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65
INTRODUCTION
20
40
60
kilometers
FLORES SEA
8 S
MT. TAMBORA
Madang Island
Sutodo Island
Kawinda
Sangiang Island
MT. SANGIANG
Moyo Island
Panjang Island
Alas
BA
W
A
BA
Y
SUMBAWA BESAR
SANGGAR BAY
Pekot
Kare
Sanggar
BIMA
Liang Island
SA
LE
Ngall Island H B
BIMA BAY
SU
DOMPU
AY
Nungga
Rakit Island
Taliwang
Jompong
Jereweh
9 S
INDIAN OCEAN
o
117 E
118 E
119 E
Figure 1. Locality map of Tambora Volcano in Sumbawa Island occupying most of the Sanggar peninsula
northern part of Sumbawa Island.
66
Effects of the 1815 Tambora Eruption to the Atmosphere and Climate (I. S. Sutawidjaja)
Meter
4
Surface
Pyroclastic flow
1 - 4 meters
April 10 - 11
Pyroclastic surge
April 10
April 10
April 5 - 10
April 5
Pre-April 5
Basement rock
0
Figure 2. Pyroclastic stratigraphy of the 1815 Tambora eruptive products at Tambora village. Dates to the right of
the stratigraphic column indicate the inferred timing of the different eruptive phases based on historical reports.
67
Figure 3. Ash deposits of the 1815 Tambora eruptive products preserved at Nangamiro village. The thickness
of the outcrop is about 3 m.
68
Effects of the 1815 Tambora Eruption to the Atmosphere and Climate (I. S. Sutawidjaja)
Figure 4. Schematic diagram how the aerosol cloud and ash materials spread rapidly around the globe in about
three weeks and attained global coverage 1 year after the eruption caused the year without a summer(Courtesy
Discovery Channel).
Tabel 1. Comparison of Volcanic Aerosol ejected from the Volcanoes
Volcano
Location
Age
Aerosol
(Megaton)
Reference
Tambora
Indonesia
1815
40-60
Stothers, 1984
Krakatau
Indonesia
1883
30-50
El-Chichon
Mexico
1982
17
Pinatubo
Philippines
1991
15-20
CONCLUSIONS
The 1815 eruption of Tambora produced
about 318 km3 of dacitic magma, and this
is the largest volume in historical time.
Eruption columns rising above the vent
reached in excess of 33 to 43 km in altitude
and emplaced a giant umbrella cloud in the
middle to upper stratosphere that attained
a maximum dimension of over 1,000 km
in diameter, and this cloud injected about
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Effects of the 1815 Tambora Eruption to the Atmosphere and Climate (I. S. Sutawidjaja)
REFERENCES
Hansen, J., Lacis, A., Ruedy, R., and Sato, M., 1992.
Potential climate impact of the Mount Pinatubo
eruption. Geophysical Research Letter, 19, p.215218.
Lacis, A., Hansen, J., and Sato, M., 1992, Climate
forcing by stratospheric aerosols. Geophysical
Research Letter, 19, p.1607-1610.
Newhall, C.G. and Punongbayan, R.S., 1996. Fire
and mud, eruptions and lahars of Mt. Pinatubo,
Philippines. University of Washington Press, Seattle
and London, 1126pp.
Rampino, M.R. and Self, S., 1982. Historic eruptions
of Tambora (1815), Krakatau (1883), and Agung
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