure in a TWT.
Define mode jumping, strapping in case of Magnetron.
Mention the magnetron which doesnt need any strapping.
What is the dominant mode of a Magnetron.
What is the microwave source that is used in a microwave oven.
Define dominant & degenerate mode in case of a waveguide.
List out the advantages & disadvantages of rectangular & circular waveguides.
What is the difference between a waveguide and a cavity resonator.
What is the resonant frequency of a rectangular & a circular cavity resonator.
Define quality factor.
Define guided wavelength, group velocity, phase velocity of a wave.
What are the differences between a strip line and a microstrip line.
Write the S matrix of all Tee junctions.
Why E-H plane Tee is also called as Magic Tee.
Define SWR & reflection coefficient and mention its ranges.
What are the differences between a Spectrum analyzer and a Network analyzer.
What is the metallic composition of a ferrite rod.
Describe the operation of a rat race junction.
Why isolator is placed next to a microwave source in a microwave bench setup.
In laboratory experiments, Why the outputs from Reflex klystrons are modulated by square
waves.
List out the avalanche transit time devices.
What does IMPATT, TRAPATT & BARRIT stand for.
What are the various modes of operation of a Gunn diode.
Write the Hulls cutoff voltage equation.
Describe the operation of a crystal detector.
Define bunching parameter of Klystron and Reflex klystron.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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Define Coupling factor, Directivity and Isolation of a Directional coupler.

Write the S- matrix of a directional coupler and a rat race junction.
Mention the applications of a Magic Tee.
Write the properties of a S- matrix.
Write the formula for cut-off wavelength in case of a rectangular and a circular waveguide.
What is the frequency of resonance of water vapor in the atmosphere.
What are the applications and advantages of Microwaves.
Define skin depth.
Write the relation between SWR and reflection coefficient.
What is meant by frequency pushing and pulling in a Magnetron.
What are the efficiencies of a Klystron, Reflex klystron, TWT, Magnetron and Gunn diode.
Define transit time and discuss the transit time effect.
What is the formula for power gain of a TWT.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 26

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
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How to convert an analog signal into digital signal.

What are the basic signal processing operations in a digital communication system.
What are the various types of channels used for digital communications.
Which channel is power limited channel.
Which channel is time varying channel.
Satellite channel operated at which frequencies.
What is the demerit of satellite channel.
What are the advantages of optical fiber channel.
How invented transistor, computer.
How invented PCM.
What are the advantages of digital communications over analog communications.
Define sampling theorem.
What is interpolation.
What is Nyquist rate.
What is aliasing effect. How it is eliminated.
What is the condition for obtaining the guard band.
What is the minimum sampling frequency for a bandpass signal.
What are the types of sampling techniques.
Advantages of flat top sampling over natural sampling.
What is Aperture effect.
What is the function of equalizer.
What are Pulse modulation techniques.
What are the advantages of CW modulation over pulse modulation.
How to generate PAM, PWM, and PPM and how to detect base band signal from these
modulated signals.
What are the applications of PAM, PWM, and PPM.
What is the bandwidth of a PAM signal.
Why PAM is preferred for TDM? Why not PWM and PPM.
What are the advantages of TDM.
What are the advantages of TDM.
What is the difference between FDM and TDM.
In PAM, PWM, PPM which requires synchronization.
How to generate PCM signal.
What are the applications of PCM.
What are the advantages of PCM over pulse modulation techniques.
What is the difference between uniform quantizer and non uniform quantizer.
What is Companding.
The quantization noise follows which type of distribution.
Which type of compander used in Europe.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 27

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What is Robust quntizer.

In symmetric mid tread type quantizer and mid riser type quantizer which one is best.
What are the advantages of DPCM over PCM.
What is the bandwidth of PCM signal. How many maximum bits are required for encoding
the sample.
What are the advantages and drawbacks of DM.
What is the necessity of ADM.
What are the applications of Delta modulation.
Which modulator uses 1-bit quantizer.
What are the basic modulation techniques for transmitting digital data.
Draw the ASK, PSK, FSK signal for the binary data 101101111.
What is the difference between band-pass channel and base-band channel.
Define band limited channel.
What is the major difference between coherent and non coherent detection techniques.
How to generate BPSK Signal.
What is the difference between DPSK and BPSK.
Compare the bandwidths of QPSK and BPSK.
What is the bandwidth of BFSK.
What are the advantages of MSK.
Compare the bandwidths of QPSK and MSK.
What is Duo binary encoding.
What is Inter Symbol Interference.
What are the probabilities of errors for BPSK, QPSK, and MSK.
Which type of modulation is used in direct sequence spread spectrum.
Granular noise is associated with which modulation technique.
What is white noise.
What is the function of AWGN channel.
What is the function of matched filter and optimum receiver.
What is the relationship between PSD and auto correlation function.
What are the various types of line coding techniques? What is the minimum probability of
error for matched filter.
What is the Auto correlation function PSD of White noise.
What is entropy.
What is information.
Define Shannons theorem.
What is the difference between source encoder and channel encoder.
Which one is advantages among Shannon-Fano coding and Huffman coding.
What is Shannon-Hartley theorem.
How to find hamming distance and hamming weight for the given data s1=1011000
s2=1000100.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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95.

What are the various types of error detection techniques.

How many errors are detected and corrected using linear block codes and convolution
codes.
What are the advantages of Convolution codes over block codes.
What is the importance of Cyclic codes.
What re the various types of Algebraic codes.
Define code rate and coding efficiency.
What is the capacity of noise less channel.
What is the channel capacity of an ideal AWGN Channel.
Define Source coding theorem.
How to find Mutual information.
What is the channel matrix for BSC (Binary Symmetric channel.
A communication system having bandwidth of 5K Hz and SNR of 15 what is the channel
capacity.
BPFSK is more efficient than BFSK in presence of noise. Why
What is inter symbol interference.
What is raised cosine pulse.
Compare the bandwidth efficiency of the M-aryl FSK and M-aryl PSK modulation.
Properties of Matched filter.
Difference between CDMA & TDMA.
Which theorem gives Maximum Data Rate of a channel.
In which pulse communication system that is inherently highly immune to noise.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 29

COMPUTER NETWORKS
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39.

Define Network.
What is Protocol.
What is a Link.
What is a node.
What is a gateway or Router.
Name the factors that affect the performance of the network.
What is Round Trip Time.
List the layers of OSI.
Which layers are network support layers.
Which layers are user support layers.
What is Pipelining.
What is Piggy Backing.
What are the two types of transmission technology available.
What is Bandwidth.
Explain RIP (Routing Information Protocol).
What is subnet.
What is MAC address.
What is multiplexing.
What is simplex.
What is half-duplex.
What is full duplex.
What is sampling.
What is Asynchronous mode of data transmission.
What is Synchronous mode of data transmission.
What are the different types of multiplexing.
What are the different transmission media.
What are the duties of data link layer.
What are the types of errors.
What do you mean by redundancy.
Define parity check.
Define cyclic redundancy check (CRC).
What is hamming code?
Define stop and wait ARQ.
What do you mean by network control protocol.
What do you mean by CSMA.
What do you mean by Bluetooth.
What is IP address.
What do you mean by ALOHA.
What is Firewall.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

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What is Repeater.
What is Bridge.
What is ICMP.
What is FDM.
What is WDM.
What is TDM.
List the steps involved in creating the checksum.
Compare Error Detection and Error Correction.
What are the protocols in application layer.
What are the protocols in transport layer.
What do you mean by client server model.
What is TELNET.
What is Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP).
What is World Wide Web.
What is Beaconing.
What is RAID.
What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI.
What is difference between ARP and RARP.
What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP
datagram.
What are major types of networks and explain.
What are the important topologies for networks.
What is mesh network.
What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission.
What is packet filter.
What is traffic shaping.
What is multicast routing.
What is Kerberos.
What is passive topology.
What are the advantages of Distributed Processing.
Name the factors that affect the reliability of the network.
When is a switch said to be congested.
Practical version of OSI model.
Explain the communication between 2 hosts with the available network models.
Explain the various framing methods in DLL.

CRT Material, Department of ECE, GITAM University

Page 31