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(a )
A = by = 6*1 = 6 m 2 ,
Sn =
( Qn )2
A 2R 4 / 3
P = b + 2y = 6 + 2*1 = 8m 2 ,
2
11*0.02
= 0.001972
=
6* ( 0.75 )2 / 3
Froude number =
V
Q
11
=
=
= 0.5853
gyn A gyn 6 9.81*1
R =
A 6
= = 0.75m
P 8
Hydraulics
(b)
V
D
=
2g 2
D=
A by
=
=y
T b
Q
by
n = yc
2*9.81 2
11*11
yc =
6*6*9.81
yc = 0.70 m
A = 6*0.7 = 4.2 m 2
P = 6 + 1.4 = 7.4
4.2
= 0.57 m
7.4
Critical slope :
R=
2
0.02*11
nQ
= 0.0058
Sc =
=
AR 2 / 3
4.2* ( 0.57 )2 / 3
Sc > S0
(c)
If y n = 1.0 A = 6m 2 P = 8.0 m,
R = 0.75
F =1=
V
gy
V = 9.81*1 = 3.1 m / s
1
3.1 =
( 0.75)2 / 3 S1/cn2
0.02
2
Scn
3.1*0.02
= 0.00564
=
( 0.75 )2 / 3
Q = 3.1*6 = 18.6 m3 / s
Hydraulics
(a )
A =
( b + 2y ) y = ( 6 + 2 )1 = 8 m2
P =
b + 2y 1 + m 2 = 6 + 2 5 = 10.472 m
R =
1
2
AR 2 / 3 S1/
n
n
Sn = 0.001692
Q=
( b)
AR 2 / 3 = 6.685
0.7639 m
Sc = ?
F= 1 =
nQ
Sn =
= 1.692*103
2/3
AR
V
gD
V = gD = 9.81 D
D=
y ( 6 + 2y )
,
( 6 + 2my )
D=
y ( 6 + 2y )
( 6 + 4y )
V=
A =
( 6 + 2y ) y
y ( 6 + 2y )
Q
11
=
= 9.81*
A ( 6 + 2y ) y
( 6 + 4y )
11 6 + 4y = ( 6 + 2y ) y
Squaring
3/ 2
121 ( 6 + 4y ) = g ( 6 + 2y ) y3
3
121 ( 6 + 4y ) = 9.81( 6 + 2y ) y3
3
Say yc = 0.648 m
A =
P = b + 2y 5 = 8.8979 m
R = 5.313*10-1
AR 2 / 3 = 3.1016
nQ
Sc =
= 0.007861
AR 2 / 3
y = 0.65
y = 0.648
R.H.S
121 (6+2.6) = 1040.6
1039.63
L.H.S
1048.039
1036.689
Hydraulics
Say yc = 0.648 m
A =
P = b + 2y 5 = 8.8979 m
R = 5.313*10-1
AR 2 / 3 = 3.1016
nQ
Sc =
= 0.007861
AR 2 / 3
( c ) Given normal depth = 1 m
A =
( 6 + 2 )1 = 8m 2
P = 6 + 2 5 =10.472 m
R = 0.7639 m
T = b + 2my = 6 + 2* 2*1 = 10 m
A
D = = 0.8
T
Vc = gD = 9.81*0.8 = 2.801 m / s
1
2/3
2
* ( 0.7639 ) S1/
cn
0.025
2.801*0.025
= 8.3809*102
=
2/3
( 0.7639 )
2.801 =
2
S1/
cn
S1cn/ 2 = 0.007024
Q = 2.801*8 = 22.408 m3 / s
Example:
A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m, side slopes of 2:1 and, n = 0.025.
(a) Determine the normal slope at a normal depth of 1.2 m when the discharge is
10 m3/s.
(b) Determine the critical slope and the corresponding normal depth when the
Q = 10 m3/s.
(c) Determine the critical slope at yn = 1.2 m and compute the corresponding Q.
Hydraulics
Solution:
1
2
6
Trapezoidal
A = 10.08 m 2
P = 6 + 2 (1.2 ) 5 = 11.36 m
2
12
= 1.1905 m / s,
10.08
R = 0.8868
V=
1
V = R 3 Sn2
n
n2 V
Sn =
R4/3
2
2
0.025 ) (1.1905 )
(
=
( 0.8868)4 / 3
Sn = 1.039*103 = 0.00104
( b)
Critical depth yc = ?
Z=
Q
=A D
g
Vn =
Z=
Q
12
=
= 2.3565 m / s
A 5.0922
1
2
V c = R 2 / 3S1/
n
n
Sn = 0.014718
(c)
12
= 3.8313
g
y n = 1.2 m
Sn =
R = 0.8868
n 2 Vc2
R4/3
yc = 0.69
0.025* 2.3565
=
R2/3
A = 10.08 m 2
D=
A
= 0.9333 m
T
Vc = gD = 3.0259 m / s
Therefore the disch arg e = Area * Velocity = 10.08 * 3.0259 = 30.50 m3 / s
Solve by trial and error .
Hydraulics
Graphical approach
Limit slope is the smallest critical slope for a given shape and roughness
(a )
Determine Sc
Q = K Sc
1
AR 2 / 3 Sc
n
Q
Zc =
or
g
Q=
Q = Zc g = A D g
1 by
by
n b+y
2/3
Sc
also
by
g = by1.5 g
b
Rewriting the equation
Q = by
2/3
Q
y
or
y =
b g
Substituting the above value in Manning formula for discharge it may be written as
1.5
Q
=
b g
2/3
Q
b
b g
2/3
2/3
Q
1
b
Sc
Q =
b g
n
2 / 3 2 / 3
b + 2
b g
This is an Implicit function and solution is by trial and error approach .
Q
Sc
Alternatively
b
Q2 / 3
2
/
3
2/3
b g
b 1
2/3
Q=
Q
2/3
n b g
b b g
+ 2Q 2 / 3
( )
( )
2/3
Sc
Hydraulics
If b g
2/3
= C1
b 1 b
1
Q=
n C1 C1 bC1 + 2Q 2 / 3
nC1 b
=
b Sc C1
2/3
2/3
2/3
bC1 + 2Q
2
*3
Q3
Sc
2/3
Q
= A D = A3/ 2 T 1/ 2 = by3/ 2
g
1
2
AR 2 / 3S1/
c
n
2
Sc =
2 2
Q n
A 2R 4 / 3
n 2 by3/ 2 g
Sc =
4/3
2 by
( by )
b + 2y
Simplifying
2y
Sc = gn 2 y 1/ 3 1 +
b
Case ( i ) y n = 2m
4/3
Sc = 9.6399 * 10-3
Note: There could be a situation where limit slope is not possible in expected range of
flow depths.
Graphical approach:
Table: To plot Q Vs Sc
y (m)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Q (m3/s)
0
0.2971
0.8405
1.5440
2.3770
Sc
0
0.008807
0.007975
0.007475
0.007298
Hydraulics
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.0
3.0
4.0
3.3322
4.3670
5.5030
6.7234
8.0227
9.3963
13.1317
17.2621
21.7527
26.5767
48.8245
75.1702
0.007255
0.0072866
0.007364
0.007474
0.0076057
0.007754
0.008173
0.008638
0.009129
0.009639
0.011177
0.01397
y = 0.5 m, Sc
6.5741 * 10-4
2.6296 * 10-4
5.9166 * 10-3
0.0105185
0.01643
0.02367
0.04207
0.06574
0.147917
0.262963
0.59166
1.5018
2.3667
4.2074
6.5741
y = 2 m, Sc
1.3646 * 10-5
5.4585 * 10-5
1.22817 * 10-4
2.1834 * 10-4
3.4116 * 10-4
4.9124 * 10-4
6.6867 * 10-4
1.10535 * 10-3
3.0704 * 10--3
5.4585 * 10-3
0.0122817
0.2183
0.04913
0.08733
Hydraulics
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
Subcritical flow
Supercritical flow
10
5
0
critical slope
SL = 26.16
n2
b1/ 3
26.16* ( 0.02 )
31/ 3
SL = 0.007255, Sc = 9.0694*103 y 3 ( 3 + 2y )
4/3
= 0.007255799
, Q = 3 gy3/ 2
Hydraulics
Vc =
n 2 ( b + 2y )
( by )
Sc = n 2gyc
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
R Sc
n
4/3
Sc =
gyc
4/3
n 2 ( b + 2y )
( by )
4/3
4/3
gyc
( b + 2yc )4 / 3
byc
dSc d n 2 gyc
=
( b + 2yc )4 / 3
dy dy ( byc )4 / 3
d n 2g ( b + 2yc )
dy b 4 / 3
y1c/ 3
4/3
4
n 2g 8
b + 2yc ) 3
4/ 3 3 (
b
1
1 3
yc
1
4
2* ( b + 2yc ) 3 yc
3
1
3
( b + 2yc ) 3
( b + 2yc ) 3
1
4
3=0
( b + 2yc ) 3 y 34
=
3
yc 3
1
yc 3
2* 4
4
1
+ ( b + 2yc ) 3 yc
3
yc 3 3
1 + 2 b b
= yc1
2* 4
4 4
yc 3 3
1 + 2 b b
2* 4 1 + 2 c
b
4 1
+
3 3
= b yc1
y
b
2* 4 1 + 2 c =
b
yc
y
b
8=
1+ 2 c
yc
b
b
b
8=
6 =
+2
yc
yc
yc 1
=
b 6
Substituting into equation we can get the expression of limiting slope .
Sc is maximum, when
4/3
Sc =
n 2gyc
y
1+ 2 c
4/3
b
by
( c)
Sc =
n 2gyc
1
1 + 2*
6
b 4 / 3 yc4 / 3
SL =
n 2g
1/ 3
1
1/ 3
yc
b
b4 / 3
4/3
1
1 + 3
b4 / 3
4/3
n2
61/ 3 * 44 / 3
9.81*
1/ 3
b
34 / 3
SL = 26.157
n2
1/ 3
or 2.67
4/3
n 2g
b1/ 3
= 26.157
n2
b1/ 3
in which b is in meter .
Hydraulics
20.2.1 Froude Criteria for Sub Critical and Super Critical Flow
2
R 2 / 3S1/
V
0
=
gD
n gD
F=
S0
= 1 critical
S0 < SL sub critical, S0 > SL sup er critical,
SL
by
, D=y
b + 2y
( by )2 / 3 S0
2/3
gy ( b + 2y )
n 2gy ( b + 2y )
4/3
( by )4 / 3
2
1/ 3
S0 n gy ( b + 2y ) b
=
4/3
SL
2.67n 2g ( by )
4/3
4/3
2y
4 / 3 1/ 3
g 1 +
b b
S0
b
=
4
SL
1
26.16 y 3 b 4 / 3
4/3
2y
1 + b1/ 3
S0
9.81
b
=
SL 26.16
y1/ 3
4/3
2y
1+
S0
b
2.667
=
1/ 3
SL
y
b
2y
1 +
4/3
1/ 3
y
=
b
2.667
S0
SL
4
S0
2y y
1
+
= 2.667
b b
SL
4
S0
2y y
1 +
2.667 = 0
b b
SL
4
b 2y
S0
+
1
2.667 = 0
b
SL
y
yc
S
for 0 > 1 and
b
SL
y 1
y 1
> . The other solution < .
b 6
b 6
y
y
The flow is super critical between these two values
and it is sub critical for all the other values of
b
b
S
y 1
y 1
If 0 = 1; = , Hence flow is critical and also the Froude number will be maximum at = .
SL
b 6
b 6
one solution has a
Hydraulics
Q
___
b g
4
3
10.0
5/2
2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
1 0.2
___
6
0.1
0.08
0.06
y
__
b
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
.01
.02 .03
.20 .30
S0
__
SL
2.0 3.0
y
S
With variation of __ with __0 for uniform flow in rectangular channel
SL
For
S0
y
< 1.0 for all only sub critical exists.
SL
b
For
S0
y
> 2.0 the flow is sup er critical for most of the practical range of
SL
b
n b + 2y
SL = 26.16
n2
b1/ 3
2/3
S0
gy
Hydraulics
F =
2
F2 =
b4 / 3 y2 / 3
y4 / 3
1
2
n 2y
1 +
4/3
n 2g 2y 4 / 3
1 +
F2 =
S0
( y2 / 3 )
26.16
S0
1/ 3
S0
SL
y1/ 3
S0
2
4/3
n 4 / 3 2y gy
b 1 +
SL g 2y 4 / 3
1 +
1/ 6
1/ 2
F=
26.16 S0
9.81 SL
y
b
2/3
2y
1 +
b
1/ 6
1/ 2
S
F = 1.632 0
SL
dF
=0
dy
Fmax =
y
b
2/3
2y
1 +
b
y 1
=
b 6
S0
SL
G iven n, S0 channel width could be estimated such that the Froude number will never exceed
a predetermined value irrespective of the value of discharge.
Pr oblem :
Given S0 = 0.0025, n = 0.25 estimate the width of the channel such that
max imum Froude number is 0.5 irrespective of the disch arg e.
Sridharan and Lakshmana Rao have presented the design chart for rectangular channel and the
details are as follows
SL = 26.16
n2
b1/ 3
Q=
1
2
AR 2 / 3 S1/
0
n
Q=
1/ 2
1 ( by ) S0
4
n ( b + 2y ) / 3
5/3
5/3
y
S0
Q
b
=
1.632
5/ 2
2/3
S
b
g
L 2y
1 +
b
S
y
A design chart is created
Vs 0 for different values of
b
SL
1/ 2
Q
gb5 / 2
for
Hydraulics
Reference:
1. Jones L.E. and Tripathy B.N. "Critical slopes for Trapezoidal channels ", ASCE HY1,
4202, Vol. 91, pp 85 - 91.
2. Nagar S. Lakshmana Rao and Kalambar Sridharan, "Limit slope in uniform flow
computations", Proceedings ASCE Jl. Vol. 96, No. Hy1, Jan. 1970, p 7011, pp 95 to
102.
Problem:
1. Show that for Trapezoidal channel that there does not exist any limit slope for when
m 0.5
2. Show that the limit slope for trapezoidal channel is given by the following equation.
3
y
y
4m 2 m 2 + 1 + 10m 2 4m m 2 + 1
b
b
in which m is the side slope.
+ 10m 6 m 2 + 1
) by + 1 = 0
n2
1
d 03
in which d 0 is the diameter of the c ircle in feet and the subtended angle by the free
surface at the centre corresponds to 132D06 '
4. Establish that for triangular channel the limit slope will be zero.
5. For trapezoidal channel, show that
4/3
y
1 + 2 m2 + 1
1/
3
S b
b
(i) S x = 02 2 =
1/ 3
1/ 3
F gn
1 + 2m y 1 + m y y
b
b b
y
S* = f ( m, ) in which = .
b
Hydraulics
(ii) S*3 =
(1 + 2 )
1 + m2
(1 + 2m )3 (1 + 2m )
[if
m = 0, then 4 th degree]
Five roots : atleast one + ve real root, two roots are imaginary.
SL =
dS*
= 0,
dy
)(
Example:
A Trapezoidal channel with a bottom of 6.2 m and side slope of 0:5; 1, n = 0.02 develop
a graph Q Vs Sc and obtain the limiting critical slope.
Hint:
2
V
D
Critical flow
=
2g 2
A = ( 6.2 + 0.5y ) y
P = ( 6.2 + 2*0.5y ) y
R=
( 6.2 + 0.5y ) y
( 6.2 + 2*0.5y ) y
V=
Q
6.2
0.5y ) y
+
(
Q2
( 6.2 + 0.5y )
y2
1 ( 6.2 + 0.5y ) y
=
2g
2 ( 6.2 + y )
3
Q 2 ( 6.2 + 0.5y ) yc g
=
g
( 6.2 + yc )
3
SCn =
( 6.2 + 2*0.5yc )