Writing CenterHandouts

Writing Summaries

The goal of writing a summary of an article, a

chapter, or a book is to offer as accurately as
possible the full sense of the original, but in a more
condensed form. A summary restates the authors
main point, purpose, intent, and supporting details
i n your own words.

The process of summarizing enables you to better

grasp the original, and the result shows the reader
that you understand it as well. In addition, the
knowledge gained allows you to better analyze and
critique the original.

First, try to find the main idea in the reading; its

usually in the first paragraph. Next, skim through
the article, glancing at any headings and graphics.
Then, read the conclusion. The intent here is both
to give yourself a review of the work and t o
effectively engage yourself with it.

Now go back and read the original text carefully,

jotting down notes on or highlighting the important
points. Write the central idea and the authors
reasons (purpose and intent) for holding this
viewpoint. Note the supporting elements the author
uses to explain or back up her/his main information
or claim.

Make an outline that includes the main idea and the

supporting details. Arrange your information in a
logical order, for example, most to least important
or chronological. Your order need not be the same
as that in the original, but keep related supporting
points together. The way you organize the outline
may serve as a model for how you divide and write
the essay.

Write the summary, making sure to state the

authors name in the first sentence. Present the
main idea, followed by the supporting points. The
remainder of your summary should focus on how
the author supports, defines, and/or illustrates that
main ide a. Remember, unless otherwise stated by
your instructor, a summary should contain only the
authors views, so try to be as objective as

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possible.

As you revise and edit your summary, compare it to

the original and ask yourself questions such as:
Have I rephrased the authors words without
changing their meaning? Have I restated the main
idea and the supporting points accurately and in
my own words?

If you are asked to write a critical summary or to

include a critique, you may want to ask yourself
questions such as: Does the author succeed? How
and why or why not? What are the strengths,
weaknesses? Why? What did the author do well?
Not well? Why?

Different Types of Nouns

Different Types of Nouns presents the types of nouns that make up a sentence in the English language.

Types of Nouns
There are several types of nouns used to make up a sentence in the English language.

1. Proper Nouns
Proper nouns name specific persons, places or things.

Jonathan is my friend.

Fiji is a great place to visit in your holidays.

The Universe is vast and majestic.

If a proper noun names a specific thing, it is usually prefixed by the definite article "the".

2. Common Nouns
Common nouns name any person, place or thing.

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A man and a woman were dragged from the raging river.

The boys played in the park.

Because a part on the bike was broken, Jonathan had to walk to the shop.

Usually, common nouns are prefixed by the indefinite article "a".

3. Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns name things in their material forms.

Rebekah helped her father mow the lawn.

Rachel put the mower in the shed.

The spanner fell on the garage floor.

Concrete nouns are material things that are tangible.

Literary Devices
Metaphor and simile.
Comparisons. A simile uses the words as or like; a metaphor does not.
Examples: Hes a pig is a metaphor. He looks like a pig and Hes as fat as a pig
are similes.
Personification.
Attributing human or other animate characteristics to an inanimate object.
Example: Clouds cry.
Symbolism.
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Using one object to stand for something else or to mean something else. Actions can
also be symbolic, such as washing hands to indicate non-involvement. Some symbols are
universal, with generally accepted meanings, such as a crown to mean superiority or the color
red to mean danger. Some are specific to a particular work of literature, such as the white
whale in Moby Dick. Symbols, especially specific ones, often mean more than one thing.

Irony.
Conveys the opposite of what is meant or what would be expected.
Examples: Saying Youre so graceful! to someone who has just tripped is verbal
irony. A lifeguard drowning in a bathtub is irony of situation. A special kind of literary irony
is when the reader (or viewer) knows something the character doesnt. This is common in
horror movies. An example of this is when the heroine runs to Jason for help, when we know
hes the slasher.
Sarcasm is verbal irony with attitude, with a mean edge.
Hyperbole.
Literary exaggeration. Examples: Gilgamesh and Enkidu carried thirty score pounds
of weaponry. Ill give you the moon and stars.
Rhythm and meter.
Rhythm is the up & down, high & low series of emphases in speech. All speech has
rhythm, and each language has its own particular rhythm. Meter is regular rhythm, as in
poetry or music.
Rhyme.
Sounding alike at the end. Examples: maysay, pattermatter.
Assonance.
Sounding alike in the middle. Example: moody blues.
Alliteration.
Sounding alike at the beginning. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled
peppers.
Repetition.
Saying the same thing over again. Seems obvious, but notice that the author has
intended to do this, for emphasis.
Onomatopoeia.
Words or phrases that sound like what they mean. Examples: pop, click. The pitterpatter of little feet is full of the T sound, which emphasizes the meaning.

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ADJECTIVES
Definition
Adjectivesarewordsthatdescribeormodifyanotherpersonorthinginthesentence.
TheArticlesa,an,andtheareadjectives.

thetallprofessor

thelugubriouslieutenant

asolidcommitment

amonth'spay

asixyearoldchild

theunhappiest,richestman

Ifagroupofwordscontainingasubjectandverbactsasanadjective,itiscalledan
AdjectiveClause.Mysister,whoismucholderthanIam,isanengineer.Ifanadjective
clauseisstrippedofitssubjectandverb,theresultingmodifierbecomesanAdjective
Phrase:Heisthemanwhoiskeepingmyfamilyinthepoorhouse.
Beforegettingintootherusageconsiderations,onegeneralnoteabouttheuseor
overuseofadjectives:Adjectivesarefrail;don'taskthemtodomoreworkthanthey
should.Letyourbroadshoulderedverbsandnounsdothehardworkofdescription.Be
particularlycautiousinyouruseofadjectivesthatdon'thavemuchtosayinthefirstplace:
interesting,beautiful,lovely,exciting.Itisyourjobasawritertocreatebeautyand
excitementandinterest,andwhenyousimplyinsistonitspresencewithoutshowingitto
yourreaderwell,you'reconvincingnoone.
ConsidertheusesofmodifiersinthisadjectivallyrichparagraphfromThomasWolfe's
LookHomeward,Angel.(CharlesScribner's,1929,p.69.)Adjectivesarehighlightedinthis
color;participles,verbformsactingasadjectives,arehighlightedinthisblue.Somepeople
wouldarguethatwordsthatarepartofanamelike"EastIndiaTeaHousearenot
reallyadjectivalandthatpossessivenounsfather's,farmer'sarenottechnically
adjectives,butwe'veincludedtheminouranalysisofWolfe'stext.
He remembered yet the EastIndiaTea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans, and
the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the nostalgic thrill
of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the coolclarion earth, the wetloaminess of
the garden, the pungentbreakfast smells and the floating snow of blossoms. He knew the
inchoatesharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in July, of watermelons bedded
in sweet hay, inside a farmer'scovered wagon; of cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the
scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire of coals. He knew the goodmale smell of his
father's sitting-room; of the smoothwornleather sofa, with the gaping horse-hair rent; of the
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blisteredvarnished wood upon the hearth; of the heatedcalf-skin bindings; of the flatmoist
plug of apple tobacco, stuck with a red flag; of wood-smoke and burnt leaves in October; of

the browntired autumn earth; of honey-suckle at night; of warm nasturtiums, of a cleanruddy

farmer who comes weekly with printed butter, eggs, and milk; of fatlimpunderdone bacon
and of coffee; of a bakery-oven in the wind; of largedeep-huedstringbeanssmoking-hot and
seasoned well with salt and butter; of a room of oldpine boards in which books and carpets
have been stored, long closed; of Concord grapes in their longwhite baskets.

Anabundanceofadjectiveslikethiswouldbeuncommonincontemporaryprose.Whether
wehavelostsomethingornotisleftuptoyou.

Position of Adjectives
UnlikeAdverbs,whichoftenseemcapableofpoppingupalmostanywhereina
sentence,adjectivesnearlyalwaysappearimmediatelybeforethenounornounphrasethat
theymodify.Sometimestheyappearinastringofadjectives,andwhentheydo,theyappear
inasetorderaccordingtocategory.(SeeBelow.)Whenindefinitepronounssuchas
something,someone,anybodyaremodifiedbyanadjective,theadjectivecomesafterthe
pronoun:
Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished.
Something wicked this way comes.

Andtherearecertainadjectivesthat,incombinationwithcertainwords,arealways
"postpositive"(comingafterthethingtheymodify):
The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York proper.

See,also,thenoteonaadjectives,below,forthepositionofsuchwordsas"ablaze,
aloof,aghast."

Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectivescanexpressdegreesofmodification:

Gladysisarichwoman,butJosieisricherthanGladys,andSadieistherichestwoman
intown.

The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the

comparative, and the superlative. (Actually, only the
comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the
comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for
comparing three or more things. Notice that the word than
frequently accompanies the comparative and the word the
precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est
suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although

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we need -ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y

(happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when
an adjective has more than one syllable.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

rich

richer

richest

lovely

lovelier

loveliest

beautiful

more beautiful

most beautiful

Certainadjectiveshaveirregularformsinthecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees:
Irregular Comparative and Superlative
Forms
good

better

best

bad

worse

worst

little

less

least

much
many
some

more

most

far

further

furthest

Becarefulnottoformcomparativesorsuperlativesofadjectiveswhichalreadyexpress
anextremeofcomparisonunique,forinstancealthoughitprobablyispossibletoform
comparativeformsofmostadjectives:somethingcanbemoreperfect,andsomeonecanhave
afullerfigure.Peoplewhoarguethatonewomancannotbemorepregnantthananotherhave
neverbeenninemonthspregnantwithtwins.e s p o n s e
AccordingtoBryanGarner,"complete"isoneofthoseadjectivesthatdoesnotadmitof
comparativedegrees.Wecouldsay,however,"morenearlycomplete."IamsurethatIhave
notbeenconsistentinmyapplicationofthisprincipleintheGuide(Icanhearmyself,now,

sayingsomethinglike"lessadequate"or"morepreferable"or"lessfatal").Other
adjectivesthatGarnerwouldincludeinthislistareasfollows:
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absolute

impossible

principal

adequate

inevitable

stationary

chief

irrevocable

sufficient

complete

main

unanimous

devoid

manifest

unavoidable

entire

minor

unbroken

fatal

paramount

unique

final

perpetual

universal

ideal

preferable

whole

FromTheOxfordDictionaryofAmericanUsageandStylebyBryanGarner.Copyright
1995byBryanA.Garner.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,www.oupusa.org,and
usedwiththegraciousconsentofOxfordUniversityPress.

Becareful,also,nottousemorealongwithacomparativeadjectiveformedwithernor
tousemostalongwithasuperlativeadjectiveformedwithest(e.g.,donotwritethat
somethingismoreheavierormostheaviest).
Theasasconstructionisusedtocreateacomparisonexpressingequality:

Heisasfoolishasheislarge.

Sheisasbrightashermother.

Premodifiers with Degrees of Adjectives

Bothadverbsandadjectivesintheircomparativeandsuperlativeformscanbe
accompaniedbypremodifiers,singlewordsandphrases,thatintensifythedegree.

Wewerealotmorecarefulthistime.

Heworksalotlesscarefullythantheotherjewelerintown.

Welikehisworksomuchbetter.

You'llgetyourwatchbackallthefaster.

Thesameprocesscanbeusedtodownplaythedegree:
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Theweatherthisweekhasbeensomewhatbetter.

Heapproacheshisschoolworkalittlelessindustriouslythanhisbrotherdoes.

Andsometimesasetphrase,usuallyaninformalnounphrase,isusedforthispurpose:

Hearrivedawholelotsoonerthanweexpected.

That'saheckofalotbetter.

Iftheintensifierveryaccompaniesthesuperlative,adeterminerisalsorequired:

Sheiswearingherveryfinestoutfitfortheinterview.

They'redoingtheverybesttheycan.

Occasionally,thecomparativeorsuperlativeformappearswithadeterminerandthe
thingbeingmodifiedisunderstood:

OfallthewinesproducedinConnecticut,Ilikethisonethemost.

Thequickeryoufinishthisproject,thebetter.

Ofthetwobrothers,heisbyfarthefaster.

Authority for this section: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman
Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with permission.

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Taller than I / me ??
When making a comparison with "than" do we end with a subject form
or object form, "taller than I/she" or "taller than me/her." The correct
response is "taller than I/she." We are looking for the subject form: "He
is taller than I am/she is tall." (Except we leave out the verb in the
second clause, "am" or "is.") Some good writers, however, will argue
that the word "than" should be allowed to function as a preposition. If
we can say "He is tall like me/her," then (if "than" could be
prepositional like like) we should be able to say, "He is taller than
me/her." It's an interesting argument, but for now, anyway in
formal, academic prose, use the subject form in such comparisons.

Wealsowanttobecarefulinasentencesuchas"Ilikehimbetterthan
she/her."The"she"wouldmeanthatyoulikethispersonbetterthanshelikes
him;the"her"wouldmeanthatyoulikethismalepersonbetterthanyoulikethat
femaleperson.(Toavoidambiguityandtheslipperyuseofthan,wecouldwrite
"Ilikehimbetterthanshedoes"or"IlikehimbetterthanIlikeher.")

More than / over ??

In the United States, we usually use "more than" in countable
numerical expressions meaning "in excess of" or "over." In England,
there is no such distinction. For instance, in the U.S., some editors
would insist on "more than 40,000 traffic deaths in one year," whereas
in the UK, "over 40,000 traffic deaths" would be acceptable. Even in
the U.S., however, you will commonly hear "over" in numerical
expressions of age, time, or height: "His sister is over forty; she's over
six feet tall. We've been waiting well over two hours for her."

The Order of Adjectives in a Series

Itwouldtakealinguisticphilosophertoexplainwhywesay"littlebrownhouse"and
not"brownlittlehouse"orwhywesay"redItaliansportscar"andnot"Italianredsportscar."
Theorderinwhichadjectivesinaseriessortthemselvesoutisperplexingforpeoplelearning
Englishasasecondlanguage.Mostotherlanguagesdictateasimilarorder,butnot
necessarilythesameorder.Ittakesalotofpracticewithalanguagebeforethisorder
becomesinstinctive,becausetheorderoftenseemsquitearbitrary(ifnotdownright
capricious).Thereis,however,apattern.Youwillfindmanyexceptionstothepatterninthe
tablebelow,butitisdefinitelyimportanttolearnthepatternofadjectiveorderifitisnotpart
ofwhatyounaturallybringtothelanguage.
Thecategoriesinthefollowingtablecanbedescribedasfollows:
I.

Determinersarticlesandotherlimiters.SeeDeterminers

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II.

Observationpostdeterminersandlimiteradjectives(e.g.,arealhero,aperfectidiot)
andadjectivessubjecttosubjectivemeasure(e.g.,beautiful,interesting)

III.

SizeandShapeadjectivessubjecttoobjectivemeasure(e.g.,wealthy,large,round)

IV.

Ageadjectivesdenotingage(e.g.,young,old,new,ancient)

V.
VI.

VII.

VIII.

Coloradjectivesdenotingcolor(e.g.,red,black,pale)
Origindenominaladjectivesdenotingsourceofnoun(e.g.,French,American,
Canadian)
Materialdenominaladjectivesdenotingwhatsomethingismadeof(e.g.,woolen,
metallic,wooden)
Qualifierfinallimiter,oftenregardedaspartofthenoun(e.g.,rockingchair,
huntingcabin,passengercar,bookcover)

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Determ Observ
iner
ation

Physical Description

Size

Shap
e

Age

beautiful

old

an

expensiv
e

antiq
ue

four

gorgeou
s

her

our

those

that
several

Italian

red

short

bla
ck
old

silver

mirror

silk

roses

Englis
h

sheepd
og
wood
en

dilapidat
little
ed

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touring car

hair

square

enorm

Mate Qualifi
Noun
rial
er

Col
or

longstem
med

big

Origin

youn

Ameri

hat

boxes

huntin
g

cabin

basket

player

ous
some

delicious

can
Thai

ball

s
food

This chart is probably too wide to print on a standard piece of paper. If you click
HERE, you will get a one-page duplicate of this chart, which you can print out on a
regular piece of paper.

Itwouldbefolly,ofcourse,torunmorethantwoorthree(atthemost)adjectives
together.Furthermore,whenadjectivesbelongtothesameclass,theybecomewhatwecall
coordinatedadjectives,andyouwillwanttoputacommabetweenthem:theinexpensive,
comfortableshoes.Theruleforinsertingthecommaworksthisway:ifyoucouldhave
insertedaconjunctionandorbutbetweenthetwoadjectives,useacomma.Wecould
saytheseare"inexpensivebutcomfortableshoes,"sowewoulduseacommabetweenthem
(whenthe"but"isn'tthere).Whenyouhavethreecoordinatedadjectives,separatethemall
withcommas,butdon'tinsertacommabetweenthelastadjectiveandthenoun(inspiteof
thetemptationtodosobecauseyouoftenpausethere):
a popular, respected, and good looking student

SeethesectiononCommasforadditionalhelpinpunctuatingcoordinatedadjectives.

Capitalizing Proper Adjectives

Whenanadjectiveowesitsoriginstoapropernoun,itshouldprobablybecapitalized.
ThuswewriteaboutChristianmusic,Frenchfries,theEnglishParliament,theMing
Dynasty,

aFaulknerianstyle,Jeffersoniandemocracy.Someperiodsoftimehavetakenonthe
statusofproperadjectives:theNixonera,aRenaissance/Romantic/Victorianpoet(buta
contemporarynovelistandmedievalwriter).Directionalandseasonaladjectivesarenot
capitalizedunlessthey'repartofatitle:
We took the northwest route during the spring thaw. We stayed there until the town's annual
Fall Festival of Small Appliances.

SeethesectiononCapitalizationforfurtherhelponthismatter.

Collective Adjectives
Whenthedefinitearticle,the,iscombinedwithanadjectivedescribingaclassorgroup
ofpeople,theresultingphrasecanactasanoun:thepoor,therich,theoppressed,the
homeless,thelonely,theunlettered,theunwashed,thegathered,thedeardeparted.The
differencebetweenaCollectiveNoun(whichisusuallyregardedassingularbutwhichcanbe
pluralincertaincontexts)andacollectiveadjectiveisthatthelatterisalwayspluraland
requiresapluralverb:

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Theruralpoorhavebeenignoredbythemedia.

TherichofConnecticutareresponsible.

Theelderlyarebeginningtodemandtheirrights.

Theyoungatheartarealwaysajoytobearound.

Adjectival Opposites
Theoppositeorthenegativeaspectofanadjectivecanbeformedinanumberofways.
Oneway,ofcourse,istofindanadjectivetomeantheoppositeanantonym.Theopposite
ofbeautifulisugly,theoppositeoftallisshort.Athesauruscanhelpyoufindanappropriate
opposite.Anotherwaytoformtheoppositeofanadjectiveiswithanumberofprefixes.The
oppositeoffortunateisunfortunate,theoppositeofprudentisimprudent,theoppositeof
considerateisinconsiderate,theoppositeofhonorableisdishonorable,theoppositeof
alcoholicisnonalcoholic,theoppositeofbeingproperlyfiledismisfiled.Ifyouarenotsure
ofthespellingofadjectivesmodifiedinthiswaybyprefixes(orwhichistheappropriate
prefix),youwillhavetoconsultadictionary,astherulesfortheselectionofaprefixare
complexandtooshiftytobetrusted.Themeaningitselfcanbetricky;forinstance,
flammableandinflammablemeanthesamething.
Athirdmeansforcreatingtheoppositeofanadjectiveistocombineitwithlessorleast
tocreateacomparisonwhichpointsintheoppositedirection.Interestingshadesofmeaning
andtonebecomeavailablewiththisusage.Itiskindertosaythat"Thisistheleastbeautiful
cityinthestate."thanitistosaythat"Thisistheugliestcityinthestate."(Italsohasa
slightlydifferentmeaning.)Acandidateforajobcanstillbeworthyandyetbe"lessworthy

ofconsideration"thananothercandidate.It'sprobablynotagoodideatousethis
constructionwithanadjectivethatisalreadyanegative:"Heislessunluckythanhis
brother,"althoughthatisnotthesamethingassayingheisluckierthanhisbrother.Usethe
comparativelesswhenthecomparisonisbetweentwothingsorpeople;usethesuperlative
leastwhenthecomparisonisamongmanythingsorpeople.

Mymotherislesspatientthanmyfather.

Ofallthenewsitcoms,thisismyleastfavoriteshow.

Some Adjectival Problem Children

Good versus Well

In both casual speech and formal writing, we frequently have to choose
between the adjective good and the adverbwell. With most verbs,
there is no contest: when modifying a verb, use the adverb.

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He swims well.
He knows only too well who the murderer is.
However, when using a linking verb or a verb that has to do with the
five human senses, you want to use the adjective instead.
How are you? I'm feeling good, thank you.
After a bath, the baby smells so good.
Even after my careful paint job, this room doesn't look good.
Many careful writers, however, will use well after linking verbs relating
to health, and this is perfectly all right. In fact, to say that you are good
or that you feel good usually implies not only that you're OK physically
but also that your spirits are high.
"How are you?"
"I am well, thank you."

Bad versus Badly

When your cat died (assuming you loved your cat), did you feel bad or
badly? Applying the same rule that applies to good versus well, use the
adjective form after verbs that have to do with human feelings. You felt
bad. If you said you felt badly, it would mean that something was
wrong with your faculties for feeling.

Other Adjectival Considerations

ReviewthesectiononCompoundNounsandModifiersfortheformationofmodifiers
createdwhenwordsareconnected:afouryearoldchild,anineteenthcenturynovel,an
emptyheadedfool.
ReviewthesectiononPossessivesforadistinctionbetweenpossessiveformsand
"adjectivallabels."(DoyoubelongtoaWritersCluboraWriters'Club?)
AdjectivesthatarereallyParticiples,verbformswithingandedendings,canbe
troublesomeforsomestudents.Itisonethingtobeafrightenedchild;itisanaltogether
differentmattertobeafrighteningchild.Doyouwanttogouptoyourprofessorafterclass
andsaythatyouareconfusedorthatyouareconfusing?Generally,theedendingmeansthat
thenounsodescribed("you")hasapassiverelationshipwithsomethingsomething(the
subjectmatter,thepresentation)hasbewilderedyouandyouareconfused.Theingending

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meansthatthenoundescribedhasamoreactiveroleyouarenotmakinganysensesoyou
areconfusing(toothers,includingyourprofessor).
Theedendingmodifiersareoftenaccompaniedbyprepositions(thesearenottheonly
choices):

Wewereamazedatallthecircusanimals.

Wewereamusedbytheclowns.

Wewereannoyedbytheelephants.

Wewereboredbytheringmaster.

Wewereconfusedbythenoise.

Weweredisappointedbythemotorcycledaredevils.

Weweredisappointedintheirperformance.

Wewereembarrassedbymybrother.

Wewereexhaustedfromalltheexcitement.

Wewereexcitedbytheliontamer.

Wewereexcitedaboutthehighwireact,too.

Wewerefrightenedbythelions.

Wewereintroducedtotheringmaster.

Wewereinterestedinthetent.

Wewereirritatedbytheheat.

Wewereopposedtoleavingearly.

Weweresatisfiedwiththecircus.

Wewereshockedatthelevelofnoiseunderthebigtent.

Weweresurprisedbythefans'response.

Weweresurprisedattheirindifference.

Weweretiredofallthelightsafterawhile.

Wewereworriedaboutthetrafficleavingtheparkinglot.

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A- Adjectives
Themostcommonofthesocalledaadjectivesareablaze,afloat,afraid,aghast,alert,
alike,alive,alone,aloof,ashamed,asleep,averse,awake,aware.Theseadjectiveswill
primarilyshowupaspredicateadjectives(i.e.,theycomeafteralinkingverb).

Thechildrenwereashamed.

Theprofessorremainedaloof.

Thetreeswereablaze.

Occasionally,however,youwillfindaadjectivesbeforethewordtheymodify:thealert
patient,thealoofphysician.Mostofthem,whenfoundbeforethewordtheymodify,are
themselvesmodified:thenearlyawakestudent,theterriblyalonescholar.Andaadjectives
aresometimesmodifiedby"verymuch":verymuchafraid,verymuchalone,verymuch
ashamed,etc.

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