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Fig. 2. HRGM. 64M: Ground-fault monitoring relay; 64T: enclosure live fault
trip relay.
ommended that they be connected to ground only by protecting or indicating devices of relatively high resistance.
The National Electrical Code [6] Article 250110 (1) states
that the exposed noncurrent carrying metal parts of fixed equipment likely to become energized shall be grounded if within 8 ft
vertically or 5 ft horizontally from grounded surface and subject
to contact by persons.
It has been recognized by the transit industry that dc equipment enclosure rectifiers and metal-enclosed dc switchgear
should be grounded by using an appropriate protective relay
scheme for safety of personnel and equipment. This protection
relay scheme, which employs either high-resistance or low-resistance equipment grounding methods, has been a subject of
many debates and discussions among equipment suppliers,
design engineers, and transit authority representatives. Each
transit property employs one or the other grounding method
depending upon their own understanding of the safety and
design issues [3]. It should be mentioned that the tolerable
touch potential for a dc system is relatively higher, on the order
of 3.5 times, than an ac system [14].
A. High-Resistance Grounding Method (HRGM)
The equipment is completely insulated/isolated from all surrounding grounded structures by using insulated floor, insulated conduit bushings, and insulated substation walls facing
the equipment. A constant voltage on the order of 25-V dc is
applied between the enclosure and ground (see Fig. 2). This
voltage produces current high enough to energize relay 64M
but not relay 64T. Upon loss of this voltage or in case of enclosure-to-ground fault, relay 64M will deenergize to provide enclosure ground-fault alarm indication. In case of a dc-bus short
to the enclosure, the current will be high enough to energize
relay 64T to trip the substation ac and dc breakers to clear the
enclosure live fault condition. Shorting switch device 57 and
overvoltage relay device 59 are components of one of the system
grounding schemes that follow. It is worth mentioning that the
resistance value of the HRGM scheme will assure that during
equipment fault (arcing or bolted), the reasonable setting of device 59 will allow its activation to clear the enclosure live fault.
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Fig. 3. LRGM. 74: Alarm relay; 64: enclosure live fault detection trip relay.
Fig. 5.
Diode-grounded system.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Ungrounded system.
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TABLE I
HIGH-RESISTANCE AND LOW-RESISTANCE EQUIPMENT GROUNDING METHODS
* Indicates values associated with double track lengths of 5 miles with leakage
resistance of 200
/1000 ft/rail, ungrounded system.
TABLE II
SYSTEM GROUNDING VERSUS TOUCH POTENTIAL AND STRAY CURRENT
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difference between the rail and ground, and automatically return to the normal state of an ungrounded rail when dangerous
voltage is suppressed.
IX. CONCLUSIONS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank R. Belardo of Earth Tech for
his technical review during the preparation of this paper.
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE recommended practices for grounding single polarity DC structures , AIEE, Committee Rep., p. 784790, Oct. 1957.
[2] D. C. Hoffman, Grounding of DC structures and enclosures, presented
at the AIEE Winter General Meeting, New York, 1961.
[3] P. Forquer, Equipment grounding in traction power substations, presented at the APTA Annu. Conf., Miami, FL, 1993, Paper 67-R93.
[4] IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker
Switchgear, ANSI/IEEE Std. C37.20.1.
[5] IEEE Recommended Practices for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, IEEE Std. 142-1991.
[6] National Electrical Code, National Fire Protection Assoc., Quincy, MA,
1999.
[7] D. Paul, Operational safety and maintenance considerations for people
movers DC grounding systems, presented at the APTA Annu. Conf.,
Buffalo, NY, 1988, Paper 175-R88.
[8] K. J. Moody, Stray current characteristics of grounded, ungrounded,
and diode grounded DC transit systems, presented at the CORROSION/94, Baltimore, MD, Mar. 1994.
[9] J. S. Morton, Circuit breaker and protection requirements for DC
switchgear used in rapid transit systems, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,
vol. IA-21, pp. 12681273, Sept./Oct. 1985.