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Mycology Lecture 1
Medical Mycology
as lectured by Dr. Magat
HRL, MaLt 2010
Fungi
Aerobic, nucleated, achlorophyllous organisms which
reproduce sexually and/or asexually
Filamentous branched somatic structures surrounded by a true
cell wall
Grow as a mass of branching, interlacing laments
Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
process of mitosis most common process by which
spores are produced in fungi
Sexual reproduction
alternating karyogamy and meiosis
Karyogamy Nuclear ssion
Meiosis Reduction division with a diploid
nucleaus giving rise to four haploid products
Sexual (meiosis) by means of specialized cells called spores
which on a suitable substrate, germinate, producing one or more
lamentous process called GERM TUBES. Each germ tube
elongates by growth of the distal end to become long laments.
Each lament is called HYPHA which eventually branch, rebranch
and intertwine to form a mass called MYCELIUM
Parts of a Mycelium
Aerial Mycelium
the mycelial portion above the surface of the medium.
That portion of the aerial mycelium which develops
reproductive spores is called the REPRODUCTIVE
MYCELIUM
Vegetative Mycelium
the mycelial portion that grows into the substrate and
absorbs food for further growth.
Types of Hypha
Nonseptate or Coenocytic
No transverse walls or septa divide the hyphae.
Protoplasm and nuclear material are allowed to ow
uninterruptedly throughout the lament
Septate
Transverse walls or septa are formed at regular
intervals along the lament. Majority of fungi have
septate hyphae.
*the following are text from labels in the pictures in the
powerpoint
A) Coenocytic hyphae or nonseptate hyphae
B) Septate hyphae
C) Septum
Hyaline hyphae lacking septations (aseptate)
Antler hyphae showing swollen hyphal tips resembling
antlers, with lateral and terminal branching (favic
chandeliers) Trichophyton schoenleinii
Racquet hyphae showing swollen areas resembling a tennis
racquet
Spiral hyphae exhibiting corkscrewlike turns
Kinds of Colonies Produced by Fungi
Yeast colonies - soft, pasty type of colony like yeast
produced by fungi which has mycelial formation which
remains at yeast form at both 4C and 37C
Filamentous or Mold Colony - a mold type of colony with
an aerial mycelium that appears cottony, wooly, powdery
or granular. True mycelia are produced by spores which
germinate to form branching hyphae.
A) Monomorphic or Monophasic
produce one type of colony at both room and
incubation temperature
o Cryptococcus neoformans Yeast only
Room Temperature colonies 37C
Cultures
Both room temperature and 37C culture
are: o white, mucous colonies on
Sabouraud medium after 5 to 10 days
o Aspergillus species Filamentous only
Both room temperature and 37C culture
are: Green colonies after 5 to 10 days
on Sabouraud medium. Colorless
underside
o Candida albicans - Yeastlike colony
Both room temperature and 37C culture
are: White colonies incubated on
Sabouraud medium for 5 to 7 days
B) Dimorphic or Diphasic
produce a yeast-like colony at 37C on incubation
temperature (yeast phase) and a lamentous
type of colony at room temperature (mycelial
phase)
o Sporothrix schenckii
Room temperature: Dark, greasy looking
Microbiology
Conidia According to Size
A) Microconidia small and single celled
B) Macroconidia Large, multicellular, divided by either
or both transverse and longitudinal walls.
*PIC
Numerous small, spherical microconidia (A) contrasted with a
large, elongated macroconidium.
Trichophyton tonsurans, showing munerous microconidia (A)
borne singly or in clusters. A single macroconidia (B) rarely
present
Conidia According to Shape
A) Fusiform spindle shaped
B) Clavate club shaped
C) Muriform multiseptate, both transverse and
longitudinal
PIC
Microsporum canis showing several spindle shaped thick
walled multicelled macroconidia
Epidermophyton occosum, showing numerous smooth,
multiseptate, thin walled macroconidia that appear club
shaped.
Alternaria spp. Showing muriform dematiaceous conidia
with horizontal and longitudinal septa.
Conidia According to Arrangement
A) Sessile and Lateral develops directly on the side of
the hypha with no conidiophore or stem.
B) En Grappe clustered
C) Pedunculate develop from the end of a short
conidiophore
PIC
Trichophyton rubrum, showing numerous pyriform
micrconidia borne singly on hyphae
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, showing numerous
microconidia in grapelike cluster (A). Also shown are
several thin walled macrocondia (B).
Thallospores
A) Arthrospores fragmentation or segmentation of
preformed mycelium results in the production of
rectangular thick walled spores which are uniformly
sized. Ex Geotrichum, Coccidioides immitis
Arthoconidia formation (A) produced by the breaking down
of hyphal strand (B) into individual rectangular units
B)
Nigrospora
Black spore; A- 9 jet black structures are the single
celled spores (15 microns in diameter) B- Septate
hyphae, long, slender, almost clear tubes
Gliocladium
arising from the clear hyphae (A) are the spore bearing
structures. The large dark masses contain from 30-50
small spores (B). The spores occur in clumps.
Numerous small spores held together in a clump.
Similar to Penicillium except for the clumping of spores
Alternaria
Hand Grenade structures are the spores of this fungus
(A). Each spore is approximately 20-4- microns and
brown (dematiaceous) in color. Note that each spore
has horizontal and longitudinal septa. Also note the
septate, dematiaceous hyphae (B).
Large hand grenade shaped spores with both
longitudinal and transverse cross walls. Borne singly or
in chains. Septate, dematiaceous hyphae.
Rhizopus
it is characterized by coenocytic hyphae (A) the
formation of rootlike structures called Rhizoids (B) and
the dark spherical structure known as sporangium (up
to 100 sporangiospores).
similar to Mucor spp. Except rootlike structures
(rhizoids) at base of sporebearing hyphae. Spores in
sporangium clear, coenocytic hyphae.
Syncephalastrum
surrounding the very dark central structure (A) are
numerous small, almost clear projections (B). Each of
these individual structures is a sporangium and each
contains from 3 to 5 sporangiospores
broad, clear, nonseptate hyphae. Spores in many
slender saclike structure (sporangia) adhere to a
swelling on the terminal end of the hypha
Penicillium
the spores of penicillium are very small, ie 3-5 microns.
They are borne in long chains, thus giving the
appearance of a brush
small round spores borne in a brush like formation.
Geotrichum
Hyphae break into individual cells known as oidia
which are capable of oating through the air and
thereby disseminating the organism
note hyphae breaking into arthrospores. May be
confused with Coccidioides immitis.
Aureobasidium (Pullularia)
it is characterized by the presence of clear hyphae (A)
and dark brown (dematiaceous) hyphae.
mixture of dark, thick walled, large hyphal cells and
clear spores which seem to be budding.
The dark (brown or dematiaceous) body (A) is a spore sac called
an Ascocarp it is larger than sporangium (300 to 500 microns in
diameter) and it has a very tough, thick outer wall. Excuding from
this large, fruiting structure are many big, slender, saclike
structures (B) which are asci. Inside each ascus are 4 to 8
ascospores.
Ascospores
(A) are held in an ascus by a very ne membrane (B).
Because ascospores arise from meiosis, there are
usually 4 to 8 in each ascus.
Microbiology
Basidiobolus ranarum
Conidiobolus coronatus
Lobomycosis - Lacazia loboi (Loboa loboi)
Rhinosporidiosis - Rhinosporidium seeberi
Phaeohypomycosis
Wangiella sp.
Exophialia sp.
Cladosporium sp.
Hormodendrum sp.
Dreschlera sp.
Deep Seated or Systemic
Coccidioidomycosis - Coccidioides immitis
Histoplasmosis - Histoplasma capsulatum
North American Blastomycosis - Blastomycosis dermatidis
South American Blastomycosis - Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Oppurtunistic
Candidiasis - Candida albicans
Cryptococcosis - Cryptococcus neoformans
Aspergillosis - Aspergillus fumigatus
Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) Phycomycosis
Rhizopus
Mucor
Absidia
Basidiobolus
Conidiobolus
Geotrichosis - Geotrichum candidum
Penicillosis - Penicillum sp
Disease
Infectious
Particle
Source of
Etiologic
agent
Portal of
Entry
Dermatophytosis
hyphae
skin, hair,
nails
Aspergillosis
spores
soil saprophytes
respiratory
tract
Blastomycosis
microconidia
soil saprophytes
respiratory
tract
Candidiasis
yeast cells
endogonous
---
Chromomycosis
dematiaceous
hyphae and
conidia
soil saprophytes
pumcture
wound
Coccidioidomycosis
arthrospores
soil saprophytes
respiratory
tract
Cryptococcosis
yeast cells
without
hyphae
soil saprophytes
respiratory
tract
Histoplasmosis
microconidia
soil saprophytes
respiratory
tract
Mycetomas
hyphae,
spores
soil saprophytes
puncture
wound
Phaeohypomycosis
Dematiaceous
hyphae and
conidia
soil saprophytes
puncture
wound
Phycomycosis
hyphae,
spores
soil saprophytes
puncture
wound
3
Microbiology
Disease
Infectious
Particle
Source of
Etiologic
agent
Portal of
Entry
Rhinosporidiosis
---
possibly water
skin?
Sporotrichosis
hyphae,
spores
plants
puncture
wound
Yeast cells
Description
(A) septate, 4 to 5
microns in diameter
(B)dichotomously
branched
(C)coenocytic 8 to 5
microns in diameter
(D)dermatiaceous,
septate
(A)small, 2 to 4
microns intracellular
(B)encapsulated
(C)broad based bud
(D)multiple buds
(E)long, slender, cigarlike (not seen in
human tissue)
Disease
Dermatophytosis
Otomycosis
Aspergillosis and
mycotic keratitis
Phycomycosis
Phaeohypomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Blastomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Sporotrichosis
Granules
largem variously
colored (o.5 to 2.0
mm)
Mycetomas
Spherules
(A) up to 60microns in
diameter
(B)up to 300 microns
in diamtere
Coccidioidomycosis
Fission bodies
dematiaceous, 5 to 15
microns in diameter,
no buds, no hyphae
Chromomycosis
Rhinosporidiosis
Candidiasis
Yeast Cells
Histoplasma capsulatum
histopathology seciton of the node stained with
hematoxylin and eosin
yeast cells inside the cell
numerous small (2-5um) intracellular yeast cells
Cryptococcus neoformas
yeast cells surrounded by a huge, clear capsule